原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓86例治疗体会

目的探讨肝癌合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的有效治疗方法。方法 86例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者行肝切除+门静脉取栓+肝动脉、门静脉双灌注化疗栓塞及生物靶向治疗。结果 1年生存率为90%,2年生存率为85%,3年生存率为35%;结论肝切除+门静脉取癌栓+肝动脉、门静脉双灌注化疗栓塞+生物靶向治疗是治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的有效治疗方法。     

门静脉微癌栓和肉眼癌栓对肝癌患者术后生存的影响

目的评价肝癌门静脉微癌栓和肉眼癌栓对术后生存的影响。方法回顾性分析3348例肝癌切除术患者的临床资料,分为门静脉无癌栓组(n=2528)、微癌栓组(n=416)和肉眼癌栓组(n=404),单因素分析肝癌门静脉微癌栓和肉眼癌栓对术后生存的影响,分析各组的生存率。结果单因素分析肝癌门静脉微癌栓和门静脉肉眼癌栓对术后生存影响的危险度分别为1．421和3．136;无癌栓组的1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为85．97％、62．78％、49．88％、35．42％,中位生存时间为59．7个月;微癌栓组的1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为74．42％、51．66％、39．25％、27．28％,中位生存时间为39．1个月;肉眼癌栓组的1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为52．59％、25．97％、20．42％、11．33％,中位生存时间为13．5个月。结论门静脉癌栓是影响肝癌患者术后生存的重要因素,而肉眼癌栓的危险性远大于微癌栓;微癌栓阶段是影响术后生存的转折点。     

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目的 了解肝癌切除术中外科切缘对肝癌预后的影响。方法 将大、小肝癌病人根据切缘大小分为四组。分析不同切除术后的5年复发率和5年生存率。结果 切缘有残癌或血管内癌栓者,大、小肝癌均有较高的术后复发率而生存率很低,小肝癌切缘≥1.0cm及大肝癌切缘≥2.0cm者,术后5年复发率明显下降而生存率明显提高。结论 肝癌切除时,小肝癌切缘尽可能在1cm以上,大肝癌以2cm以上为佳。     

107例肝细胞肝癌切除术后预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响肝细胞肝癌切除术后的预后因素。方法 回顾性分析广西医科大学肿瘤医院2002年6月~2004年5月间107例肝细胞肝癌手术切除患者的临床资料,选择38项临床病理因素分析其对生存率的影响。Kaplain-Meier法计算生存率,单因素分析采用Log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型筛选出对肝细胞肝癌切除预后有影响的临床病理因素。结果 全组1、3、5年生存率为85.0%,53.3%,43.9%。单因素分析：术前GGT,术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级,术后ALB,术后TBIL,术后ALP,术后GGT,肿瘤最大直径,门静脉癌栓,术中失血情况,围手术期输血,术后是否复发以及手术是否根治切除等。多因素分析：术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后是否复发,手术是否根治切除与预后相关。结论 术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后复发,根治性切除是影响肝细胞肝癌术后生存期的独立预后因素。     

原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗方式探讨

目的　探讨原发性肝癌 (HCC)伴门静脉癌栓 (TTPV )的有效治疗方式。方法　回顾性分析和总结 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月期间收治的 95例原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。结果　 5 8例行手术治疗 ,其中 6例行单纯肝肿瘤切除术 ,1、3年生存率为 3 3 .3 %、0 % ;5 2例行肝肿瘤切除加门静脉癌栓取栓术 ,其中 43例术后采用了肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗 ,其 1、3、5年生存率为 10 0 %、5 5 .8%、13 .9% ,9例未行插管化疗 ,1、3、5年生存率为 77.7%、2 2 .2 %、0 %。另 3 7例未行手术者中 10例行单纯肝动脉栓塞 (HAE) ,1、3年生存率为 2 0 %、0 % ;2 1例行选择性门静脉栓塞 (SEPV)联合肝动脉栓塞 ,1、3、5年生存率为 71.4%、2 8.6%、9.5 % ;6例未作任何治疗者均 1年内死亡。结论　手术治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有效 ,术后使用肝动脉和门静脉双插管灌注化疗可提高疗效 ,选择性门静脉栓塞联合肝动脉栓塞对不能切除的肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有重要作用     

原发性肝癌术后复发再切除162例体会

目的 探讨原发性肝癌术后抗复发对策,及以再切除为主的综合治疗措施的远期疗效。方法 对我院自1960年1月至1996年5月间162例原发性肝癌术后复发行再切除者的临床特点、手术方法和预后进行回顾性分析。结果 全组1、3、 5、10年总生存率分别为96.8%、66.7%、43.6%和21.8%。中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年5个月;其中肝内复发组126例术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为99.2%、71.3%、46.6%和19.1%,二次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为83.5%、38.2%和19.6%,三次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为94.7%、44.9%和25.0%;肝外转移组30例首次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为89.7% 、61.0%和32.6%,二次肝外转移灶切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.4%、29.0%和15.6%;兼行肝内复发癌和肝外转移灶切除组共6例,现存活3例,手术至今分别为1年10个月,3 年9个月和9年9个月。另3例相继于术后3年11个月、5年8个月和6年11个月死亡。结论 复发的原因与门静脉癌栓及肿瘤多中心性生长有密切关系;及时切除肝内复发癌和单发的肝外转移灶可达到延长生存期甚至治愈的目的。     

原发性肝癌经肝动脉栓塞化疗术后预后指标的多因素分析

目的探讨影响无法手术切除原发性肝癌经肝动脉栓塞化疗(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后预后的独立因素。方法回顾性分析163例行TACE治疗的无法手术切除原发性肝癌患者的临床资料。结果全组均获随访,随访时间为12～63月,平均为(21.8±27.3)月。总体患者TACE术后的1、3、5年累积生存率分别为69.75%、37.49%和21.84%。单因素分析显示,TNM分期、癌灶个数、肿瘤有无假包膜、病灶分布情况、肿瘤大小、门静脉癌栓情况、血清AFP状态、Child-Pugh分级、肿瘤碘油沉积情况及治疗次数与TACE术后生存率显著相关(P均<0.05);经Cox多因素回归分析得出影响肝癌患者TACE术后长期生存的独立预后因素依次为:Child-Pugh分级、术后碘油沉积情况、门静脉癌栓。结论Child-Pugh分级、术后碘油沉积分型及门静脉癌栓是影响TACE术后肝癌患者的独立预后因素。     

影响3cm以下小肝癌患者术后生存因素的观察

目的 总结小肝癌的手术治疗经验,探讨影响其术后生存率的临床、病理因素。方法回顾性分析1986年1月-2003年12月间手术切除并获得随访的105例小肝癌(≤3cm)的临床、病理资料,中位随访时间33个月。对有无结节性肝硬化、肝功能Child分级、术前血清AFP水平、肿瘤大小、有无肿瘤包膜、肿瘤分化程度(Edmondson分级)、有无门静脉癌栓、肿瘤是否多灶性(包括卫星灶)及手术方式等9项临床、病理参数与术后生存率及无瘤生存率的关系进行单因素及Cox模型多因素分析。结果截止2004年5月,手术后1、3、5年生存率分别为86．5%、70．3％、55．2％,无瘤生存率分别为78．0％、58．9％、45．6％。再次手术死亡1例。随访期内36例肝内复发,34例死亡。单因素及多因素分析均提示术前肝功能Child分级、肿瘤大小、门静脉癌栓及肿瘤多灶性是影响手术后生存率的预后因素,多因素分析显示肿瘤大小、门静脉癌栓及多灶性是影响手术后无瘤生存率的预后因素。结论距肿瘤1cm以上切缘的局部切除是治疗小肝癌的合理手术方式,手术后的肝内复发和转移及肝功能不良是导致小肝癌患者术后死亡的主要原因。     

取栓术和栓塞化疗在提高合并门静脉癌栓肝癌手术疗效中？…

目的 探讨肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的手术疗效,评价术中门静脉癌栓取出术和术后辅助肝动脉栓塞化疗对提高肝癌术后生存率的影响。方法 对１０６例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓接受不规则性肝叶切除术的病人进行临床分组研究,分别采用单纯手术切除;手术切除加术中取栓术、术中取栓术后辅助肝动脉栓塞化疗,比较各组的疗效。结果 全组病人的１,３和５年生存率分别为３６．１％,２４．７％和２４．７％。单纯手术切除组（１例）的１、３、和５     

肝细胞性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓63例临床治疗分析

目的:比较不同治疗方法对肝细胞性肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的疗效及其意义。方法:回顾性分析应用不同治疗方式治疗的63例原发性HCC合并门静脉主干或者第一分支癌栓患者的预后。按照治疗方式的不同分为4组:保守治疗组(A组,7例);TACE治疗组(B组,19例);手术切除原发HCC同时行门静脉切开取栓术或者癌栓部位门静脉切除术治疗组(C组,12例);手术切除原发HCC同时行门静脉切开取栓术或者癌栓部位门静脉切除术+术后TACE治疗组(D组,25例)。结果:A组中位生存期为2个月,半年、1年、2年、3年生存率分别为14%、0、0、0;B组中位生存期为6个月,半年、1年、2年、3年生存率分别为56%、12%、0、0;C组中位生存期为10个月,半年、1年、2年、3年生存率分别为、74%、37%、9%、0;D组中位生存期为16个月,半年、1年、2年、3年生存率分别为80%、52%、20、12%。各组生存率比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:原发性HCC合并PVTT采取手术切除原发肝癌同时行门静脉切开取栓术或者癌栓部位门静脉切除术可明显延长生存期,术后应用TACE治疗可进一步延长生存期,提高生存率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.