Orthodontics in 12-year old children. Demand,treatment motivating factors and treatment decisions

Ninety-three per cent of all 12-year old patients at a clinic in western Sweden accepted an invitation to take part in a dental examination in order to evaluate early orthodontic treatment. Treatment in the primary or mixed dentition periods should aim at creating normal craniofacial, occlusal and dental development and, if possible, at reducing the need for later, more complicated treatment. The treatment success was low regarding overjet correction but fairly good with regard to diagnosis and treatment of crossbite/forced occlusion, ectopic eruption and congenitally missing teeth. Whether correction of crossbite had reduced crowding was impossible to evaluate in this study. However, relatively few subjects with a history of crossbite correction desired alignment of teeth. The study confirmed earlier observations that TMD prevention is not a major motivating factor for orthodontic treatment. The majority of the children, including those desiring treatment, judged their dental appearance to be fairly average. The dentists more often than the children regarded the subjects' appearance to be better than average. Prediction of later orthodontic treatment, recorded at the age of 14 years, turned out to have a weak association to evaluation of aesthetics both by the children and the dentists. Nor did recording of TMD improve prediction. The study confirms earlier observations that discussions about orthodontic treatment on mainly aesthetic grounds ought to be postponed well into the permanent dentition period, and by attempting to avoid "making the normal abnormal".     

Orthodontics and vertical distraction osteogenesis of the maxilla

A female patient (age 26) visited the orthodontist for correction of the reduced exposure of the upper incisors during laughing. She also reported crowding of the lower incisors and an association between lisping and her open bite. The diagnosis in this case: a Class III malocclusion case with incisor crowding and an open bite. Because her main complaint was reduced upper incisor exposure while talking and laughing, which would not be corrected with orthodontic appliances only, the position of the maxilla was corrected during orthodontic treatment by means of vertical intra-oral maxillary distraction. An acceptable and relatively stable result was achieved.     

改良片段弓联合微种植支抗技术对中重度牙列拥挤伴前牙唇倾的正畸疗效评价

［摘要］目的：探讨改良片段弓联合微种植支抗技术对中重度牙列拥挤伴前牙唇倾患者的临床矫治疗效。方法：选择12例中重度牙列拥挤伴前牙唇倾的患者,采用直丝固定矫治器结合改良片段弓及微种植支抗技术排齐牙列,关闭间隙,改善前突。通过模型测量及x线头影测量分析患者矫治前后的改变情况,评价其治疗效果。结果：矫治后,患者牙列拥挤及前牙唇倾均得到了明显改善,前牙覆合覆盖正常,后牙咬合稳定。结论：改良片段弓联合微种植支抗技术能避免矫治过程中前牙的往复移动,缩短矫治疗程,获得理想的矫治效果。     

Orthodontic correction of a transposed maxillary canine and lateral incisor

Tooth transposition presents a major challenge in the correction of a malocclusion. A dental transposition is an uncommon disturbance affecting 0.4% of the population, yet the treatment difficulties make this anomaly an occurrence of orthodontic interest and a source of clinical interest. This case report shows the unilateral transposition of a maxillary canine with a lateral incisor that was treated by orthodontically reversing the transposed tooth positions. An analysis of the clinical concerns in the treatment of this problem is presented.     

Correction of a mandibular lateral incisor-canine transposition.

Early diagnosis of a transposition can simplify the orthodontic correction. In this report, we describe the orthodontic management of a patient with mandibular right lateral incisor and canine transposition. Nonextraction therapy was performed with removable multibracket appliances. Natural tooth order was attained, and a symmetric and functional Class I occlusion was achieved.     

Serial extraction: 20 years of follow-up

This paper reports a case treated by a serial extraction program at the mixed dentition stage followed by a corrective orthodontic treatment, with a long-term follow-up period. Twenty years after the interceptive treatment, a harmonious face was observed along with treatment stability in the anterior posterior direction, deep overbite (which has been mentioned as a disadvantage of the serial extraction program), and a small relapse of anterior tooth crowding. All these conditions have been regarded as normal occurrences for most orthodontic treatments with a long-term follow-up period. This case report demonstrated that the establishment of a serial extraction protocol determined relevant esthetic changes that afforded an improvement of the patient''s self-esteem, with a positive social impact. Furthermore, the low cost of this protocol permits the use of this therapy with underprivileged populations. It is important to emphasize that an early correction of tooth crowding by this protocol does not guarantee stability, but small relapses do not invalidate its accomplishment.     

Severe crowding and a dilacerated maxillary central incisor in an adolescent

This study reports the treatment of an adolescent patient with dilacerated maxillary incisor. She complained of severe crowding with a high-positioned left upper canine. Her left central incisor had been impacted and moved to proper position at the age of eight years, resulting in a severe root dilaceration. To avoid any progression of root dilacerations and resorption in the maxillary incisor, maxillary lateral expansion and molar distalization plus multibracket appliance were selected as the best nonextraction treatment plan. The maxillary expansion and molar distalization should provide adequate space for the correction of the severe crowding, and treatment with a multibracket appliance was initiated. After a 17-month treatment with a multibracket appliance, an acceptable occlusion was achieved with a Class I molar relationship. An acceptable occlusion was maintained without recurrence of the crowding and impairment of the dilacerated root in the maxillary incisor during three years of retention. It is emphasized that careful planning is required to avoid any progression of the root dilaceration and resorption through orthodontic treatment. A shortening of the period of applying orthodontic force on the dilacerated incisor and avoidance of tooth extraction will minimize the risk factors.     

Smart Clip自锁托槽在非拔牙矫治安氏Ⅰ类错牙合中的临床价值分析鄢

目的：探讨Smart Clip自锁托槽对轻中度拥挤安氏Ⅰ类错牙合畸形患者进行非拔牙矫治的临床应用价值。方法：选择2012年3月～2014年1月收治的轻中度拥挤安氏Ⅰ类错牙合患者86例,根据所采用矫治技术的不同,分为自锁组（采用Smart Clip自锁托槽矫治器治疗,共40例）和非自锁组（采用MBT直丝弓托槽矫治器治疗,共46例）,并对两组间的治疗效果作对比分析。结果：两组患者经矫治后的第一前磨牙间距、第一磨牙间距、UI-NA距以及UI-SN角均较治疗前增大,自锁组患者治疗前后的变化差值均明显大于非自锁组,差异显著(P<0.05);自锁组总矫治时间以及椅旁操作时间均较非自锁组明显缩短,差异显著(P<0.05);自锁组矫治后的Zung氏抑郁-焦虑自评量表分值均较非自锁组明显下降,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论：Smart Clip自锁托槽矫治器对轻、中度拥挤的安氏Ⅰ类错牙合患者的矫正治疗效果优于非自锁组MBT直丝弓托槽矫治器,有助于提高牙科医生的工作效率。     

Orthodontic management of a complete and an incomplete maxillary canine-first premolar transposition

Maxillary canine and first premolar transposition is a complicated dental anomaly to treat, especially if the clinician''s goal is to orthodontically move the canine into its normal position. Early diagnosis with cone-beam computed tomography simplifies the treatment of this pathology. This case report describes a patient with bilateral transposition, one complete and the other incomplete, involving the maxillary canine and the first premolar (Mx.C.1P). The orthodontic treatment involved the correction of both transpositions. In the complete transposition, the traction was mesial and upward to move the canine into a more apical position with a wider dentoalveolar process for easier crown interchange.     

Temporary tongue thrust: failure during orthodontic treatment

This report presents the case of a 25-year-old male patient who sought orthodontic treatment. Oral examination revealed an Angle Class I relation, with a bimaxillary dento-alveolar protrusion, evidence of anterior crowding, and a large overbite and overjet. Radiographic examination revealed a skeletal Class I occlusion. During the distal movement of the canines, occlusal interferences between the canines occurred and the commencement of a tongue thrust was observed. After correction of the applied forces, the canine movement was completed and the habit was no longer detectable. The incident indicates that an unusual oral habit suspiciously occurring during treatment should lead to an immediate reconsideration of the orthodontic treatment strategy.     

Space anomalies, missing permanent teeth and orthodontic treatment

Statistical association of crowding and spacing with age, sex, orthodontic treatment and extractions finds a tendency for more maxillary posterior spacing in males and more lower anterior spacing in females. Extractions were also associated with spacing. No association was found between spacing and orthodontic treatment.     

Functional unilateral posterior crossbite. Orthodontic and functional aspects

summary The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of early orthodontic treatment of functional unilateral posterior crossbite (FUPC) and to evaluate temporomandibular function in the short and long term. Orthodontic treatment consisted of slow expansion of the maxillary dental arch by means of a removable expansion plate, with flat coverage of the occlusal surfaces of the left and right posterior teeth. Evaluation of the occlusion showed a strong correlation between the crossbite side and the direction of the RCP-ICP slide and with the side of first occlusal contact in RCP. In 26 of 27 children that were treated (one withdrew), the average time required for correction of the crossbite was 7 months, followed by a retention period, on average, for 6 months after completion of treatment. Early orthodontic treatment resulted in an elimination of occlusal disturbances, and the crossbite remained stable on follow-up during an average of 8 years after the retention period, except in two children with a class III tendency. In nine other children an orthodontic anomaly had developed requiring further treatment (two children showed crowding and seven children showed a class II malocclusion). This study showed that FUPC can be treated adequately by early orthodontic intervention; however, its correction does not guarantee the absence of functional disturbances at a later age. Therefore, FUPC should be treated early in order to achieve normal growth and development rather than to prevent temporomandibular disorders.     

Three-dimensional diagnosis andorthodontic treatment of complex malocclusions with the invisalign appliance

Recent developments in software technology have made it possible to create a virtual three-dimensional (3D) model of the dental arches from digitally scanned impressions of a patient's dentition. This model may then be manipulated with software to produce stages of tooth movement from the initial malocclusion to the final desired occlusion. A stereolithographic model is made for each stage of tooth movement which is the basis for construction of a series of clear, thin, overlay appliances. These appliances are worn full time by the patient to move the teeth according to the programmed stages of movement. Malocclusions involving mild to moderate crowding and space closure have been proven to be successfully treated with this appliance. The present study shows orthodontic treatment of patients with more complex orthodontic problems, requiring dental expansion, Class II and Class III correction, extraction treatment and correction of overbite. Experience with this appliance, thus far, has demonstrated excellent patient compliance with less discomfort, and improved esthetics and oral hygiene, when compared with fixed orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic treatment with this appliance is a potentially useful alternative approach to fixed appliances for treatment of a variety of malocclusions in patients with fully erupted permanent teeth.     

83例成人和青少年牙列拥挤拔牙矫治的疗程观察

目的 观察成人和青少年牙列拥挤拔牙矫治过程中矫治部件损坏情况及其疗程长短特点。方法 在已完成的因牙列拥挤经拔牙的83例病例中,成人组35例,青少年组48例,观察两组的疗程及矫治部件损坏情况。结果 两组病例的疗程差异无显著性,但青少年组矫治部件的损坏次数明显高于成人组。结论 成人和青少年牙列拥挤拔牙矫治由于其矫治标准、依从性等因素不同而影响疗程。     

Occlusal traits,orthodontic treatment need and treatment complexity among untreated 17–21-year-olds in Estonia

Objective: To analyze data on occlusal traits, orthodontic treatment need and treatment complexity in orthodontically untreated 17–21-year-old Estonians.

Materials and methods: Clinical records and plaster casts of 390 untreated young adults (219 females and 171 males, mean age 18.5 years, range 17–21 years) were analyzed. Assessed occlusal traits included first molar and canine sagittal relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, crossbite and scissor bite. The Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) was used to assess orthodontic treatment need and complexity. Participants’ opinions regarding their teeth were determined with a questionnaire.

Results: The most prevalent occlusal traits were Class I sagittal relationship in canines (76%) and molars (70%), crowding (51%), overbite ≥3.5?mm (48%), the end-to-end sagittal relationship in canines (48%) and overjet ≥3.5?mm (47%). Antero-posterior asymmetry was common both in canines (39%) and molars (37%). According to ICON, 36% of participants had orthodontic treatment need.

Conclusions: Desire for orthodontic treatment was associated with crowding and increased overjet, and with no gender difference, participants’ main expectation of treatment was an improvement in dentofacial aesthetics. Treatment needs determined with ICON was moderate and in line with the participants’ desire for orthodontic treatment.     

涉及正畸拔除病变第一磨牙矫治牙列拥挤前突的临床研究

目的探讨涉及正畸拔除病变第一磨牙矫治牙列拥挤、伴牙弓前突的方法及设计原则。方法选自第四军医大学口腔医学院正畸科牙列拥挤病例24例，男性9例，女性15例，平均年龄21．3岁。其中单纯牙列拥挤15例，拥挤伴牙弓前突9例，拔除病变第一恒磨牙或残根、残冠来替代拔除健康的前磨牙矫治。所有病例均使用标准方丝弓技术进行矫治。结果矫治时间为16—25个月，平均22．5个月，矫治后患者前牙覆[牙合]、覆盖正常，后牙咬合关系良好，第三磨牙均已萌出并建立良好的咬合关系，牙弓间隙全部关闭，面部侧貌协调。结论通过正畸治疗涉及拔除病变第一磨牙的错袷病例，重建完整健康的牙列，达到了功能、美观及稳定的目标。     

A long-term evaluation of treated Class II division 2 malocclusions: a retrospective study model analysis.

Pre-treatment, end of treatment, and post-retention study models of 30 subjects with a Class II division 2 malocclusion were assessed, after a period of at least 3 years, in order to evaluate the long-term changes in occlusion, alignment, and arch dimensions. Molar relationship correction was found to be stable after retention. There were no variables which could be used to establish a prognosis of vertical stability. Over-correction of overbite was seen to relapse. Ten per cent of the cases showed unacceptable anterior maxillary irregularities after retention. Mandibular arch width and length usually showed a decrease after retention. An increase in lower intercanine width and arch length achieved by orthodontic treatment always relapsed. This relapse was associated with post-retention mandibular irregularity and crowding. Nine cases (30 per cent) showed an unacceptable degree of mandibular irregularity after retention. Pre-treatment crowding in the mandible showed a relationship with post-retention lower irregularity and crowding. There was a correlation between the number of years which had elapsed after retention, overbite relapse and post-retention mandibular irregularity.     

对伴有牙列拥挤牙周病的治疗体会

目的:探讨牙周炎伴牙列拥挤病人在常规牙周治疗和正畸治疗后的牙周改善情况。方法:对55例伴牙列拥挤、创伤等的牙周炎病人进行常规牙周治疗和正畸治疗,比较治疗前后病人的菌斑指数、软垢指数和牙石指数。结果:菌斑指数、软垢指数和牙石指数在单一牙周治疗后6个月与治疗前无显著性差异(P>0.05),而正畸治疗和牙周治疗6个月后与治疗前比较有非常显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:对伴有牙列拥挤的牙周病,必须通过正畸来改善牙周环境,才能有效治疗。     

种植支抗及J钩在Tweed矫正理念中的应用研究进展

［摘要］ 正畸治疗中正确的支抗设计、控制和应用是取得良好矫正效果的重要因素,传统的Tweed方丝弓矫正技术中系统的支抗预备在各类错牙合正畸技术的发展起到了关键的作用。现今临床上已有多种增强支抗的装置可供正畸医师选择,但仍不能起到绝对支抗的效果。因此,临床中伴有严重拥挤、深覆盖等不希望丢失支抗的病例,牙齿排齐和侧貌的改善受到影响,虽然口外装置是加强支抗的有效方法,但由于操作较繁复,在临床上患者常有排斥的心理,近年来正畸种植体支抗的出现,较好地解决了临床支抗选择的问题。但对于一些高角骨性Ⅱ类患者,使用传统口外支抗还是种植支抗,能起到患者面型最大改善的作用,Tweed理念中的支抗预备是否可以经由种植支抗的多方应用而起到更为符合现今正畸医师的操作理念的作用,这是现今临床中我们关注的问题。     

Early Orthodontic Treatment of Class-III Malocclusion in Germany

In order to evaluate current attitudes to early interceptive treatment, 2001 orthodontic offices in Germany were asked to fill in a questionnaire comprising the following topics: indication, appliances for the early correction of Class-III malocclusions, diagnostic records, duration, and benefits to overall therapy. Based on the 677 evaluable questionnaires, the following statistically significant conclusions could be drawn: 92.6% of the orthodontists see Class-III malocclusion as an indication for early treatment. Early treatment of severe crowding, diastemata, Class-II malocclusion, deep bite, increased overjet and impacted incisors was declined by most orthodontists. The interceptive treatment of further malocclusions was controversially discussed. Functional appliances (67.5%), in particular the Fr?nkel III (47.3%), were dominant in correction of Class-III malocclusions. Typical orthodontic records relating to early interceptive treatment include panoramic radiographs, lateral headfilms, photos and dental casts. 2.5% of the orthodontists routinely take a hand-wrist radiograph. Although recently published studies support the use of facial masks in theory, they are rarely used in practice. To what extent early interceptive treatment of Class-III malocclusion influences the overall treatment is the subject of further studies.