胃肠道肿瘤患者围化疗期营养状况的评价及对免疫功能的影响

目的:运用患者主观全面评价法(patient generated-subjective global assessment,PG-SGA)和营养风险筛查2002(nutrition risk screening 2002,NRS-2002)并结合实验室指标对围化疗期胃肠道肿瘤患者进行营养评价及免疫功能检测,观察营养不良及营养风险对相关临床指标的影响。方法:收集2012年2月至2014年2月期间于我院诊断为胃肠道恶性肿瘤术后待化疗患者80例,通过PG-SGA评分、NRS-2002评分、体格测量及实验室检测进行营养评价。检测T细胞亚群（CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+）。以PG-SGA评分作为营养评价指标,将80例化疗前患者分为A组（0-3分）、B组（4-8分）和C组（＞8分）,分别测定外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。其中资料完整的45例化疗患者于化疗6周期后重复上述内容,并观察化疗后并发症、平均住院时间。结果:PG-SGA评价结果为营养不良者占68.75%,NRS-2002评价结果营养不良者占42.50%。PG-SGA与NRS-2002分别与其他营养评价指标评价结果间均有显著相关性（P＜0.05）。随着营养不良评分的升高,CD4+和CD4+/CD8+均呈不同程度下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。PG-SGA评分与CD4+之间的相关系数r=－0.399(P＜0.01);PG-SGA与CD4+/CD8+之间的相关系数r=－0.655(P＜0.01)。胃肠道肿瘤患者化疗后营养不良发生率高于化疗前。化疗后与化疗前,CD4+/CD8+明显下降,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。化疗后营养不良组与营养良好组相比平均住院时间及并发症发生率显著增高（P＜0.05）。与无营养风险组相比,存在营养风险组的平均住院时间及并发症发生率显著增高（P＜0.05）。结论:联合运用PG-SGA、NRS-2002和实验室检测指标有助于提高肿瘤患者营养不良的诊断率。     

癌性疼痛患者营养状况与血清C反应蛋白的相关性

目的 研究癌性疼痛患者营养状况、炎性反应水平及各项指标间的相关性。方法 选取146例癌痛患者为研究对象，采用NRS、NRS-2002、PG-SGA、人体测量、血液学检查等方法进行疼痛评估、营养风险筛查和营养状况评估，研究不同疼痛程度患者营养状态、炎性反应水平等各项指标的差异及相关性。结果 两组不同NRS评分患者NRS-2002、PG-SGA、胆碱酯酶差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。两组不同C反应蛋白浓度患者的前白蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、胆碱酯酶、白细胞、中性粒细胞比例、淋巴细胞总数差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。相关性分析提示：NRS与胆碱酯酶、淋巴细胞总数和BMI呈负相关（P=0.000, P=0.003, P=0.000），与NRS-2002、PG-SGA呈正相关（P=0.003, P=0.000）。C反应蛋白浓度与前白蛋白、白蛋白、胆碱酯酶、血红蛋白、淋巴细胞总数呈负相关（P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.002, P=0.004），与NRS-2002、PG-SGA呈正相关（P=0.020, P=0.028）。结论 癌性疼痛患者的营养风险和营养不良发生率都较高，具有较高血清C反应蛋白浓度的癌性疼痛患者的营养状况更差。     

Utilization of a Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment in Detecting a Malnourished Status in Gynecologic Cancer Patients

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of malnutrition in gynecologic cancer patients using the Scored Patient- Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) questionnaire. Materials and Methods: A total of 97 gynecologic cancer patients who never had any treatment but were planned for surgery were enrolled. The patients were asked to complete the scored PG-SGA form before the treatment was started. Attending physicians were also asked to complete other information in the PG-SGA form. Total scores were calculated and the patients were classified into 3 nutritional status levels. Results: Mean age was 54 years. Postoperative diagnoses were endometrial cancer in 42 cases (43.2%), ovarian cancer in 29 cases (29.9%), and cervical cancer in 26 cases (26.8%). Mean PG-SGA score was 5.24.7. Malnutrition (PG-SGA B and C) was found in 52 patients (53.6%, 95% CI 43.7% - 63.2%). Preoperative BMI, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and cancer stage were not significantly associated with nutritional status. Malnutrition was significantly more common among patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer, compared to other types of cancer (79.3% vs. 42.6%, p 0.004). Conclusions: Prevalence of malnutrition among gynecologic cancer patients was 53.5%, according to the scored PG-SGA. Malnutrition was significantly more common among patients with ovarian cancer.     

Validation of the Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) in Thai Setting and Association with Nutritional Parameters in Cancer Patients

Background: The Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) is a multidimensional toolto assess malnutrition and risk factors. The objectives of this study are to determine the validity of the Thai version ofthe Scored PG-SGA (Thai PG-SGA) and examine the correlations with selected nutritional parameters. Methods: Thisobservational analytic study included 195 cancer patients aged greater than 18 years at a university-affiliated hospital inBangkok, Thailand. All patients were assessed for nutritional status by Thai PG-SGA in comparison to subjective globalassessment (SGA). Anthropometry, body composition, and hand grip strength were evaluated. Results: According toPG-SGA global assessment categories, 39% (75) of 195 cancer patients were well nourished, 27% (53) were moderatelymalnourished and 34% (67) of patients were severely malnourished. Thai PG-SGA had a sensitivity of 99.1% and aspecificity of 86.0% at predicting SGA classification. PG-SGA numerical scores were significantly different betweenwell-nourished and malnourished groups (4.2 ± 2.4 Vs 16.3 ± 4.9; p < 0.001). The PG-SGA scores, nutritional statusassessed by PG-SGA, and nutritional status assessed by SGA were correlated with weight, % weight loss in one month,body mass index, body fat, and hand grip strength (p < 0.001) respectively. Conclusions: Thai PG-SGA showed highsensitivity and good specificity in predicting malnutrition in Thai cancer patients. This tool demonstrated the correlationswith anthropometric parameters, body composition, and muscle strength.     

直肠癌同步放化疗患者营养状态与放化疗不良反应相关性分析

目的 分析直肠癌同步放化疗患者营养状态与放化疗近期不良反应的相关性。方法 收集2018-2019年间浙江省肿瘤医院收治的115例行同步放化疗的直肠癌患者,同时采用欧洲营养风险筛查工具(NRS 2002)和患者主观整体评估量表(PG-SGA)评估患者放疗期间的营养风险状况,采用美国RTOG及不良反应常见术语标准评估急性放化疗不良反应。Spearman′s分析营养状态与放化疗急性不良反应相关性。结果 从放化疗开始前到放化疗第4周患者的营养风险呈逐步增加趋势,随后营养风险又逐步下降。NRS 2002评分和PG-SGA评分均与直肠癌放化疗患者血液学不良反应(r=0.26,P<0.05;r=0.31,P<0.01)、上消化道反应(r=0.51,P<0.01;r=0.63,P<0.01)、下消化道反应(r=0.23,P<0.05;r=0.45,P<0.01)、疲劳(r=0.47,P<0.01;r=0.64,P<0.01)均呈正相关,并且PG-SGA和不同不良反应之间的相关性系数大于NRS 2002。分层分析显示Ⅱ-ⅢB期、<65岁及术后辅助放化疗患者,营养状况和不良反应程度显著相关(均P<0.05)。结论 直肠癌患者同步放化疗期间存在较高的营养不良风险,营养不良风险越高患者放化疗急性不良反应通常越大,建议加强直肠癌放化疗期间的动态营养评估及支持。     

Correlation between nutritional status and toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer

Objective To analyze the correlation between nutritional status and acute toxicity induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Methods A total of 115 patients with rectal cancer who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from March 2018 to August 2019 were prospectively selected. Nutritional risk was assessed by NRS 2002 and PG-SGA nutritional screening tools before, during and after radiotherapy. The acute toxicity was assessed by RTOG and CTCAE 3.0 scoring criteria. The correlation between nutritional status and the acute toxicity of chemoradiotherapy was analyzed by Spearman′s correlation analysis. Results The nutritional risk of the cohort was gradually increased from the beginning of chemoradiotherapy to the fourth week of chemoradiotherapy, and then decreased gradually. Spearman′s correlation analysis showed that NRS 2002 and PG-SGA scores were positively correlated with acute hematological toxicity (r=0.26, P<0.05;r=0.31, P<0.01), upper gastrointestinal toxicity (r=0.51, P<0.01;r=0.63, P<0.01), proctitis (r=0.23, P<0.05;r=0.45, P<0.01) and fatigue (r=0.47, P<0.01;r=0.64, P<0.01) in patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy. The correlation coefficients between PG-SGA and various toxicities were higher than those of NRS 2002. Stratified analysis showed that patients with stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ B, age<65 years and postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, nutritional status was significantly associated with the severity of toxicity (all P<0.05). Conclusions Patients with rectal cancer has a high risk of malnutrition during concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The higher the risk of malnutrition, the greater the acute toxicity of chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, dynamic nutrition assessment and nutritional support should be strengthened for rectal cancer patients during chemoradiotherapy.     

放疗营养规范化管理专家共识

恶性肿瘤患者约有40%~80%存在营养相关问题,而营养不良对放射肿瘤患者治疗和预后具有不良影响。医学营养疗法是帮助解决放疗肿瘤患者营养不良的方法,对改善患者机体营养状况、提高肿瘤综合治疗效果有着重要意义。放疗患者在围放疗期应进行全程营养管理,放疗前、放疗中和放疗后使用营养风险筛查量表进行筛查,必要时使用患者自评-主观全面评定量表进行评定,并结合RTOG急性和晚期放射损伤分级进行规范化个体化营养支持。本共识就放疗患者的营养支持流程进行了补充和细化,结合肿瘤营养指南进一步对肿瘤放疗营养规范化管理流程和标准进行探讨,为肿瘤放疗临床工作者开展规范化营养支持提供规范和参考。     

Validation of nutritional risk index method against patient-generated subjective global assessment in screening malnutrition in colorectal cancer patients

Objective：To validate malnutrition screening tool of nutrition risk index （NRI） against patent-generated subjective global assessment （PG-SGA） as a gold standard tool in colorectal cancer patients before radiotherapy.Methods：Nutritional status of 52 volunteer colorectal cancer patients with a mean age of 54.1±16.8 years who referred to radiotherapy center were assessed by PG-SGA （gold standard method） and NRI.Serum albumin levels of patients were determined by colorimetric method.A contingency table was used to determine the sensitivity,specificity,and predictive value of the NRI in screening patients at risk of malnutrition,in comparison with the PG-SGA in patients before radiotherapy.Results：The findings of PG-SGA and NRI showed that 52％ and 45％ of patients in our study were moderately or severely malnourished respectively.The NRI had a sensitivity of 66％ and a specificity of 60％ against PG-SGA.The positive predictive value was 64％ and the negative predicative value was 62％.The agreement between NRI and PG-SGA was statistically insignificant （kappa =0.267; P＞0.05）.Conclusions：The findings of present study showed that the prevalence of malnutrition was high in patients with colorectal cancer.Moreover,NRI method had low sensitivity and specificity in assessing nutritional status of patients with cancer.It seems that the combination of anthropometric,laboratory parameters and a subjective scoring system may be helpful tools in screening of malnutrition in cancer patients.     

Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of chemokine receptor CXCR4 overexpression in patients with esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis

The prognostic significance of CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) for survival of patients with esophageal cancer remains controversial. To investigate its expression impact on clinicopathological features and survival outcome, a meta-analysis was performed. A comprehensive search in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (up to October 8, 2013) was performed for relevant studies using multiple search strategies. Correlation between CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. A total of 1,055 patients with esophageal cancer from seven studies were included. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) which indicated CXCR4 expression was associated with tumor depth (OR?=?0.35, confidence interval (CI)?=?0.27–0.47, P?<?0.00001), status of lymph node (OR?=?0.36, CI?=?0.21–0.61, P?<?0.0002), TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) stage (OR?=?0.38, CI?=?0.25–0.56, P?<?0.00001), and histological type (OR?=?1.81, CI?=?1.07–3.05, P?=?0.03). Poor overall survival of esophageal cancer was found to be significantly related to CXCR4 overexpression (hazard ratio (HR) 1.49, 95 % CI?=?1.24–1.80, P?<?0.0001), whereas combined ORs exhibited that CXCR4 expression has no correlation with gender or tumor differentiation. Based on the published studies, CXCR4 overexpression in patients with esophageal cancer indicated worse survival outcome and was associated with common clinicopathological poor prognostic factors.     

A Multi-Institutional Analysis of Radiation Dosimetric Predictors of Toxicity After Trimodality Therapy for Esophageal Cancer

PurposeThis multi-institutional review explored associations between radiation dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters and cardiopulmonary toxicities with trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer.Methods and MaterialsWe reviewed 465 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer treated with chemoradiation therapy followed by surgery at 2 tertiary-care institutions between 2007 and 2013. Using logistic regression, we assessed associations between lung and heart DVH parameters and cardiopulmonary toxicities and survival. Statistically significant variables were subsequently included in multivariable models, which incorporated age, smoking history, previous history of heart disease, and type of chemotherapy.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 61 years (interquartile range, 54-68 years), and 86% were men. At baseline, 60% of the patients had known cardiac risk factors, 64% were current or former smokers, and 10% had other pulmonary comorbidities. Most patients had stage II to III (96%) adenocarcinoma (94%) of the distal esophagus. The radiation therapy (RT) modalities used were 3-dimensional conformal RT (38%), intensity modulated RT (41%), and proton therapy (20%). An increased heart dose was associated with increased risk of cardiac toxicity on univariable analysis (V20 Gy: odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08-1.33; P = .001) (V30 Gy: OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11-1.38; P < .0001) (V40 Gy: OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35; P = .018). No lung DVH metrics were associated with lung toxicity. Heart V30 Gy was associated with adverse events on multivariable analysis (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26; P = .0047).ConclusionsWe observed an association between heart dose and cardiac toxicity for esophageal cancer. The risk of cardiac toxicity was 5%, 10%, and 15% when the heart V30 Gy dose was 14%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. For every 10% increase in V30 Gy, there was a corresponding 24% increase in the relative risk of cardiac toxicity.     

TERT rs2736100 polymorphism contributes to lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis including 49,869 cases and 73,464 controls

Some studies investigated the association of TERT rs2736100 polymorphism with lung cancer (LC). But the results were not consistent. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the association between rs2736100 and LC. Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched. Data were extracted, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A total of 19 studies including 49,869 cases and 73,464 controls were involved in this meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association between TERT rs2736100 polymorphism and LC risk was observed (OR?=?1.23, 95 % CI 1.18–1.28, P?<?0.00001). This polymorphism was also significantly associated with LC risk in Asians (OR?=?1.27, 95 % CI 1.22–1.33, P?<?0.00001), Caucasians (OR?=?1.14, 95 % CI 1.10–1.18, P?<?0.00001), female patients (OR?=?1.37, 95 % CI 1.24–1.51, P?<?0.00001), male patients (OR?=?1.23, 95 % CI 1.15–1.31, P?<?0.00001), adenocarcinoma patients (OR?=?1.35, 95 % CI 1.28–1.41, P?<?0.00001), squamous cell carcinoma patients (OR?=?1.13, 95 % CI 1.04–1.21, P?=?0.002), small cell lung cancer patients (OR?=?1.09, 95 % CI 1.03–1.16, P?=?0.004), current smokers (OR?=?1.22, 95 % CI 1.17–1.27, P?<?0.00001), former smokers (OR?=?1.14, 95 % CI 1.08–1.21, P?<?0.0001), and never smokers (OR?=?1.37, 95 % CI 1.31–1.43, P?<?0.00001), respectively. This meta-analysis suggested that TERT rs2736100 polymorphism was a risk factor for LC.     

血清Orexin A、ALB、Leptin水平用于胃肠道肿瘤营养不良预测的临床价值

目的:探析血清中细胞因子Orexin A、ALB、Leptin水平与胃肠道肿瘤营养不良的相关性,为临床营养状况评估提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2016年3月至2017年12月间在本院住院治疗的124例胃肠道肿瘤患者的诊疗数据,采用PG-SGA评分系统对患者营养状况进行评估,并对其血清中Orexin A、ALB、Leptin、TNF-α等细胞因子水平进行生化检测,采用Logistic回归方法分析胃肠道肿瘤营养中相关因素。结果:根据PG-SGA评分,A级（营养状况良好）患者43例,B级（中度或可疑营养不良）患者59例,C级（重度营养不良）患者22例。营养不良患者所占比例65.32%。单因素分析中,患者年龄、血清中Orexin A、ALB、TNF-α和Leptin水平与营养状态有关（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析得出患者血清中Orexin A（OR=1.075,95%CI:1.025~1.126）、ALB（OR=0.932,95%CI:0.681~1.276）、Leptin（OR=2.077,95%CI:2.009~2.148）的含量与营养状况有相关性。ROC曲线分析显示Orexin A（AUG=0.708）、ALB（AUG=0.791）、Leptin（AUG=0.592）水平均可用于胃肠道肿瘤患者营养不良的预测,且可用作联合诊断。结论:血清中Orexin A、ALB、Leptin水平与胃肠道肿瘤营养不良相关,可用于临床营养不良的预测。     

Interleukin-6 −634C/G polymorphism is associated with lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Several studies have examined the associations of polymorphisms in interleukin-6 (IL6) with lung cancer (LC) risk. However, the results were conflicting. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between IL6 polymorphisms and LC risk. Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association between IL6 ?634C/G polymorphism and LC susceptibility was observed for GG?+?CG vs. CC (OR?=?1.33, 95 % CI 1.20–1.47, P?<?0.00001). This polymorphism was also significantly associated with LC risk in Asians (OR?=?1.33, 95 % CI 1.20–1.47, P?<?0.00001), female patients (OR?=?1.30, 95 % CI 1.11–1.52, P?=?0.0009), male patients (OR?=?1.25, 95 % CI 1.03–1.52, P?=?0.02), non-small cell lung cancer patients (OR?=?1.21, 95 % CI 1.03–1.41, P?=?0.02), small cell lung cancer patients (OR?=?1.91, 95 % CI 1.23–2.97, P?=?0.004), smokers (OR?=?1.42, 95 % CI 1.21–1.65, P?<?0.0001), and non-smokers (OR?=?1.32, 95 % CI 1.13–1.53, P?=?0.0003), respectively. No significant result was found for IL6 ?174C/G polymorphism. This meta-analysis suggested that IL6 ?634C/G polymorphism was a risk factor for LC.     

The Diversity of Nutritional Status in Cancer: New Insights

Objective.

Nutritional status in cancer has been mostly biased toward undernutrition, an issue now in dispute. We aimed to characterize nutrition status, to analyze associations between nutritional and clinical/cancer-related variables, and to quantify the relative weights of nutritional and cancer-related features.

Methods.

The cross-sectional study included 450 nonselected cancer patients (ages 18–95 years) at referral for radiotherapy. Nutritional status assessment included recent weight changes, body mass index (BMI) categorized by World Health Organization''s age/sex criteria, and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA; validated/specific for oncology).

Results.

BMI identified 63% as ≥25 kg/m² (43% overweight, 20% obese) and 4% as undernourished. PG-SGA identified 29% as undernourished and 71% as well nourished. Crossing both methods, among the 319 (71%) well-nourished patients according to PG-SGA, 75% were overweight/obese and only 25% were well nourished according to BMI. Concordance between BMI and PG-SGA was evaluated and consistency was confirmed. More aggressive/advanced stage cancers were more prevalent in deficient and excessive nutritional status: in 83% (n = 235/282) of overweight/obese patients by BMI and in 85% (n = 111/131) of undernourished patients by PG-SGA. Results required adjustment for diagnoses: greater histological aggressiveness was found in overweight/obese prostate and breast cancer; undernutrition was associated with aggressive lung, colorectal, head-neck, stomach, and esophageal cancers (p < .005). Estimates of effect size revealed that overweight/obesity was associated with advanced stage (24%), aggressive breast (10%), and prostate (9%) cancers, whereas undernutrition was associated with more aggressive lung (6%), colorectal (6%), and head-neck (6%) cancers; in both instances, age and longer disease duration were of significance.

Conclusion.

Undernutrition and overweight/obesity have distinct implications and bear a negative prognosis in cancer. This study provides novel data on the prevalence of overweight/obesity and undernutrition in cancer patients and their potential role in cancer histological behavior.     

Refusal of Cancer-Directed Surgery by Breast Cancer Patients: Risk Factors and Survival Outcomes

Background

It has been reported that some patients with breast cancer may refuse cancer-directed surgery, but the incidence in the United States is not currently known. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence, trends, risk factors, and eventual survival outcomes associated with refusal of recommended breast cancer–directed surgery.

营养风险筛查工具NRS-2002评估食管癌放疗患者营养状况的价值

目的 用营养风险筛查工具NRS-2002评价食管癌放疗患者营养状态,同时评价NRS-2002在这群中的应用价值。方法 回顾分析2010—2014年在浙江省肿瘤医院确诊为食管癌并接受放疗的 97例患者资料。Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率并Logrank检验差异,Pearson法分析NRS-2002评分与血液指标的相关性,Cox模型多因素预后分析。结果 27%患者在放疗前就存在营养风险,这种风险随放疗进行而逐渐升高。入院时NRS-2002评分≤3分、≥4分的 1年OS分别为91%、62%(P=0.010)。治疗期间NRS-2002评分最高分≤2分、≥3分的 1年OS分别为94%、78%(P=0.012),最低分≤3分、≥4分的 1年OS分别为91%、55%(P=0.018)。入院时、放疗第1周NRS-2002评分与前白蛋白有关(P=0.000、0.002),放疗第3周NRS-2002评分与白蛋白有关(P=0.036)。多因素分析发现食管癌TNM分期、治疗期间NRS-2002评分最高分是预后影响因素(P=0.001、0.005)。结论 食管癌放疗患者存在较高营养风险,NRS-2002评分可提示食管癌放疗患者的预后,可作为营养风险初筛工具。     

Association between NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism and esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis

NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an important enzyme which can catalyze the two-electron reduction of quinoid compounds into hydroquinones. NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism can change the enzymatic activity of NQO1, and it has been proposed to be associated with risk of esophageal cancer. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the association between NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism and esophageal cancer. Odds ratio (OR) with a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was used to assess the association. Twelve case–control studies with 1,725 cases with esophageal cancer and 2,341 controls were finally included in the meta-analysis. Overall, there was an obvious association between NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism and esophageal cancer (allele model: OR?=?1.24, 95 % CI 1.06–1.46, P _OR?=?0.009; homozygote model: OR?=?1.59, 1195 % CI 1.10–2.30, P _OR?=?0.013; dominant model: OR?=?1.31, 95 % CI 1.05–1.64, P _OR?=?0.018). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, there was an obvious association between NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism and esophageal cancer in Asians but not in Caucasians. Therefore, the meta-analysis suggests that NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism is associated with esophageal cancer risk.     

Rs1884444 variant in IL23R gene is associated with a decreased risk in esophageal cancer in Chinese population

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin‐23 receptor (IL23R) are involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers and autoimmune diseases. IL23R gene is still controversial in the study of esophageal cancer. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of IL23R SNPs on the risk of esophageal cancer. Five hundred six esophageal cancer and 507 controls frequency matched by age and gender were conducted, and the genotypes were determined by the Agena MassARRAY. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of rs1884444 and rs6682925 with susceptibility of esophageal cancer. A total of 30 articles are eligible. Pooled ORs and the 95% CI were calculated using the random‐effect model. Database predicts the expression of IL23R gene in esophageal cancer. IL23R rs1884444 allele G decreased the risk of esophageal cancer under allele, genotype, and additive models (allele model: OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68‐0.98, P = .032; genotype model: OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44‐0.97, P = .035; additive model: OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68‐0.98, P = .031). Meta‐analysis shown that IL23R rs1884444 increased the risk of overall disease in allele model (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08‐1.25, P < .001), and also increased the risk of gastrointestinal tumor (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05‐1.31, P = .005). The database analysis showed that the expression of IL23R gene was upregulated in esophageal cancer tissues. IL23R rs1884444 may play an important role in the susceptibility of esophageal cancer.     

Risk of lymph node metastasis and prognostic outcome in early gastric cancer patients with mixed histologic type

BackgroundWhether early gastric cancer with mixed histologic type should be considered for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and prognostic significance for early gastric cancer with mixed histologic type.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed clinicopathologic and survival data of 302 patients who underwent surgical resection for early gastric cancer. Based on the histologic components, all patients were classified as pure differentiated type, pure undifferentiated type and mixed histologic type. The prognostic differences between different types were compared and predictive factors for LNM were evaluated.ResultsHistopathologically, the proportion of mixed histologic type was 12.3% in early gastric cancer. In terms of LNM, mixed histologic type had a more frequent incidence than pure differentiated type (32.4% vs 11.1%, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between mixed type and pure undifferentiated type for LNM (32.4% vs 21.1%, P = 0.139). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size >2 cm (odds ratio [OR]: 2.153, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.113-4.164, P < 0.05), submucosal invasion (OR: 3.881, 95%CI: 1.832-8.222, P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (OR: 8.797, 95% CI: 2.643-29.277, P < 0.001), undifferentiated type (OR: 3.146, 95% CI: 1.352-7.320, P < 0.01), and mixed histologic type (OR: 3.635, 95% CI: 1.272-10.390, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for LNM in early gastric cancer patients. However, mixed histologic type did not affect the survival outcome of these patients (hazard ratio: 0.629, 95% CI: 0.074-5.311, P > 0.05).ConclusionMixed histologic type was an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer patients. The decisions regarding endoscopic submucosal dissection for mixed histologic type should be carefully considered.     

PLCE1 rs2274223 A>G polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Phospholipase C epsilon 1 gene (PLCE1) encodes a phospholipase enzyme which regulates various physiological processes (cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis) and is supposed to play a critical role in carcinogenesis. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2274223 A>G) in PLCE1 was reported as a novel susceptibility locus for esophageal and gastric cancers by genome-wide association studies performed in Chinese population. However, individual association studies replicating this finding showed inconclusive results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of eligible studies to derive precise estimation of the association of PLCE1 rs2274223 A>G polymorphism with cancer risk. We performed pooled analysis of 12 case–control studies including 7,622 cases and 9,555 controls. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence interval were calculated to assess strength of association in overall studies and in subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, cancer types, and source of controls. All statistical analyses were performed by MIX 2.0 software. We found that PLCE1 rs2274223 A>G polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of cancer in log additive/dominant model and at allele level (GG vs. AA: OR?=?1.24, 95 % CI?=?1.01–1.53, P?=?0.039; AG vs. AA: OR?=?1.24, 95 % CI?=?1.16–1.32, P?<?0.001; AG?+?GG vs. AA: OR?=?1.22, 95 % CI?=?1.12–1.34, P?<?0.001; and G vs. A allele: OR?=?1.15, 95 % CI?=?1.05–1.25, P?=?0.002). Further, stratified analysis showed elevated risk of only gastric and esophageal tumors. Sub-group analysis based on ethnicity suggests PLCE1 polymorphism conferred significant risk among Asian (Chinese) but not in Caucasian. In conclusion, PLCE1 rs2274223 polymorphism may be used as potential biomarker for cancer susceptibility particularly for esophageal/gastric cancer and for the Chinese population.