子宫颈病变中p16~(INK4A)蛋白表达及其与HPV16/18感染的关系

目的 探讨p16INK4A 蛋白在子宫颈鳞癌(SCC)和子宫颈上皮内肿瘤(CIN)中的表达及其与HPV16/18感染的关系.方法 用原位杂交法检测HPV16/18在25例子宫颈癌、45例CIN及10例慢性子宫颈炎中的表达,同时用免疫组化EliVision法检测p16INK4A 蛋白的表达.结果 (1)与慢性子宫颈炎相比,CIN Ⅱ级、CIN Ⅲ级、浸润癌HPV16/18杂交信号阳性率显著增高(P<0.01);(2)子宫颈鳞癌组织、CIN Ⅰ级、CIN Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及慢性子官颈炎标本中p16INK4A 蛋白阳性率分别为100.0%、20.0%、46.7%、100.0%和10.0%;(3)在子宫颈鳞癌及CIN HPV16/18感染的标本中p16INK4A 蛋白表达均是阳性.结论 子宫颈鳞癌的形成与HPV感染、p16INK4A 蛋白过表达是呈正相关关系,p16INK4A蛋白可能作为子宫颈鳞癌及CIN的标志物,对子宫颈癌筛查和预防有重要意义.     

子宫颈病变组织中低分子量蛋白酶体表达与HPV16感染的关系

目的观察低分子量蛋白酶体(low molecular-weight protein,LMP)在子宫颈病变组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达,探讨其与HPV16感染的关系。方法以152例新疆维吾尔族妇女正常子宫颈上皮、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化法鉴定LMP2和LMP7mRNA及蛋白表达水平;采用PCR技术检测相应标本HPV16感染情况。结果 (1)LMP2、LMP7随着子宫颈病变的加重其蛋白表达逐渐降低,且mRNA表达水平与蛋白表达趋势相一致。在CIN中LMP2、LMP7蛋白表达下调和缺失率分别为25.0%/15.6%、29.7%/23.4%;在子宫颈癌中LMP2、LMP7蛋白的表达下调和缺失率分别为17.5%/34.9%、23.8%/41.3%。临床病理参数进行分析发现LMP2、LMP7与子宫颈癌分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05)。(2)PCR结果显示,HPV16的检出率随着子宫颈病变的进展而增加,在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中阳性率分别为8%(2/25)、67.2%(43/64)和77.8%(49/63),且随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加其阳性表达率增加,各组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在CIN中LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05),子宫颈癌中LMP2和LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05)。结论 LMP基因的转录表达下调或蛋白质表达缺失与维吾尔族妇女子宫颈癌病变进程密切相关,其中HPV16感染可能是重要原因之一。     

子宫颈癌中c-myc和hMLH1表达与HPV16感染的关系

目的探讨子宫颈病变中c-myc与hMLH1和HPV16表达的关系。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测c-myc与hM-LH1在慢性子宫颈炎、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepi-thelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈癌患者中的表达水平;PCR技术检测相应标本中HPV16感染的情况。结果 c-myc在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN、子宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为26.7%(8/30))、50%(30/60)、69.2%(36/52),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),hMLH1阳性率依次为66.7%(20/30)、56.7%(34/60)、30.7%(16/52),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在子宫颈癌组织中,c-myc蛋白与肿瘤分化程度、临床分期以及有无淋巴结转移相关;hMLH1蛋白表达下调与子宫颈癌分化程度及是否有淋巴结转移密切相关,表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);HPV16与c-myc蛋白表达呈正相关;与hM-LH1蛋白表达呈负相关。结论 HPV16可能是通过影响c-myc与hMLH1蛋白表达而在子宫颈癌的发生、发展中发挥作用。     

Association of the expression of the low molecular-weight protein with HPV16 infection in cervical lesions

目的 观察低分子量蛋白酶体(low molecular-weight protein,LMP)在子宫颈病变组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达,探讨其与HPV16感染的关系.方法 以152例新疆维吾尔族妇女正常子宫颈上皮、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和子宫颈鳞癌(cervical squamous cell carcinoma,CSCC)患者为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化法鉴定LMP2和LMP7 mRNA及蛋白表达水平;采用PCR技术检测相应标本HPV16感染情况.结果 (1)LMP2、LMP7随着子宫颈病变的加重其蛋白表达逐渐降低,且mRNA表达水平与蛋白表达趋势相一致.在CIN中LMP2、LMP7蛋白表达下调和缺失率分别为25.0%/15.6%、29.7%/23.4%;在子宫颈癌中LMP2、LMP7蛋白的表达下调和缺失率分别为17.5%/34.9%、23.8%/41.3%.临床病理参数进行分析发现LMP2、LMP7与子宫颈癌分化程度及淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05).(2)PCR结果显示,HPV16的检出率随着子宫颈病变的进展而增加,在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈癌组织中阳性率分别为8%(2/25)、67.2%(43/64)和77.8%(49/63),且随着肿瘤恶性程度的增加其阳性表达率增加,各组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在CIN中LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05),子宫颈癌中LMP2和LMP7表达下调与HPV16感染有关(P<0.05).结论 LMP基因的转录表达下调或蛋白质表达缺失与维吾尔族妇女子宫颈癌病变进程密切相关,其中HPV16感染可能是重要原因之一.     

子宫颈鳞癌中MTA1、CDK8、HPV 16-E7的表达及其意义

目的探讨MTA1、CDK8和HPV 16-E7在子宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法应用免疫组化SP两步法对10例慢性子宫颈炎、20例子宫颈上皮内病变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和70例子宫颈鳞癌进行MTA1、CDK8及HPV 16-E7蛋白检测,分析其临床病理特征。结果在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN及子宫颈鳞癌中,MTA1的阳性率分别为10.0%、35.0%、64.3%;CDK8的阳性率分别为0、10.0%、74.3%,HPV 16-E7的阳性率分别为20.0%、45.0%、70.0%(P均0.05)。MTA1和CDK8的表达与子宫颈鳞癌临床分期、组织分化、淋巴结转移及浸润深度密切相关(P0.05)。HPV 16-E7表达与患者年龄、肿瘤直径、分化程度、临床分期及有无淋巴结转移均无相关性(P0.05)。子宫颈鳞癌组织中,MTA1与CDK8及HPV 16-E7蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.463、r=0.628,P均0.05)。结论MTA1和CDK8的过表达促进子宫颈鳞癌的浸润转移,联合检测MTA1、CDK8蛋白表达可作为预测子宫颈鳞癌的浸润转移及评价患者预后的生物学指标。MTA1可能是HPV16-E7作用的潜在靶基因,在子宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

子宫颈腺癌中HPV16/18感染对p16Ink4a、Rb蛋白表达的影响

目的研究16、18型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV16/18)DNA与细胞周期相关蛋白p16Ink4a、Rb在子宫颈腺癌中的表达情况及HPV16/18感染对p16Ink4a、Rb蛋白表达的影响。方法采用组织微阵列技术结合原位杂交和免疫组化EliVision二步法标记检测HPV16/18DNA和p16Ink4a、Rb蛋白在86例子宫颈腺癌、15例子宫颈腺上皮异型增生及24例慢性子宫颈炎组织中的表达。结果子宫颈腺癌组和子宫颈腺上皮异型增生组HPV16/18DNA阳性表达率分别为65·1%和46·7%,均明显高于慢性子宫颈炎组8·3%(P<0·01);p16Ink4a蛋白在子宫颈腺癌组的阳性表达率为74·4%,显著高于慢性子宫颈炎组33·4%(P<0·01)。Rb蛋白在子宫颈腺癌组的阳性表达率为33·7%,低于慢性子宫颈炎组45·8%,但差异无显著性(P>0·05)。HPV16/18感染与子宫颈腺癌的病理分级和组织学类型无关,但与p16Ink4a蛋白表达呈正相关(P<0·05)。p16Ink4a与Rb蛋白表达与子宫颈腺癌的病理分级有关,G2、G3组p16Ink4a阳性表达率明显高于G1组(P<0·05),G3组Rb阳性表达率明显低于G1组(P<0·05)。p16Ink4a表达与子宫颈腺癌组织学类型有明显相关性,子宫内膜样腺癌p16Ink4a阳性表达率明显高于透明细胞腺癌(P<0·05)。结论子宫颈腺癌的发生与HPV16/18感染有关,HPV16/18感染可能影响p16Ink4a、Rb蛋白表达,使子宫颈腺上皮发生癌变并促进恶性发展。     

子宫颈鳞癌中MHC-Ⅰ类呈递抗原相关蛋白表达与HPV16相关性的研究

目的 研究子宫颈炎组织和子宫颈鳞癌组织中MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递相关蛋白(TAP1、TAP2、β2-MG、HSP70)在维吾尔族和汉族妇女中的表达差异.方法 应用免疫组化SP法和聚合酶链反应技术检测子宫颈炎组织以及子宫颈鳞癌组织中HPV抗原呈递相关蛋白TAP1、TAP2、β2-MG和HSP70的表达和HPV16的感染情况.结果 TAP1、TAP2和β2-MG在子宫颈鳞癌组织中阳性表达率(51%、60%和61%),均低于子宫颈炎组织(77%、95%和96%,P均<0.05).在子宫颈鳞癌组织中,维、汉族问TAP1、TAP2和β2-MG阳性表达有差异(P<0.05).在子宫颈炎组织中,维、汉族间TAP1、β2-MG阳性表达有差异(P<0.05).维吾尔族子宫颈鳞癌中β2-MG表达与HPV16感染关系为正相关(r=0.216,P<0.05).汉族子宫颈鳞癌中,TAP2与β2-MG间存在正相关(P<0.05).维吾尔族子宫颈鳞癌中,TAP1与β2-MG、TAP1与HSP70间存在正相关(P<0.05).结论 子宫颈鳞癌中TAP1、TAP2和β2-MG的表达量下降,导致细胞表面MHC-Ⅰ类分子表达降低,可能是肿瘤细胞逃逸免疫监视的一种机制,且在维吾尔族和汉族间相关性呈现差异,提示不同蛋白在不同民族问子宫颈鳞癌的发病机制方面可能存在不一致.     

子宫颈病变组织中HPV 16感染与TLR4介导的PI3 K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白表达的关系

目的：探讨子宫颈病变中Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptors 4, TLR4)介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白表达与人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus HPV)16感染的关系。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测152例慢性子宫颈炎、子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intra-epithilial neoplasia, CIN)以及子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中TLR4、PI3K、AKT、NF-κB蛋白的表达;抽提石蜡组织总DNA,用PCR法检测组织中HPV 16的感染情况。结果在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN和子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中TLR4、PI3K、AKT和NF-κB 蛋白阳性率分别为32．0%、59．4%、77．8%,28．0%、56．3%、73．0%,24．0%、56．3%、79．4%,8．0%、48．4%、81．0%,并且随着子宫颈病变的加重表达增强(P<0．05);HPV 16在3组子宫颈病变组织中的感染率分别为8．0%、48．4%和81．0%(P<0．05)。 TLR4、PI3K、NF-κB蛋白及HPV 16均与子宫颈癌分化程度有关(P<0．05);PI3K和AKT与临床分期密切相关,NF-κB与淋巴结转移有关(P<0．05);在CIN和子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中TLR4分别与HPV 16(r=0．303,P=0．015;r=0．633,P=0．000)和PI3K(r=0．254,P=0．045;r=0．386,P=0．003)密切相关;在子宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中PI3K与AKT密切相关(r=0．298,P=0．018)。结论 HPV 16感染上调TLR4在CIN中的表达,TLR4介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路共同作用对子宫颈上皮从炎症→CIN→子宫颈癌过程中发挥重要作用,HPV 16的感染可能是影响通路分子表达改变的前提条件。     

E-Cadherin在子宫颈上皮内瘤变及子宫颈鳞癌中的表达

目的：了解E-Cadherin在子宫颈上皮内瘤变及子宫颈鳞癌的表达及其临床意义。方法：采用S-P免疫组化方法对20例慢性子宫颈炎，40例子宫颈上皮内瘤变及71例浸润性子宫颈鳞癌进行E-Cadherin检测。结果：慢性子宫颈炎、CIN I、CINⅡ、CINⅢ、浸润性子宫颈鳞癌、癌旁组织E-Cadherin的异常表达率分别为40.0%、23.1%、16.7%、60.0%、95.8%及53.8%。子宫颈鳞癌E-Cadherin的异常表达率明显高于子宫颈上皮内瘤变及癌旁组织。结论：CINⅢ、浸润型子宫颈鳞癌E-Cadherin表达下调或缺失。     

子宫颈鳞状细胞癌中Stat3和PTEN的表达及意义

目的 探讨转录信号传导子与激活子3(Stat3)和抑痛基因PTEN在子宫颈鳞癌、子宫颈上皮内瘤变组织及正常子宫颈组织中的表达及临床病理意义.方法 采用免疫组化方法 检测了58例子宫颈鳞癌组织,37例CIN组织,17例正常子宫颈组织中Stat3和PTEN的表达.结果 Stat3在子宫颈鳞癌、CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ、CIN Ⅰ和正常子宫颈组织中阳性表达率分别为70.7%、33.3%、13.6%和5.9%.Stat3在子宫颈浸润癌中的表达高于正常对照组、CIN Ⅰ及CIN Ⅱ～Ⅲ(P均<0.05).Stat3在子宫颈鳞癌的表达与病理分级、临床分期及淋巴结转移有关(P值均<0.05).PTEN在子宫颈鳞癌中阳性表达率为34.5%,在正常子宫颈组织中阳性表达率为88.2%,两者差异有显著性(P<0.01).PTEN在淋巴结未转移组中阳性表达率明显高于淋巴结转移组(P<0.01).PTEN表达与临床分期呈负相关,而与患者年龄、病理分级无相关性(P均>0.05).子宫颈鳞癌中Stat3与PTEN表达成负相关(rs=-0.375,P<0.01).结论 Stat3的过表达和PTEN的失活在子宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展及转移过程中发挥重要作用,二者联合检测可作为子宫颈良、恶性病变早期病理诊断的辅助指标.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.