A case of recurrent infection caused by a pancreaticoduodenal fistula associated with a pancreatic arteriovenous malformation

Although arteriovenous malformations (AVM) occur frequently in digestive organs, pancreatic AVM is rare. The clinical symptoms of pancreatic AVM are variable and include gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, jaundice, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, and duodenal ulcer. However, choledochoduodenal or pancreaticoduodenal fistulas complicated with ascending infection and pancreatitis is extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of pancreaticoduodenal fistula associated with a pancreatic AVM that induced recurrent anemia and ascending infection.     

Acute pancreatitis due to pancreatic arteriovenous malformation: 2 case reports and review of the literature

Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a relatively rare disease. Based on our literature search, 51 cases of pancreatic AVM have been reported since 1968. The gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common presenting symptom (24/51 cases [47%]). There were only 6 cases of pancreatitis in these cases. We describe 2 cases of acute pancretitis with pancreatic AVM. The patients who were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis were admitted to our hospital. Pancreatitis was considered to be caused by pancreatic AVM by some modalities of diagnostic imaging. The respective pancreatic AVM lesions of patients were resected to prevent the recurrence of pancreatitis. They are asymptomatic after the surgery. Pancreatic AVM is thought to be the one of the reasons for acute pancreatitis.     

Pancreatic Arteriovenous Malformation Involving Adjacent Duodenum in a Patient with Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding caused by arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the pancreas is extremely rare. A 56-yr-old man with AVM of the head of the pancreas who was presented with recurrent episode of melena is described herein. The preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by angiographic study, and he was successfully treated with pancreatoduodenectomy. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed pancreatic AVM involving the adjacent duodenal wall.     

Hemobilia from pancreatic arteriovenous malformation: successful treatment with transportal coil embolization of draining veins

Pancreatic arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are extremely rare diseases frequently complicated by gastrointestinal hemorrhage. While surgical resection of affected lesion is preferred for the treatment of pancreatic AVM, angiographic intervention can be used as an alternative treatment, especially in surgically high-risk patients. We experienced a patient with pancreatic AVM manifested by hemobilia and biliary sepsis. Superior mesenteric and common hepatic arteriography showed pancreaticoduodenal AVM composed of nidus supplied by numerous fine feeding arteries and of draining veins encircling the common bile duct (CBD). Hemobilia was controlled by transportal coil embolization of draining veins of AVM around the CBD. Herein, we report this case with the review of literatures.     

Asymptomatic arteriovenous malformation of the pancreas

Summary We reported a case of asymptomatic pancreatic AVM, incidentally found on routine ultrasonography and diagnosed noninvasively by means of Doppler ultrasonography and MRI. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. This is the first report to demonstrate the characteristics of pancreatic AVM by these two imaging techniques. They proved to be useful in identifying the vascular nature of AVM without the use of a contrast material, which is a definite advantage over DSA and CT. The quality of the image obtained was equivalent or superior to that obtained by DSA and contrast-enhanced CT. Doppler ultrasonography and MRI may serve as the primary imaging techniques of choice in suspected cases of AVM.     

Duodenal ulcer and pancreatitis associated with pancreatic arteriovenous malformation

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the pancreas is a rare condition that may cause severe gastrointestinal bleeding. We describe a 54-year-old man with a 7-year history of recurrent duodenal ulcer due to AVM in the pancreatic head. We recommended pancreatoduodenectomy because of recurrent haemorrhage from the duodenal ulcer, but the patient refused surgery on several occasions. He was admitted to our hospital complaining of severe upper abdominal pain radiating to the back and was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. He agreed at that stage to the surgical treatment. The resected specimen contained a highly vascular malformation in the pancreatic head and ulceration in the adjacent descending duodenum. Histopathological examination revealed numerous vascular structures with dilated and tortuous vessels in the pancreatic head, confirming the presence of AVM. Moreover, oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, haemorrhage and necrosis were evident, confirming the presence of acute pancreatitis.     

Arteriovenous malformation of the pancreas associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary A case of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. The patient, a 56-year-old Japanese man, was asymptomatic. The pancreatic lesion was found incidentally during an evaluation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Celiac arteriogram demonstrated tortuous feeding arteries, a racemose intrapancreatic stain, which disappeared before the venous phase, and early portal filling.     

Pancreatic arteriovenous malformation with duodenal ulcer

Summary We report the color Doppler ultrasonography features of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the pancreas, a very rare disease. The patient was a 52-year-old man with congenital AVM of the pancreas and a duodenal ulcer that had been resistant to medication. Endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (color Doppler EUS) revealed many abnormal color signals showing pulsatile wave form at the portion of the duodenal wall involving the duodenal ulcer. Extracorporeal color Doppler ultrasonography revealed a mosaic-like color signal, caused by turbulent flow, in the portal trunk. Angiography demonstrated a vascular network with extensive proliferation at the pancreatic head and early portal filling. It is possible that the pancreatic AVM had caused the duodenal ulcer. Color Doppler EUS can be a useful modality for detection of vessel abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Management of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation

Pancreatic arteriovenous malformations (AVM), while extremely rare, are frequently complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding. The elimination of pancreatic AVM is difficult once portal hypertension has developed. We describe herein a patient with congenital AVM of the pancreatic head presenting with recurrent episodes of melena, in whom pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy provided a means of definitive management. We also review the literature and focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Angiography is always necessary to facilitate tactics of treatment, even if diagnosis has been established by non-invasive imaging modalities. To obtain complete regression, total extirpation of the affected organ, or at least the involved portion, should be performed before this disease leads to the lethal complications of gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension. Transcatheter arterial embolization is the only alternative treatment for the control of hemorrhage.     

巨大脑动静脉畸形手术前后脑局部皮层血流变化的研究

目的研究巨大脑动静脉畸形（AVM）手术切除后的脑皮质血流变化,指导临床降压治疗及血压监测等。方法AVM直径〉6cm的患者26例,用激光多普勒血流仪（LDF）分别记录切除AVM前、术后即刻、术后1d、术后2d、术后3d的脑血流值,比较血流变化情况,观察术后脑血流稳定和再灌注水平下降所需时间。结果巨大脑AVM切除后脑局部的皮层血流较术前立即增高（P〈0．05）,术后2d与术后1d、术后即刻比较均无明显改变（P〉0．05）;术后3d较术后2d有所降低（P〈0．05）。讨论巨大AVM切除后局部脑组织的血流明显增加,术后2d达最高,术后3d开始有明显的下降,但尚未达到术前的水平。     

Notch1和血管内皮生长因子在出血性颅内动静脉畸形患者中的表达

目的研究Notch1和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在出血性颅内动静脉畸形（AVM）中的作用。方法回顾分析温州医学院神经外科手术治疗的AVM患者,共35例,根据病史和影像学特点,将AVM患者分为出血性AVM组（简称出血组）27例、非出血性AVM组（简称非出血组）8例,应用免疫组化、荧光实时定量PCR分别检测两组畸形血管团内Notch1和VEGF的表达差异及相关性。结果①在出血组和非出血组中,Notch1和VEGF在畸形血管团内皮细胞均表达明显,但两组Notch1、VEGF表达阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义。②出血组的Notch1 mRNA水平为1.9±1.7,高于非出血组的1.5±0.6;出血组的VEGF mRNA水平为4.2±3.0,高于非出血组的2.9＋2.7,但两组比较差异均无统计学意义。③经Spearman相关分析,颅内AVM的Notch1与VEGF的阳性细胞率（r=0.638,P〈0.05）及其mRNA水平（r==0.611,P〈0.05）均呈正相关。结论 Notch1、VEGF在出血性AVM和非出血性AVM中均表达升高;但在出血性AVM中无特异性,Notch1与VEGF可能协同参与颅内AVM的形成。     

Application of Onyx for Renal Arteriovenous Malformation With First Case Report of a Renal Hyperdense Striation Sign: A CARE-Compliant Article

Onyx is an emerging treatment modality for visceral vascular malformations, especially in cases in which delicate nidal penetration of the arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is desired. A computed tomography (CT) image presentation of hyperdense striations along the renal medulla secondary to the tantalum powder has not been previously reported.A 65-year-old woman presented to our institution with intermittent gross hematuria and left flank pain for 10 days. Both CT and conventional angiographies confirmed cirsoid-type renal AVM, which was successfully treated with Onyx. Follow-up CT after treatment revealed presence of hyperdense striations along the renal medulla, which resolved during later image follow-up.Despite its frequent usage in neural intervention, the application of Onyx in visceral AVM is gradually gaining interest, especially in cases in which delicate nidal penetration of the AVM is desired. Renal hyperdense striation sign should be recognized to avoid confusion with embolizer migration, and further studies in patients with renal function impairment may be helpful in understanding its influence of renal function.     

Multidisciplinary Approach to a Peripheral Arteriovenous Malformation

IntroductionThe management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains challenging because of their unpredictable behaviour and high recurrence rate.ReportThis report describes the case of a 37-year-old female with AVM in her left thigh. After twice embolotherapy, the AVM was recognised to be resectable, and intra-operative embolisation was performed to block the blood flow into the nidus of the AVM. The malformation was completely resected with minimal blood loss.DiscussionMultidisciplinary treatment that integrates surgical therapy with embolotherapy is essential to manage AVMs and to improve the results of treatment, with limited morbidity and no recurrence.     

A case of posterior gastric arteriovenous malformation causing massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage

We report abdominal bleeding caused by arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the posterior gastric artery. A 38-year-old man visited our hospital complaining of epigastralgia. Enhanced abdominal CT revealed a high density spot in a huge low density mass. Angiographic study showed AVM of the posterior gastric artery. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed and we successfully treated the AVM which was accompanied by abdominal bleeding.     

Mineral Addition and Mixing Methods Effect on Recycled Aggregate Concrete

This paper presents influence of treatment and mixing methods on recycled aggregate concretes (RAC) designed regarding various techniques. Absolute Volume Method (AVM) according to TS 802, Equivalent Mortar Volume Method (EMV), silica fume (SF) as a mineral addition were considered in the design of concretes. In total, four groups of concretes were produced in the laboratory: (1) natural aggregate concrete (NAC) designed with AVM as control concrete, (2) RAC designed with AVM as control RAC, (3) RAC with SF as a mineral addition designed with AVM as treated RAC and (4) RAC designed with EMV as treated RAC. The tests were performed at 28th days and the statistical analysis were made on the test results. According to the results, EMV and SF increased the compressive strength of concretes and this resulted an increase in the strength class of concrete. A significant statistical difference between the concretes were determined. According to multiple comparison analysis, it was found that especially there was a significant relationship among NAC, RAC and RAC-EMV. In addition, it was recommended that EMV and AVM with 5% SF could be used in the design of RAC rather than AVM only to achieve the target strength class C30/37.     

Pathological studies on microvasculature of arteriovenous malformation in the intestinal tract]

Intestinal arterio-venous malformation (AVM) is one of the uncommon causes of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and is usually difficult to diagnose before pathological study. Five operated cases with the AVM were presented. The vascular lesions were studied by barium-gelatin injection and routine histological procedures. The AVM lesion was detected in the proximal jejunum and in the distal ileum in each one case, respectively. In two other cases the AVM lesion was observed as a protruded tortuous vascular plexus in colonic mucosa. By the microangiographical study, it was confirmed that the main lesion of AVM was located in submucosal layer with complicating minute AVM in lamina propria of intestinal mucosa. In the mucosal lesion of AVM it was disclosed that arterialization of precapillary arterioles was a remarkable finding. Thickened intimal layer and duplication of internal elastic lamina were recognized in these arteriolar lesions. Two kinds of intestinal AVM were classified, one is located in the submucosal layer and another one is located in mucosal layer. It was suggested that a marked ectasia of mucosal vessels seemed to be a secondary change of the submucosal AVM. The pathogenesis of the mucosal AVM was discussed.     

丘脑底节区动静脉畸形手术切除探讨

目的探讨显微手术切除丘脑底节区脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的疗效及手术指征。方法回顾性分析4例经显微手术切除丘脑底节区AVM患者的临床资料。术前均有颅内出血,按照Spetzler~-Martin分级为Ⅲ级。术前全部行脑血管造影检查,其中2例行术前畸形血管团部分栓塞。结果无手术死亡病例,神经功能缺损均无加重,复查脑血管造影畸形血管团完全消失。结论选择合适病例显微外科切除丘脑底节区AVM临床疗效较好。     

影响脑动静脉畸形手术效果的临床因素

脑动静脉畸形(AVM)是常见的脑血管畸形。目前公认AVM切除术是AVM外科治疗中最为理想的 方法,是否采取手术治疗主要取决于手术所引起的死亡和严重病残率是否低于AVM的自然史。     

A case of arteriovenous malformation in the submucosal layer of the stomach

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the stomach is extremely rare. We report a patient with asymptomatic gastric AVM detected during mass screening of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The patient, a 69-year-old female, had no history of gastro-intestinal bleeding. Endoscopy revealed a gastric submucosal tumor (3 cm in diameter) at the posterior wall below the esophago-cardiac junction. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed a hypoechoic structure in the third layer of the stomach, suggesting gastric AVM in the submucosal layer. Complete resection of the AVM tissue was performed by strip biopsy with surgical resection. Histological examination showed AVM in the submucosal layer. EUS examination was useful for the diagnosis of gastric AVM in this case.     

应用经颅多普勒超声对颅内动静脉畸形盗血程度进行量化评估

目的 通过对盗血现象的分析,完善颅内动静脉畸形(AVM)的经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断,并应用盗血指数(SI),评估AVM的盗血程度。 方法 应用AVM非供血动脉血流的低流速、高阻力特点,进行逆向推导的逆向诊断法;并对16例经脑血管造影数字减影(DSA)证实的颅内AVM的TCD资料进行回顺性分析。以供血动脉及其相邻非供血动脉的Vm供／Vm邻比值和相应的SI值进行相关分析,并尝试比较SI与AVM大小的关系。 结果 通过逆向诊断将Vm供／Vm邻比值,同相应SI值进行相关分析,r=0.66,p=0.000,n=42;SI与动静脉畸形大小呈正相关趋势(r=0.48,n=12),p>0.05,无显著意义,SI大小可能与AVM的类型、大小和血管发育程度等有关。 结论 AVM的盗血现象应作为TCD重要的诊断条件之一,分析TCD的SI值大小,结合DSA检测结果,可以对AVM的类型、血管床的发育情况和大小进行分析判定。