鼻用氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球的制备及其特性研究

目的: 以壳聚糖为载体材料,氟尿嘧啶为模型药物, 制备鼻腔给药脑靶向微球.方法: 以液体石蜡为油相,span-80为乳化剂,采用乳化化学交联技术制备氟尿嘧啶鼻用微球.正交实验设计优化制备工艺,动态透析法检测微球的体外释放特性及其影响因素.用微球吸水能力表示微球的溶胀度.测定纤毛输送速率来评价微球的黏膜粘附力.结果:所得微球形态良好,粒径分布较为均匀,平均粒径(43±4) μm,载药量38.5%±1.0%,包封率79.0%±1.8%.体外释放符合Higuichi方程Q=0.103 5t1/2 0.028 4 (r=0.996 5).壳聚糖微球具有良好的生物粘附性,可显著降低纤毛输送速率(P<0.01),有效地延长微球在鼻腔的滞留时间.结论:所优化的制备工艺稳定,包封率较高,适于鼻黏膜用氟尿嘧啶壳聚糖微球的制备.壳聚糖是良好的鼻用制剂的载体材料,应用前景广阔.     

三七总皂苷壳聚糖缓释微球的制备及体外释放特性研究

目的制备三七总皂苷壳聚糖缓释微球,并对其体外释药特性进行研究。方法采用乳化交联法制备三七总皂苷壳聚糖微球,以粒径分布、包封率、载药量及体外释药速度为评价指标,考察处方因素对壳聚糖微球的影响。并采用正交设计L9(34)对处方进行优化。结果微球的平均粒径为(4.2±0.3)μm,包封率为(28.58±2.76)%(n=3),载药量为(17.15±1.65)%(n=3)。结论通过优化处方和制备工艺,采用乳化交联法制备的三七总皂苷壳聚糖缓释微球,其体外释药具有明显的缓释作用且制备工艺简单。     

喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球

目的 以壳聚糖为载体材料,制备鼻用天麻素壳聚糖微球,并考察微球的特性.方法 采用喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球;在单因素考察基础上,以进风温度、蠕动泵速度、壳聚糖质量分数和天麻素∶壳聚糖的质量比为影响因素,以微球的收率和包封率为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交设计优化制备工艺,并对微球的包封率、载药量、收率、粒径及释放行为进行考察.结果 优化后的制备工艺和处方为:压缩空气流量(Q-flow)为40 m3/h,吸气机参数(Aspiration)为100％,壳聚糖质量分数为1％,蠕动泵速度(pump)为15％,天麻素∶壳聚糖的质量比为1∶3,进风温度为ll0℃.用优化工艺制得的天麻素微球光滑圆整,载药量为(23.10±0.38)％,包封率为(92.41±0.96)％,收率为(71.32±0.93)％,微球平均粒径为(5.38±1.09) μm;体外释放具有缓释特性.结论 喷雾干燥法制备天麻素壳聚糖微球简单快速,所得微球包封率高,粒径均匀,符合鼻腔给药的要求.     

尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的制备及其体外释药特性的研究

目的 以壳聚糖为载体材料制备尼莫地平微球,并考察其体外释药特性。方法 以壳聚糖为载体,液体石蜡为油相,戊二醛为交联剂,span80为乳化剂,采用正交设计优化壳聚糖微球的制备工艺,用乳化交联法制备尼莫地平壳聚糖微球。模拟人体肠液的环境进行体外释药研究。结果 通过单因素考察和正交实验,筛选出尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的优化制备工艺和处方,所得微球形态圆整,大小均匀,表面光滑,平均粒径为9.56 μm,载药量为17.82%,包封率为52%。体外释药结果表明,一级动力学方程能较好的对其进行拟合。结论 尼莫地平壳聚糖微球的制备工艺稳定可行,所得壳聚糖微球有良好的缓释效果。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子壳聚糖微球的研制

目的　探讨制备壳聚糖微球包裹碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)的方法。方法　采用Berthold的沉淀 /凝聚法制备壳聚糖微球 ,用此微球包裹bFGF ,对bFGF壳聚糖微球的大小、形态、含量和体外释药进行研究。结果　空白壳聚糖微球表面光滑 ,粒径范围 1.2～ 3.8μm。载药量约为 4 .6 8× 10 4U/mg ,包封率为 93.7%。体外释放试验显示 ,壳聚糖微球释放bFGF初期释药较快 ,尤其d 1有突释现象 (累计释药度约占 18.6 % ) ,随后bFGF释放速度逐渐变缓 ,d 10累计释放度约5 2 % ,d 2 0约 6 1.5 %。结论　bFGF壳聚糖微球具有较高的包封率和显著的缓释bFGF作用。      

环磷酰胺聚乳酸微球的制备及其缓释过程的研究

目的 制备环磷酰胺聚乳酸微球,并检验微球的体外缓释效果。方法 采用O/W型乳化溶剂挥发法制备载药微球,通过单因素实验优化制备工艺,用生物显微镜观察微球的形态,并用激光粒度分析仪分析粒径。用紫外-可见光谱法研究环磷酰胺聚乳酸微球的载药量、包封率和体外释药性能。结果 微球呈球形,直径为(12.67±3.67)μm。载药量和包封率分别为15.38%和62.5%,累计释放时间为108h,累计释放率为84.07%。结论 本研究成功制备环磷酰胺聚乳酸微球,为制备可生物降解载药微球提供参考。     

局部用环孢素聚乳酸微球的制备

目的:采用O/W型乳化-溶剂挥发法制备环孢素聚乳酸微球,并对微球性状进行考察。方法:通过正交设计试验筛选其最佳制备工艺,用扫描电镜观察微球表面形态。采用激光粒径分析仪对微球的平均粒径分布检测,并通过高效液相色谱对微球的载药量、包封率、体外释药性能进行了研究。结果:应用通过正交设计筛选后的制备工艺,所得到环孢素聚乳酸微球的形态圆整,平均粒径为18.234μm,粒径在9.525~32.400μm的占总数的80%以上。包封率为(86.12±0.77)%,载药量为(34.51±0.63)%。环孢素-聚乳酸微球的体外释药情况为30 d,累积释药量为40.8%,在释放前期释放速率较快,5 d后释放变得平稳。结论:可获得较满意的环孢素聚乳酸微球制备工艺,且微球具有明显的缓释性能。     

正交设计优化川芎嗪乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球处方与制备工艺

目的 制备川芎嗪PLGA微球并考察其物理化学性质及体外释药性.方法 采用O/W型乳化-溶剂挥发法制备川芎嗪PLGA微球,正交试验设计优化处方组成和制备工艺,对微球的外观形态、粒径及粒度分布、包封率和载药量等理化性质进行了检测.结果 以优化处方制备的川芎嗪PLGA微球为圆球形,粒度分布较均匀,平均粒径为(10±2.2)μm,包封率为(81.36±1.15)%,载药量为(8.2±0.43)%,药物体外释放可延长至768h,释药特性符合Weibull方程,经差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析证明,形成了新的物相,表明载药微球确已形成.结论 采用O/W型乳化-溶剂挥发法制备的川芎嗪PLGA微球包封率和栽药量高,粒径均匀,具有明显的缓释作用.     

壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球的制备及其工艺优化

目的以壳聚糖(CS)为载体制备壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球(CS-SFGS-NPs),并考察其理化性质和体外释药性能。方法提取猪牙皂皂苷,利用紫外分光光度法测定皂苷含量。采用离子交联法制备壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球,并以壳聚糖质量浓度、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)质量浓度、投料质量比为考察对象,以平均粒径、包封率为评价指标优化壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球处方;采用Malvern粒度仪测定壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球的粒径分布和Zeta电位,透射电子显微镜考察其形态;以透析法考察壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球的体外释药行为。结果壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球的最优处方:壳聚糖质量浓度为2.0 mg/m L、三聚磷酸钠质量浓度为1.5 mg/m L、壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷投料比为4∶1;制备的壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球的包封率为84.7%±3.6%、粒径为(182.6±35.4)nm、Zeta电位为(+23.1±4.6)mV;透射电镜结果显示所制备的壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球为类球形颗粒,大小分布较为均匀;壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球在0.5h内的释放量低于40%。结论通过对处方的优化,制备得到的壳聚糖-猪牙皂皂苷纳米微球具有合适的粒径和包封率,并能达到缓释效果。     

喷雾干燥法制备川芎嗪壳聚糖微球的研究

目的 制备川芎嗪壳聚糖微球,并对其体外释药模式进行研究.方法 采用喷雾干燥法制备川芎嗪壳聚糖微球,以包封产率为指标,考察处方及工艺因素对壳聚糖微球的影响,采用L9(34)正交设计对处方和工艺进行优化.结果 壳聚糖质量浓度0.01 g/mL,川芎嗪与壳聚糖的质量比1:4,进风温度120℃,空气流速500 L/h,所制得的川芎嗪壳聚糖微球表面圆整,载药量为(18.60土0.15)%,包封率为(93.01士0.76)%,平均粒径为(10.69±0.64)μm.体外释放具有良好的缓释特性,在1～15 h内拟合Higuchi方程Q=19.798 t1/2 25.209(r=0.997).结论 采用喷雾干燥法制得的川芎嗪壳聚糖微球包封产率较高,制备工艺简单、过程稳定,可望成为实现中药微球工业化的有效方法.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.