大隐静脉转流术治疗髂股静脉栓塞

目的：总结大隐静脉转流术治疗髂股静脉栓塞的临床应用经验。方法：1998年9月至2005年12月，应用大隐静脉转流术治疗6例髂股静脉栓塞，男5例，女1例；年龄36~52岁，平均41岁；均为单侧股和小腿肿胀，伴有疼痛。从对侧切取正常的大隐静脉，经耻骨上隧道转移至患侧，在髂股静脉栓塞段以远与股静脉或大隐静脉近端吻合，将患侧静脉血经大隐静脉引流至对侧股静脉。结果：手术顺利，术后仅1例供区伤口发生表浅感染，经换药处理愈合。随访1—3．5年，平均1．8年，所有患者疼痛消失，水肿明显减轻，但仍有轻度肿胀。结论：大隐静脉转流术是治疗髂股静脉栓塞的有效方法。手术操作相对简单和安全。     

Reconstruction of jugular and portal blood flows using remodeled great saphenous vein grafts

Remodeled great saphenous vein grafts were used to reconstruct both jugular and portal veins. The great saphenous vein was split longitudinally and sutured side-to-side to construct a vessel twice the diameter and one half the length of the original vessel. This graft was used with good results for reconstruction of the jugular veins in a patient after a bilateral neck dissection for tongue cancer and for a portal vein in a patient after resection for cancer in the head of the pancreas.     

150例活体肝移植供肝的后台修整

目的 总结150例活体供肝的后台修整经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年2月至2008年5月间完成的150例活体供肝的修整资料.结果 150例供肝中,包含肝中静脉及尾状叶的左半肝3例,肝左静脉与肝中静脉成形;左外侧叶2例;带肝中静脉右半肝67例,肝右静脉与肝中静脉成形;不带肝中静脉右半肝78例.78例不带肝中静脉右半肝中23例未进行S_5、S_8静脉的重建,供肝血流恢复后S_5、S_8肝组织均有不同程度的淤血.其余55例用不同材料重建S_5、S_8静脉:新鲜尸体髂静51例,受体大隐静脉1例,受体曲张脐静脉1例,受体肝内门静脉1例,受体肝静脉1例.145例右半肝供肝中门静脉为C型的7例,均成形为一个开口.结论 HTK是活体供肝的最佳灌注、保存液,供肝流出道恰当的成形、重建不但可简化供肝植入的操作步骤,还可最大限度的保护有功能的肝组织,是受体术后顺利恢复的关键.     

Recovery of graft circulation following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for stenotic venous complications in pediatric liver transplantation: assessment with Doppler ultrasound

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed for venous stenosis after living related liver transplantation in three children. Two of them had hepatic vein stenosis and one had stenosis of both the hepatic and portal veins. Progressive development of ascites and deterioration of liver function were found in all cases. Serial Doppler ultrasound studies showed that the flow velocity in the hepatic vein gradually decreased with a flattened velocity waveform, followed by a decrease in portal blood flow. After a successful hepatic vein angioplasty, the velocity in the hepatic and portal veins increased and the Doppler waveform in the hepatic vein became pulsatile in two cases. In the remaining case, a remarkable recovery of both graft perfusion and clinical findings was achieved via combined hepatic vein and portal vein angioplasty. We conclude that balloon angioplasty is an effective alternative to surgery for post-transplant vascular stenosis and that Doppler ultrasound is useful in monitoring graft circulation.     

Temporary arterio-venous shunts to dilate saphenous crossover graft and maintain graft patency.

A modification of the Palma operation is described in a 25-year-old man with impaired venous outflow of the right leg. After a phlebitic occlusion of the right superficial femoral and external iliac veins he had been operated on twice for varicose veins. The result of these operations was a serious outflow stasis of the right leg during exercise. A saphenous cross-over graft to the right popliteal vein was constructed. Preoperatively a temporary arterio-venous shunt between the left posterior tibial artery and the great saphenous vein had been made in order to increase the diameter of the saphenous vein. Three months later the dilated saphenous vein was resected at the level of the sapheno-tibial artery shunt and anastomosed to the popliteal vein of the right leg. The cross-over graft occluded several times during this operation. A temporary popliteo-popliteal arterio-venous shunt was established distally to the sapheno-popliteal anastomosis to keep the vein graft patent. This second arterio-venous shunt was resected after three months. Venography one month later showed that the vein graft was patent. The patient's complaints had disappeared one month after the operation and a normalization of his venous outflow was recorded plethysmographically. The graft has remained patent during an observation time of eighteen months.     

高流体静力压和缺氧对大隐静脉和脾静脉滋养血管超微结构的影响

目的观察大隐静脉和脾静脉滋养血管内皮细胞超微结构变化,探讨高流体静力压和缺氧对滋养血管内皮细胞的影响。方法收集曲张大隐静脉和高压性脾静脉管壁标本34例,另设对照组为正常大隐静脉和脾静脉34例。采用HE染色光镜下观察大隐静脉和脾静脉外膜层滋养血管,半薄切片定位。再采用超薄切片,透射电镜下观察滋养血管内皮细胞的超微结构变化。结果大隐静脉曲张组和病脾静脉组滋养血管内皮细胞细胞核结构完整,染色质分布正常;部分线粒体基质深染,嵴模糊、嵴断裂。结论高流体静力压和缺氧下大隐静脉和脾静脉管壁滋养血管内皮细胞的超微结构会出现重塑现象,二者改变相同。     

微创伤切取大隐静脉方法在冠状动脉搭桥术中的应用

目的：探讨腔镜辅助的微创伤方法切取大隐静脉在冠状动脉搭桥术（CABG）病人应用的可行性，安全性及能否减少腿部的并发症。方法：29例应用大隐静脉CABG的病人中，采用传统方法切取大隐静脉16例，腔镜辅助的微创伤方法取材大隐静脉13例，比较两种方法在手术时间，所取大隐静脉的长度，有无损伤及术后腿部并发症等方面的差异。结果：两种方法对大隐静脉均无损伤，在单位时间取材大隐静脉长度无明显区别，但微创伤方法术后腿部并发症明显减少（P＜0．05），从25％降至7．6％，结论：采用腔镜辅助的微创伤方法切取大隐静脉是安全可行的，并能明显减少传统方法的腿部并发症。     

Primary great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma: Report of a case

Leiomyosarcomas rarely arise in primary veins, especially the great saphenous vein. We have found only 20 case reports of leiomyosarcoma arising in the great saphenous vein, most of which manifested as nonspecific symptoms of advanced disease, such as a palpable mass, swelling, and back or abdominal pain. We report the case of greater saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma diagnosed in a 48-year-old man with a 4-month history of an inguinal mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a 6-cm mass attached to the right superficial femoral vein. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy confirmed that it was a vascular sarcoma. At the time of surgery there was no evidence of distant metastasis; therefore, we removed the tumor en bloc along with the sartorius muscle, inguinal lymph nodes, and 10 cm of the common femoral vein, and replaced the femoral vein with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. A pathological examination revealed poorly differentiated leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein, involving the deep femoral vein, without lymph node involvement. During follow-up, a thrombosis of the prosthesis developed, followed by proximal stenosis, which was treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The patient was found to have lung metastases 25 months after surgery and he died about 5 months later.     

股静脉作为血管移植材料可行性与安全性的应用解剖研究

目的探讨股静脉作为血管移植材料的可行性与安全性。方法取60具成人尸体共114侧下肢标本,解剖观察股静脉、股深静脉、腘静脉及静脉交通支,测量股深静脉汇入股静脉处至收肌腱裂孔下缘的股静脉段长度,即股静脉可切取的解剖长度,以及静脉压扁外径。分析2010年3月-2011年5月收治的120例下肢股静脉段血栓形成患者CT静脉造影(computed tomography venography,CTV)检查资料,观察其下肢静脉回流通路。结果男性尸体身高平均158.3 cm,股静脉可切取长度为(18.8±2.3)cm,相对长度为0.118±0.013,静脉压扁外径为(15.8±0.8)mm;女性尸体分别为149.2 cm、(15.1±1.5)cm、0.101±0.010、(14.0±1.1)mm。男女股静脉可切取长度比较,差异有统计学意义(t=6.354,P=0.000);静脉压扁外径比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.555,P=0.000)。股静脉可切取长度与身高成正相关(r=0.964,P=0.000),股静脉压扁外径与身高成正相关(r=0.382,P=0.003)。解剖观察见16侧(14.0%)肢体存在双股静脉变异支,48侧(42.1%)肢体存在1支股-腘静脉交通支,38侧(33.3%)肢体存在1支股深-腘静脉交通支。CTV检查示,下肢股静脉血栓形成以后,大隐静脉及股-腘或股深-腘静脉交通支可代偿股静脉。结论大隐静脉和股-腘静脉交通支或股深-腘静脉交通支的存在,保证了切取股静脉作为血管移植材料的可靠性及安全性。     

Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula following endovenous laser therapy of the short saphenous vein

Short saphenous vein incompetence is present in up to 20% of patients with varicose veins. Studies looking at the success and complication rates associated with endovenous laser ablation of the short saphenous vein included only a small number of patients. The authors report the case of a 51-year-old woman presenting with a painful right leg edema. She had a history of previous endovenous laser ablation of the right and left great saphenous veins and right short saphenous vein. Duplex scan was performed and showed an arteriovenous fistula between branches of the popliteal artery and vein. Surgical ligation of the fistula was performed. At 8-month follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic.     

Graduated compression stockings (20-30 mmHg) do not compress leg veins in the standing position

BACKGROUND: Since graduated compression stockings (GCS) reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in both hospital and ambulant patients, we checked the compressive efficiency of 20-30 mmHg GCS in the standing position. METHODS: In 30 volunteers (17 normal legs, 13 varicose legs), duplex ultrasound was used to measure the internal diameters of the long saphenous vein, posterior tibial veins, peroneal veins, and soleal veins in the lying and standing position and with and without 20-30 mmHg GCS. RESULTS: Graduated compression stockings effectively compressed both superficial and deep veins in supine individuals but not the superficial or the deep veins when standing. In the varicose leg, the stockings did not compress the long saphenous vein at the mid-calf level even when supine. In the varicose leg the long saphenous vein was constricted at the upper band of the stocking, which might explain why superficial venous thrombosis is more common when compression stockings are worn. CONCLUSIONS: In the standing position, GCS did not compress the deep or superficial veins of the calf.     

大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管皮瓣的临床解剖与应用

目的探索大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管皮瓣游离移植与移位修复的临床解剖与应用.方法选取福尔马林常规固定的成人下肢标本20侧,自愿捐献新鲜成人下肢标本8侧;其中左下肢12侧,右下肢16侧.解剖20侧成人下肢标本,观察大隐静脉、隐神经及其营养血管的起源、大小、分支、分布和吻合;4侧新鲜成人下肢标本股动脉灌注朱砂滤过液,静脉灌注泛影葡胺后,钼靶X线片显示静脉周围血管网分布;另4侧新鲜成人下肢标本行大隐静脉显微解剖,观察静脉周围血管分布及吻合情况.临床应用大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管皮瓣游离修复虎口、带蒂逆行皮瓣修复足跟部及小腿下段、顺行皮瓣修复胫前及膝关节周围创面18例,其中男12例,女6例.年龄7～53岁.车祸伤7例,碾压伤4例,炸伤1例,中厚皮术后瘢痕2例,足底肿瘤扩大切除1例,外伤术后长期溃疡3例.创面部位:虎口1例,小腿上段及膝关节周围3例,小腿下段及足部14例.其中骨质外露7例,肌腱外露3例,钢板外露1例.创面范围:4 cm×4 cm～13 cm×7 cm.皮瓣切取范围6 cm×4 cm～15 cm×8 cm,蒂长8～11 cm,筋膜蒂宽2.5～4.0 cm,蒂部带窄条皮肤宽1～2 cm.结果膝降动脉在股骨内侧髁上9.33±0.81 cm处发出,分出隐动脉支伴隐神经下行,在股骨内侧髁下平均7.21±0.82 cm浅出,位于大隐静脉旁,隐动脉与胫后动脉穿支成"Y"或"T"形吻合,接力构成纵行血管链,达内踝前下方,形成皮瓣的轴心血管.大隐静脉周围5～8 mm内分布有波浪状小血管,直径约0.05～0.10 mm,也吻合成纵行链状,钼靶X线片示小血管沿静脉一侧或双侧呈平行波浪状走行.临床应用18例,术后皮瓣均成活, 2例远端3 cm出现小水泡,经拆线减张、换药后愈合.13例经6～12个月随访,修复后创面获得保护性感觉,功能接近正常,外观满意,无溃疡.结论隐神经及大隐静脉周围均有血管网伴行,大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管皮瓣可游离移植,也可形成近端蒂或远端蒂皮瓣移位修复小腿近侧或足踝部创面.皮瓣血运可靠,不牺牲主要血管,是下肢创面修复的良好供区.     

Experiences of minimally invasive great saphenous vein graft harvest using with endopath

We have experienced 20 cases of minimally invasive great saphenous vein graft harvest using with endoscopy, Endopath, from March 1999. As we experienced cases, we can harvest great saphenous vein graft, about 30-40 cm in size, from only two 4-cm incisions for about 50 minutes. There are no wound infection, pain, and edema. Great saphenous vein graft harvesting with Endopath is less invasive, painless after surgery and makes patients satisfied about cosmetic problem.     

内窥镜血管采集系统和间断小切口获取大隐静脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用研究

目的比较内窥镜和间断小切口获取大隐静脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass graft,CABG）中应用的临床效果。方法 2009年8月～2012年8月,连续651例CABG术中,479例（A组）采用内窥镜血管采集系统,172例（B组）采用间断小切口获取大隐静脉,方法由患者决定。比较两组大隐静脉获取时间、切口长度和术后腿部并发症情况。结果 2组获取大隐静脉均获成功,静脉长度差异无显著性。与B组相比,A组获取静脉时间短[（18.01±3.49）min vs.（27.06±4.26）min,t=-27.417,P=0.000],皮肤切口长度短[（3.49±0.87）cm vs.（12.53±1.41）cm,t=-97.587,P=0.000],术后需要止痛剂、切口愈合延迟、下肢水肿的比例低[2.9%（14/479）vs.37.8%（65/172）,χ2=144.303,P=0.000;0（0/479）vs.5.8%（10/172）,P=0.000;1.0%（5/479）vs.18.0%（31/172）,χ2=69.526,P=0.000],但总住院费用高[（8.54±1.43）万元vs.（6.45±0.91）万元,t=17.893,P=0.000]。结论内窥镜血管采集系统获取大隐静脉安全可行,并发症少,美容效果显著,值得推广。     

Reconstruction of portal vein using a hepatic vein patch graft after combined hepatectomy and portal vein resection

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection is the only treatment modality that ensures complete tumor removal in patients with liver tumors involving a major portal vein branch or its bifurcation. Restoration of good portal blood flow is essential for recovery in the early postoperative period and for long-term survival. However, such extended resections often result in large defects at the bifurcation of the portal vein that are not amenable to suturing or end-to-end anastomosis. METHODS: A patch graft technique is very useful for reconstruction of long and elongated defects when other methods are not technically appropriate. We describe a simple technique for reconstructing the portal vein using a patch graft obtained from the hepatic vein stump of the resected specimen. CONCLUSIONS: This technique permits surgeons to reconstruct the portal vein without any need for harvesting another vein and with no need for an additional incision.     

静脉高压对大隐静脉和脾静脉管壁细胞形态学的影响

目的探讨静脉高压对大隐静脉和脾静脉管壁细胞形态的影响。方法分别收集曲张大隐静脉(20例)、门静脉高压性脾静脉管壁(14例)、正常大隐静脉(8例)和正常脾静脉(6例)标本,制作切片在电镜下观察其形态。结果电镜下曲张性大隐静脉和高压性脾静脉管壁均出现内皮细胞线粒体变性,平滑肌细胞胞浆内粗面内质网、核糖体、线粒体等细胞器增多,肌丝减少等改变。结论静脉高压影响曲张性大隐静脉和高压性脾静脉管壁细胞形态学的重塑,二者的改变是相同的。     

下腔静脉及肝静脉短段病变型布-加氏综合征的外科治疗

目的 探讨布-加氏综合征的下腔静脉短段闭塞及肝静脉主干病变根治性切除的优缺点、术中的注意事项。方法 下腔静脉闭塞或狭窄段切除、人工血管原位移植术42例,肝静脉主干闭塞段切除、肝静脉流出道成形、人工血管原位移植术10例,肝静脉主干闭塞段切除、肝静脉-右心房吻合3例,经皮肝穿肝或副肝静脉破膜、扩张10例。结果 1例死于并发症,随访58例,平均30个月,介入复发3例,手术复发1例。结论 下腔静脉或肝静脉病变段切除、人工血管原位移植治疗布-加氏综合征,能根治病变、符合正常解剖生理、远期疗效好。     

Pressure-diameter relationship in the human greater saphenous vein

BACKGROUND: Compliance of artificial and autologous vascular grafts is related to future patency. We investigated whether differences in compliance exist between saphenous vein grafts derived from the upper or lower leg, which might indicate upper or lower leg saphenous vein preference in coronary artery bypass surgery. Furthermore, the effect of perivenous application of fibrin glue on mechanical vein wall properties was studied to evaluate its possible use as perivenous graft support. METHODS: Vein segments (N = 10) from upper or lower leg saphenous vein grafts were collected for histopathologic examination and smooth muscle cell/extracellular matrix (SMC/ECM) ratio was calculated. This ratio is suggested to be related with vascular elastic compliance. In a second group vein graft segments (N = 6) from upper and lower leg were placed in an in vitro model generating stepwise increasing static pressure up to 150 cm H(2)O. Outer diameter was measured continuously with a video micrometer system. Distensibility was calculated from the pressure-diameter curves. A third group of vein graft segments (N = 7) was pressurized after fibrin glue application to prevent overdistension, and studied in the same setup. RESULTS: Vein segments from the lower leg demonstrated a consistent higher relative response compared with the upper leg saphenous vein graft (0.9176 +/- 0.03993 vs 0.5245 +/- 0.02512). Both reach a plateau in the high-pressure range (> 100 cm H(2)O). A significant difference in in vitro distensibility between upper and lower leg saphenous vein was only found at a pressure of 50 cm H(2)O (p < 0.05). With fibrin glue, support overdistension is prevented as revealed by the maximum relative response between fibrin glue supported upper and lower leg saphenous vein segments (0.4080 +/- 0.02464 vs 0.582 +/- 0.051), and no plateau is reached in the pressure range up to 150 cm H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: No upper or lower leg saphenous vein preference could be deduced from the differences in pressure-diameter response due to loss of distensibility (and thus of compliance) in the high-pressure range. Fibrin glue effectively prevents overdistension and preserves some distensibility in the high-pressure range in both the upper and lower leg saphenous vein. This might provide a basis for clinical application of perivenous support.     

缝扎肝右静脉后肝动脉与门静脉血流改变的实验研究

目的：探讨结扎主肝静脉对肝动脉与门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法：小型猪共12头，剖腹后，电磁血流计测量结扎前后肝动脉、门静脉血流，大网膜静脉置管测量结扎前及结扎后30min、1、3、5、7、14、21、28、56d的自由门静脉压力(FPP)，56d后再次开腹测量肝动脉、门静脉血流。结果：FPP术后均升高，以术后7d内明显，6头超过35cmH2O，且其中3头小猪出现上消化道出血；肝动脉血流速早期增加，56d降至略高于术前水平；门静脉血流速早期减少，未检测到逆向血流，术后56d，门静脉血流速恢复为略低于术前水平。结论：结扎一条主肝静脉不会引起结扎肝叶的萎缩坏死，可能会导致上消化道出血。     

Techniques of reconstruction of hepatic veins in living-donor liver transplantation, especially for right hepatic vein and major short hepatic veins of right-lobe graft

Living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is now widely accepted as a therapeutic option for adult patients with acute and chronic end-stage liver disease. In the early period, the left lobe was the major liver graft used in adult LDLT to ensure donor safety, especially in Eastern countries. However, the frequent extremes of graft-size insufficiency in left-lobe LDLT represented a greater risk of small-for-size graft syndrome in the recipient, which has focused attention on transplantation of the right lobe from a living donor. The major concern of right-lobe LDLT has focused on its safety for the donor and the necessity for including the middle hepatic vein (MHV) in the graft to avoid congestion of the right anterior segment. The MHV carries out important venous drainage for the right anterior segment and is essential for perfect graft function. The decision of whether to take the MHV with the liver graft (extended right lobe graft) or whether to retain it in the donor, with reconstruction of the MHV tributaries in the liver graft (modified right lobe graft) has been extensively discussed in numerous studies. However, adequate right hepatic vein and major short hepatic vein (middle and inferior right hepatic vein [RHV]) drainage of the liver graft is perhaps equally important as MHV outflow drainage for the integrity of right-lobe graft function. Herein, the author describes various techniques of venoplasty of the right hepatic vein (RHV) and the major short hepatic veins to obviate venous outflow obstruction in these veins.