可控膀胱增强缩窄回肠控制机能的临床研究

目的设计一种控尿可靠,导尿容易和手术方法简单的可控膀胱输出道. 方法对20例尿流改道的患者,采用缩窄的回肠作为输出道,并将部分输出道固定在回肠储尿囊与腹壁之间,输出道的内口与回肠储尿囊作端侧吻合,其外口与脐孔作端端防狭窄吻合的手术方法治疗.术后1.5～3个月和6～ 17个月分别对输出道和储尿囊行尿动力学检查. 结果 1例术后55 d死于心脏疾病,其余19例中,18例术后昼夜能控制尿.术后1.5～3个月尿动力学显示储尿囊充盈时输出道最大闭合压为46～124(92±17)cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.0 98 kPa),空虚时34～84(67±12)cmH2O,两者间差异有非常显著性意义(t=10.5 9, P＜0.01);6～17个月12例行尿动力学检查,储尿囊充盈时输出道最大闭合压为7 7～154(101±21)cm H2O,空虚时为56～115(74±15) cm H2O,两者差异有非常显著性意义(t=8.54, P＜0.01);储尿囊容量为360～750 (455±111)ml,充盈时内压为16～35(23±6)cmH2O,充盈过程中没有收缩波出现. 结论储尿囊与腹壁的壁外支持可明显增强缩窄回肠的控尿能力,这种术式还具有导尿容易和手术方法简单的特点.     

Indiana continent urinary reservoir

Cecoileal reservoirs were created in 29 patients. Tunneled ureteral implantations along the tenia of the cecum provided the antireflux mechanism. Plication or tapering of the terminal ileal segment along with the ileocecal valve provided the continence mechanism. The tubular configuration of the cecum was disrupted with either an ileal or sigmoid patch, or it was re-configured in a Heineke-Mikulicz type of closure to avoid bolus (unit) contractions. Short-term followup examination with excretory urography showed no upper tract obstruction. X-rays of the pouch showed no reflux and interviews revealed satisfactory continence in 93 per cent of the patients.     

Clinical studies on Kock continent urinary reservoir and Indiana continent urinary reservoir]

Recently, the continent urinary reservoir which provides the patient with a better quality of life has become popular. Many types of reservoirs have been reported, but the optimal procedure remains to be established. From July 1987 through November 1988, we performed Kock pouch construction on 11 patients (ages 39 to 76 years). Between July 1989 and March 1991, 9 patients (ages 44 to 66 years) underwent Indiana pouch operation. The first 4 patients underwent ileal patch type, and the subsequent 5 underwent Heineke-Mikulicz type procedure. A one-stage radical cystectomy and continent urinary reservoir construction was performed on 19 patients, and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy was converted to Kock pouch in one patient. There were no perioperative deaths, but reoperation was required for urinary leakage from the reservoir on one patient in each group. As the late complications in the Kock pouch group, one patient required revisional operation of the continent valve mechanism, 2 patients experienced intermittent prolapse of the nipple valve of the efferent limb, and 2 had malfunction of the afferent nipple valve. In the Indiana pouch group unilateral hydronephrosis was noticed in one patient, and 4 had mild difficulty of catheterization. Although 3 patients in both groups had mild urinary leakage, all patients had good quality of life with capacity of reservoir over 500 ml and with good renal function. We changed the type of operative procedure from Kock pouch to Indiana pouch because of the high complication ratio in the former.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The cecoileal continent urinary reservoir

Summary Experience with the Kock pouch prompted us to develop a new form of continent urinary reservoir. This is a composite structure using ileum and cecum. Tunnelled ureteral implantations along the tenia of the cecum provide the antireflux mechanism, while the ileocecal valve and plicated terminal ileal segment provide continence. An ileal patch on the cecum helps overcome the intermittent incontinence that can occur and is presumed to be due to a bolus contraction of the cecum. The cecoileal continent urinary reservoir offers the flexibility of either abdominal or pelvic placement.     

盲结肠膀胱术加强输出道可控机制的临床研究

目的　改进盲结肠膀胱术输出道手术方法 ,建立一种控尿可靠、插管方便、并发症少的可控输出道。　方法　对 4 7例膀胱癌患者行膀胱癌根治切除 ,37例采用去结肠带建立盲结肠贮尿囊 ,10例非管状化建立盲结肠贮尿囊 (改良Indianapouch) ,截取末端回肠 12～ 14cm ,剖开肠管重叠绕圈缝合成双层肠壁结构 ,回盲肠交界处浆肌层缝合 ,构筑回盲部小乳头状回肠套叠结构 ,建成长 12cm的输出道。盲肠端与盆腔腹壁缝合 ,远端与脐孔吻合 ,全长固定潜行于腹壁下贮尿囊和腹直肌之间。　结果　全部患者插管顺利 ,白天完全可控 4 5例 ,夜间完全可控 4 4例 ,术后 6个月输出道闭合压 4 0 .5～ 12 5 .6cmH2 O ,充盈状态输出道最大闭合压明显高于空虚状态 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　改进的缩窄末端回肠输出道是一种较理想的可控输出道。     

改良可控性盲结肠膀胱术15例报告

目的　提高膀胱肿瘤全膀胱切除的临床疗效。　方法　对 15例膀胱肿瘤患者行可控性盲结肠膀胱术 ,并对术式进行改进。　结果　 15例随访 4～ 2 9个月 ,3个月后贮尿囊容量 45 0～ 6 5 0ml,平均 5 5 0ml,充盈状态下平均囊内压 (11.4± 4.3)cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,贮尿囊造影未见输尿管返流 ,IVU示上尿路无积水和输尿管狭窄 ,排尿控制良好 ,插管容易。　结论　改良可控性盲结肠膀胱术操作简单 ,贮尿囊容量大、内压低、自控排尿良好 ,并发症少 ,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

Stapled and nonstapled tapered distal ileum for construction of a continent colonic urinary reservoir

A continent colonic urinary reservoir was created in 10 patients who had undergone anterior exenteration for invasive bladder carcinoma. A tapered distal ileal segment with a catheterizable abdominal stoma provided full continence in all 10 patients. Tapering of the terminal ileum was achieved with a gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler in 5 patients or with a bowel clamp in 5 others. Three purse-string sutures of 2-zero silk were placed on the tapered ileal segment to increase the intraluminal pressure. A nontunneled ureterocolonic anastomosis was performed in all 20 ureters. No obstruction or reflux was noted in 19 ureters (95 per cent). Hydronephrosis at the anastomotic site was noted in 1 ureter and was successfully dilated percutaneously.     

Clinical experience of tapered distal ileum for construction of a continent colonic urinary reservoir

Construction of continent colonic urinary reservoir was performed in 44 patients after exenteration for invasive bladder carcinoma or various gynecologic tumors. The distal ileum was tapered over a 14 French red rubber catheter. The ileocecal valve was reinforced with three circumferential silk sutures in a purse-string fashion. Full continence was obtained in all patients (100%). A non-tunneled, non-refluxing ureterocolonic anastomosis was performed in all 88 ureters. No obstruction or reflux was observed in 84 ureters (95%). There were 7 early postoperative complications and 3 of them required reoperation (pelvic abscess 1, urinary leak from ureterocolonic anastomosis 1, pouch-vaginal fistula 1). Moreover, there were 7 late complications and 3 of them required reoperation (stomal stenosis 1, parastomal hernia 2). These results suggest that this method is a safe, simple and useful one for permanent urinary diversion.     

可控性膀胱术后远期并发症及其防治

为探讨可控性膀胱术后晚期并发症的防治办法，分析了２５例术后的随访结果。１９８８年５月至１９９４年６月，我院共施行了膀胱全切除可控性膀胱术２６例，其中２５例随访了１～７年，随访期间发现的晚期并发症有：贮尿囊过度扩张８例，贮尿囊结石３例，尿失禁２例，导尿困难３例，肾盂输尿管轻度扩张３例，轻度高氯性酸中毒３例，腹泻１例。通过对这些并发症的处理及原因分析，我们认为贮尿囊过度扩张是贮尿囊结石、感染和代谢紊乱的原因之一，缩窄末段回肠式输出道控尿良好，并发症少，明显优于套叠乳头式输出道；抗返流输尿管吻合及低压贮尿囊是保护肾功能的关键。     

改良可控性回肠膀胱控尿机制的临床研究

目的探讨改良可控性回肠膀胱临床应用的效果。方法膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除尿流改道患者12例,采用改良的回肠乳头瓣作为输出道,外口与脐孔作皮瓣嵌入防狭窄吻合,去管化回肠浆膜下隧道抗返流技术。结果12例随访14~50个月,昼夜控尿满意,尿动力学显示:储尿囊容量350~720(435±88)m l,充盈时内压15~32(20±5)cm H2O,储尿囊充盈时输出道最大闭合压力74~142(98±23)cm H2O,空虚时为49~105(68±20)cm H2O,2者差异有统计学意义(t=8.82,P<0.01);充盈过程中无收缩波出现。结论改良回肠乳头瓣输出道及去管化回肠浆膜下隧道抗返流技术是比较理想的可控技术改进。     

Clinical experience with the Kock continent ileal urinary reservoir

From May 1985 through July 1987, 22 patients underwent Kock continent ileal reservoir for urinary diversion. There were 19 males and 3 females, between 38 and 82 years old (mean age 63.1 years). A one-stage radical cystectomy and Kock pouch construction were performed in 21 patients. One patients was converted from standard ileal conduit to this new reservoir. The keys to success of the Kock pouch are creation and maintenance of the nipple valve to prevent reflux and to ensure continence. Mesenteric fat is removed with CUSA for 8 cm along the afferent-efferent limbs of the pouch and exclusion of mesentery is limited for only 3-4 cm. This important modification will ensure adequate ileal intussusception and vascular supply to the valves. To prevent eversion and prolapse, the nipple valve is anchored to the wall of reservoir. A strip of sauvage filamentous Dacron serves as a collar to fix the afferent-efferent limbs to the pouch. There were 2 postoperative deaths and two major early complication: 1 acute renal failure and 1 intestinal fistula, both of which were treated conservatively. Late complications occurred in 6 patients. Of these 6 patients, 1 required reoperation and revision of the continence valve mechanism and 1 required hospitalization for entero-pouch fistula. Serum electrolytes and vitamin B12 remained normal in all patients. Patients perform self-catheterization every 4-6 hours during the day and once at night for volumes ranging up to 1,000 ml. The end result in 19 of 20 patients was excellent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

改良去带盲结肠可控膀胱术

目的：评价改良去带盲结肠可控膀胱术的临床价值。方法：对8例膀胱癌患者施行全膀胱切除和改良去带盲结肠可控膀胱术。结果：随访3－41个月，均获得良好的疗效。贮尿囊容量为260－700ml，贮尿囊内最大压力为0.981-2.940kPa，每3－6h导尿1次，血清电解质和肾功能正常。结论：本术式可以获得大容量、低内压的贮尿囊，具有可控效果好、操作简单和并发症少等优点。     

Alternative techniques for a continent urinary reservoir

A modification of the Gilchrist procedure is used to create a continent urinary reservoir that provides reliable continence and antireflux mechanisms. The tubular form of the cecum is altered by a patch or reconfiguration to prevent bolus contractions of the reservoir. The procedure offers a choice of locations of the reservoir and stoma in most patients. Each step of the procedure uses techniques already familiar to urologists.     

Bellevue pouch: Ileocolonic continent urinary reservoir

The technique for the Bellevue Pouch, another continent intestinal reservoir, is described. A large-capacity low-pressure reservoir is created from detubularized ascending colon, cecum, and terminal ileum. Continence is achieved by means of an intussuscepted segment of ileum and a modulating colonic pressure cuff wrapped around it. The operation has been performed on 19 patients, all of whom achieved satisfactory continence. Two patients were converted to free drainage systems at a later date. Average follow-up was twenty-five months.     

Intravenous papaverine in constructing continent urinary reservoir

The use of intravenous papaverine as an adjunct in the construction of a continent urinary reservoir is a safe and effective method to facilitate an important but sometimes restrictive portion of this procedure. Additionally, it does not seem unreasonable to extend this technique to other procedures which involve the use of small bowel.     

The continent cecal reservoir for urinary diversion

Summary Urinary diversion was accomplished through a continent cecal reservoir in 27 patients. An intussuscepted ileal nipple valve was used as a continence-providing principle. To achieve continence and ease of catheterization, several constructional modifications of the valve were required. Satisfactory functional results were obtained with a nipple valve protruding into the cecal cavity, mesenteric exclusion from the valve and, for stability, a fascial strip sling around the nipple base. The ureters were implanted into the cecum using an anti-reflux technique. Complications were sliding of the nipple valve, which necessitated revisional procedures in a substantial number of patients, and stricture of the ureterocecal anastomosis. Renal function was well-preserved after long-term follow-up. The continent cecal reservoir offers a better quality of life than conduit diversion, and can be an attractive alternative to other methods for selected patients at centers with a special interest in this field.     

A new technique for continent urinary reservoir reconstruction

A new technique for urinary reservoir reconstruction has been applied to 14 patients following radical cystectomy. The sigmoid colon was used in 10 cases and the ileum in 4. The pouch is constructed of adjacent detubularized intestinal segments. The continence mechanism is achieved by the formation of a double-jacket intestinal tube anastomosed to the skin. All patients except 1 were continent during stressful situations and resting with easy catheterization of the pouch. Urodynamic study in 3 cases showed a low pressure sigmoid reservoir with an average of 15 cm. water, and the tube had good tone with an average of 35 cm. water and a 5.5 cm. functional length. The technique is simple, can be applied to either the sigmoid colon or ileum and results in urinary continence with easy catheterization.     

Ongoing experience with the kock continent ileal reservoir for urinary diversion

Summary The continent ileal reservoir, as introduced by Dr. Nils Kock, presents an intriguing but challenging option in the field of urinary diversion. From August 1982 through December 1984, 157 patients underwent this type of surgery at our institution. Of these patients, 103 underwent simultaneous radical cystectomy for cancer, 42 had a previous urinary diversion of another type, and 12 had neurogenic bladders. Our experience represents a series of expected complications and ongoing modifications to the surgical technique. A total of 24 patients experienced early complications requiring 6 reoperations, and 32 patients were noted to have 41 late complications necessitating 33 further revisional surgeries. There were 3 operative mortalities and 12 late deaths due to nonoperative causes. Three patients required conversion of their Kock pouch to an ileal conduit. The end result leaves 139 patients for chronic follow-up, of whom 134 are doing extremely well and fit all of the criteria for a successful continent diversion. They catheterize every 5–6 h with a mean reservoir capacity of 800–1000 cc and wear only a small pad over their stoma. The long-term results continue to be encouraging and suggest that the continent ileal reservoir is a definite alternative for the patient who requires a cutaneous urinary diversion and who is seeking an improved quality of life.