气管性支气管MSCT重组成像表现及其临床意义

气管性支气管是一种较为罕见的气管支气管发育畸形,此畸形或无任何临床症状,或引发反复性肺炎、肺不张、并发肺癌及气管插管操作时出现并发症等。随着多层螺旋CT及其三维重组技术的临床广泛应用,使评价气管、支气管树解剖结构的MSCT重组成像成为相对于支气管镜及支气管造影的最简便无创性检查手段。目前关于MSCT重组图像诊断气管性支气管及其并发症很少报道,现报告我院诊治的7例气管性支气管病例,着重探讨MSCT重建成像表现及其临床价值。     

螺旋CT及三维重建技术在中央型肺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT及三维重建技术对中央型肺癌诊断的临床应用价值。方法 中央型肺癌（n=23)患者行螺旋CT薄层扫描（层厚2mm-3mm)且行三维重建,三维重建方法包括表面遮盖成像（SSD）、最小密度投影（MinIP)及多平面重建（MPR）。结果 螺旋CT薄层图象及MPR重建均可准确显示中央型肺癌病灶发生部位,气管支气管阻塞气管树SSD及MinIP成像可整体直观显示其阻塞和狭窄范围及程度,SSD及MinIP图像较粗糙,显示病灶解剖细节差,对显示早期小病灶及小支气管改变有一定限制。结论 螺旋CT薄层横断面及MPR图像是诊断中央型肺癌准确有效方法,SSD及MinIP图像较直观,可弥补其横断面图像的不足,但不能显示病灶的解剖细节。     

螺旋CT及后处理重建气管支气管树对气道病变诊断的价值

目的 :探讨螺旋CT及三维重建气管支气管树在气道病变上的诊断价值。材料与方法 :本组研究分正常组与病变组二组 :正常组取 10例正常胸部螺旋CT扫描 ;异常组收集 2 3例经内镜手术病理证实及临床随访证实的气道及影响气道病变。二组病例均行 4排螺旋CT容积扫描 ,部分病例行增强扫描 ,分别用MPVR ,SSD ,RAYSUM ,MINIP及CTVE重建气管支气管树。结果 :二组均能区分 3～ 4级气道分支并重建气管树的形态结构。病变组能够发现病变引起的气管支气管树的移位变形破坏等改变 ,可显示病变与周围结构的关系 ,从而为诊断气道及气道旁病变提供依据。结论 :利用螺旋CT容积扫描及后处理的优势 ,再现气管支气管树 ,有利于对气道及气道旁病变的诊断     

CTVE成像技术在气管、支气管树病变中的临床应用

目的 探讨气管、支气管树多层CT仿真内镜(CTVE)成像技术及其在大气道病变中的临床应用价值。方法 前瞻性分析30例大气道病变，均采用16层CT薄层容积扫描。扫描层厚0．625-1．250ram，螺距为1．375-1．750：1。原始图像传入工作站后进行CTVE成像，并与纤维支气管镜、手术以及病理结果进行对照分析。结果 气管、支气管树CTVE成像能够清晰显示气管、段以上支气管的正常腔内形态结构，30例大气道病变均可明确病变部位、累及范围和程度，与纤维支气管镜所见基本一致。并可从足侧观察病变以远的气道情况，弥补了纤维支气管镜的不足。CTVE也可用于气道手术后的复查中。结论 CTVE是一种全新的、无创的、快捷的气管、支气管树检查方法，是纤维支气管镜的重要补充。     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术对气管支气管胸膜瘘的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)后处理对气管支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的诊断价值。方法:对8例经纤维支气管镜和支气管造影证实的BPF患者行MSCT扫描后进行容积再现(VR)重建及多平面重组(MPR)重建,并与横轴位图像比较,探讨不同重建方法在BPF诊断中的优势与不足。结果:MPR能清晰显示瘘口,准确测量瘘口大小,气管、支气管直径、病变至气管隆突距离;VR可立体显示残端形态及周围解剖结构。结论:MSCT横轴位结合MPR和VR不仅可明确BPF诊断,并且测量及定位准确,能为临床治疗方案的制定提供重要依据。     

多层螺旋CT三维重建在肋骨隐形骨折及肋软骨骨折诊断中的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建对诊断隐形骨折及肋软骨骨折的临床应用价值.方法:对58例平片及普通CT扫描未显示骨折患者行多层螺旋CT扫描,薄层重建后利用工作站行多平面重建(MPR),容积再现(VR)的三维重建.结果:VR、MPR可以较细致地显示隐形骨折及肋软骨骨折.本组三维重建CT图像清晰,立体、直观地显示58例患者骨折的部位和范围,有利于临床治疗及以后医疗纠纷的发生.结论:恰当地应用MSCT图像重建功能,可清晰显示隐形骨折及肋软骨骨折,较好全面直观准确地显示骨折情况,时治疗和以后的预后有很好的指导意义.     

MSCT在诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在小儿气管、支气管非金属异物中的诊断价值。材料与方法:选取本院2012年1月~2013年12月全部经纤维支气管镜证实为小儿气管、支气管非金属异物25例进行回顾性分析,25例病人均行MSCT螺旋扫描及多平面重建(MPR)、容积显示技术(VRT)、最大强度投影(MIP)、CT仿真内镜成像(CTVE)。结果:异物位于气管内4例,右主支气管14例,右中间段支气管1例,左主支气管6例。结论:多层螺旋CT后处理技术是诊断小儿气管、支气管非金属异物可靠、安全、定位准确、诊断率高的一种方法。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在小儿气管、支气管异物诊断中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT三维重建技术在小儿气管、支气管非金属异物诊断中的作用。方法：回顾分析32例小儿气管、支气管非金属异物影像学资料，全部患儿均行常规的胸部X线胸部透视、胸部平片、螺旋CT轴位扫描及三维重建，重建技术包括CT仿真内窥镜重建（CTVE）、多平面重建（MPR）、表面遮盖显示（SSD）。结果：32例患儿胸部透视及平片均不能明确诊断，CTVE、MPR、SSD可清楚显示气管、支气管异物的位置、形状、大小。结论：多层螺旋CT扫描轴位图像结合三维重建能提高气管、支气管异物诊断的准确性，是目前术前诊断气管、支气管非金属异物最可靠的方法。     

多排螺旋CT三维重建在肋骨骨折中的应用价值

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT三维重建在肋骨骨折中的应用价值。材料与方法:对84例肋骨骨折病人进行螺旋CT轴位扫描,并做三维表面遮盖成像法(SSD)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、容积再现(VRT)及三维重建图像,对比各组图像结果。结果:胸部多排螺旋CT扫描并三维重建对诊断肋骨骨折具有一定的特征性。对胸部外伤患者的检查价值大于常规X线。结论:常规CT轴位扫描后通过不同的重建方法,能清楚的显示骨折形态、位置,立体感强。但三维重建图像容积资料丢失较多,细节显示不够,诊断时需与其它重建方法对照。     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理在诊断儿童气道透X线异物中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术在诊断儿童气管、支气管(透X线)异物中的价值。方法对30例临床疑诊为气管、支气管异物患儿行MSCT检查,然后用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、容积再现(VR)技术进行原始图像处理并分析其影像表现。结果共检出异物30例,其中气管异物2例,左侧支气管异物13例,右侧支气管异物14例,双侧支气管异物1例,全部病例经纤维支气管镜证实。后处理图像清晰地显示了异物形状、位置及异物与支气管黏膜的关系等。结论 MSCT是一种有价值的无创性诊断气管、支气管异物且易为儿童所接受的检查方法 。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.