Primary surgical treatment for carcinoma of the larynx: influence of the local invasion

In the period from 1976 to 1988, 417 patients with supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx were treated by primary surgery. Infiltration of the pre-epiglottic space was found in 11.99 per cent (50/417) of the patients. Carcinomas of the infrahyoid epiglottis spread to this space more frequently--14.24 per cent (44/309), than those of suprahyoid localization--5.55 per cent (6/108). Tumour invasion of the pre-epiglottic space is a relative contra-indication for reconstructive surgery. Partial conservation operations were performed on 32 per cent (16/50) of patients with invasion of the pre-epiglottic space. The remaining patients had a total laryngectomy. Infiltration of the paraglottic space intra-operatively was found in 2.4 per cent (10/417) of patients and all of these tumours were from the infrahyoid localization. Spread of tumours to this site is an indication for radical surgery and laryngectomy was performed on 80 per cent (8/10) of patients.     

Supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy: a partial laryngeal procedure for selected supraglottic and transglottic carcinomas

The partial horizontal supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy consists of resection of the whole thyroid cartilage and paraglottic space, as well as the epiglottis and the whole pre-epiglottic space. The cricoid cartilage, the hyoid bone, and at least one arytenoid cartilage are spared. Sixty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottis who underwent this procedure during the period from 1974 through 1986 are presented. Conventional horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy was contraindicated in all cases. All but three patients (95.4%) recovered physiologic deglutition, and none required a permanent tracheostomy. The 3-year actuarial survival rate was 71.4%. No local recurrences were encountered. The indications for the procedure are carcinomas of the supraglottis that 1. involve the glottis and anterior commissure, 2. invade the ventricle, 3. present with a marked limitation of true vocal cord mobility (transglottic lesions), and 4. invade the thyroid cartilage. The procedure is presented as a useful alternative to radiation therapy, horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy in select cases of supraglottic carcinoma.     

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy and cricohyoidoepiglottopexy: functional and oncological results

Sixty-eight patients who presented with glottic and glottosupraglottic squamous cell carcinoma and who were managed in this department with supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with either cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) or cricohyoidopexy (CHP), were retrospectively reviewed. The authors analysed the functional and oncological results of the patients. The median follow-up period was 62 months. The average times until decannulation and nasogastric feeding tube removal were 27.7 and 26.4 days, respectively. All patients were successfully decannulated. All patients were able to swallow, but one patient was unable to swallow and had recurrent aspiration. Better functional results were achieved in patients managed with CHEP procedure than the patients managed with CHP procedure. The five-year absolute and cause-specific actuarial survival rates (Kaplan-Meier method) were 78.6 per cent and 93.9 per cent, respectively. The five-year actuarial local control and nodal control rates were 89.5 per cent and 90.4 per cent, respectively. Local recurrence was statistically more likely in patients with positive resection margins (p <0.006). Overall, local control and laryngeal preservation were achieved in 95.6 per cent and 89.7 per cent, respectively. Supracricoid partial laryngectomy procedures (CHEP and CHP) are possible alternatives to total laryngectomy in the treatment of selected advanced glottic and glottosupraglottic carcinomas.     

Feasibility of supracricoid laryngectomy based on pathological examination

Partial horizontal supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy at the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Białystok, involves resection of the entire thyroid cartilage with the pre-epiglottic and paraglottic spaces. Experience has shown that this technique will permit adequate phonation, respiration and deglutition in selected advanced cases of supraglottic and glottic carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to verify histologically the indications for this surgery by examining sections of whole-organ laryngeal specimens. Post-laryngectomy specimens from 90 patients with otherwise previously untreated supraglottic (48), transglottic (22) and glottic (20) carcinomas were reviewed retrospectively. The majority (66) of the specimens were staged as pT₄. Findings showed that 22 of the specimens analyzed (mostly supraglottic tumors) could have been eradicated by supracricoid laryngectomy alone. The present study confirmed the principles of supracricoid laryngectomy for selected large tumors. Received: 4 June 1997 / Accepted: 23 September 1997     

环上喉切除喉功能重建术78例疗效分析

目的 回顾20年来对喉声门癌保留会厌的环上喉切除喉功能重建的远期疗效,研究这一手术的可行性和保证者生活质量的效果。方法 随访1980年1月－1996年1月期间行环上喉切除保留会厌喉功能重建术78例,总结统计其手术疗效。结果 78例患者中,随访3年时有68例存活,2例死于肿瘤复发,8例死于其它疾病,3年生存率87．2％。随访5年有59例存活,5年生存率75．6％（59／78）。随访满10年的38例患者中有8例存活,占21．1％。存活满20年者2例。术后拔管率提高到97．4％（76／78）。患者恢复了正常吞咽功能,且喉的发音功能理想。结论 改良的保留会厌环喉切除环咽吻合喉功能重建术既能彻底切除肿瘤,又重建 喉功能,提高了患者的生存质量,值得推广。     

Partial supracricoid laryngectomies: techniques, indications and results

The authors present results of a retrospective study on 99 patients who underwent a partial supracricoid laryngectomy. Indications included carcinomas developed on the laryngeal vestibule, in the ventricle or at the glottic level. This represents an alternative to total laryngectomy. Surgical techniques and functional results are discussed. Ninety-eight percent of patients could be decanulated and a regular diet was possible in 94%. The survival rates are 76% after three years and 68% after five years. Local recurrences occurred in 3% of cases and cervical metastases were not controlled in 13%. The authors comment on indications for surgery according to the site of involvement. Contra-indications are massive invasion of the pre-epiglottic space, extension away from the superior aspect of the cricoid and arytenoid fixation.     

声门上型喉癌临床和病理分级对照分析

为了探讨声门上型喉癌临床分级的准确性，采用５３例声门上型喉癌全喉连续切片标本进行临床和病理分级的对照分析，结果发现，临床分级低估率为２４．５％，其中临床Ｔ２，Ｔ３病变低估率分别为５４．５％，３３．３％，临床分级无高估者，未能判定会厌前向隙和甲状软骨受累是临床分级被低估的重要因素，提示声门上型喉癌早期病变手术时，应常规切除厌前间隙，前连合区广泛受累或声门旁间隙广泛受累同时半有甲状软骨骨化时，应警惕甲     

环状软骨上喉次全切除术及疗效分析

目的探讨环状软骨上喉次全切除术(简称环上喉次全切除术)的可行性及其疗效。方法回顾性分析1990—2001年43例行环上喉次全切除术的T1b～T4及术后放疗后复发的喉癌患者,声门上癌16例,声门癌21例,声门下癌2例;外院术后复发3例,放疗后复发1例。临床分级:T1b6例,T213例,T316例,T44例。应用3种不同的环上喉次全切除术进行治疗(17例行环上喉次全切除环舌骨固定术,24例行环上喉次全切除环舌骨会厌固定术,2例采用环上喉次全切除气管环舌骨会厌固定术)。16例患者辅以放疗。结果KaplanMeier法统计生存率,随诊中位时间57个月。全组总的3年累积生存率为90.7%,5年累积生存率83.7%。术后拔管率为95.3%(41/43)。保留双侧杓状软骨的拔管时间为14d,保留单侧杓状软骨的拔管时间为43d。术后8周评价误咽发生率为14.0%(6/43),切除会厌增加了术后的误咽及拔管时间(P<0.05)。结论环上喉次全切除术是一种在肿瘤根治和喉功能保全上能达到临床应用水平的术式。     

环状软骨上部分喉切除治疗甲状软骨受侵的喉癌

目的探讨喉环状软骨上部分切除术（supracricold partial laryngectomy,SCPL）治疗甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌的操作方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科1996～2006年3月10年间采用SCPL治疗的甲状软骨受侵的喉鳞状细胞癌（简称喉癌）20例,其中声门上型9例,声门型10例,声门下型1例,术中整块切除喉内病变、大部分甲状软骨与受侵的喉前组织,残喉上下拉拢缝合。总结术后病理结果,随访喉功能保留及生存情况。结果17例患者术后成功拔除胃管和气管套管,拔管率85％,全组病例局部复发3例,死亡3例,Kaplan—Meier法估计3年生存率84．7％,局部控制率85％。T3（12例）和T4（8例）病变2组生存率无统计学差异（P=0.415）。结论部分甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌仍可通过部分喉切除保留喉功能,环状软骨上部分喉切除为一种简便有效的术式。     

Paraglottic space in supracricoid laryngectomy

BACKGROUND: Paraglottic space (PGS) is a connective tissue compartment of the larynx and is important in the extension of laryngeal cancer. It communicates with the preepiglottic space superiorly and with the extralaryngeal region inferiorly through the gap within the cricothyroid membrane. Transglottic cancer of the larynx, which spreads within PGS, is characterized by a high incidence of laryngeal skeleton invasion and of cervical metastasis. Determining the correct stage of transglottic cancer of the larynx is difficult, leading to therapeutic failure of partial laryngectomy in some cases. OBJECTIVE: To clinically confirm a pathologically complete resection of PGS from the piriform sinus mucosa by supracricoid partial laryngectomy in laryngeal cancers involving PGS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients with transglottic cancer whose cancer was confirmed clinically and pathologically at stages T2b or higher underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy. During supracricoid partial laryngectomy, we performed a sharp dissection of PGS from the piriform sinus mucosa to obtain a complete resection margin while preserving the piriform sinus mucosa. Microscopic evaluation of the specimens was made for the invasion of PGS and the safe margin distance from the piriform sinus mucosa. RESULTS: Pathological cancer invasion of PGS was confirmed in 7 of 8 patients and a sufficient pathological margin from tumor invasion to the piriform sinus mucosa was obtained. The average safety margin was 10.3 mm. CONCLUSION: Supracricoid partial laryngectomy could be considered a safe surgical modality for cancers not extending to PGS.     

改良环状软骨上喉部分切除术治疗中晚期喉癌的疗效及生存质量评估

目的　评价改良环状软骨上喉部分切除对中晚期喉癌的生存率及生存质量的效果。方法　回顾性统计分析2002～2015年本院经治中晚期喉癌行改良环状软骨上喉部分切除手术患者共65例,其中男62例,女3例;年龄35～80岁;T2级患者26例,T3级32例,T4a级7例。并与同期120例行喉垂直部分切除手术患者的术后功能效果进行对 比。结果　T2～T4级喉癌患者行改良环状软骨上喉部分切除术后的5年累积生存率是82.3%,拔管率为98.3%,喉垂直部分切除手术患者的拔管率为86.1%,改良环状软骨上喉部分切除术后拔管率明显优于喉垂直部分切除手术组（P <0.05）。两组患者术后发音质量,误咽情况比较无明显差别（P >0.05）。结论　改良环状软骨上喉部分切除是治疗中晚期喉癌可行的手术方式。     

保留喉功能的T3期声门上喉癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨T3期声门上喉癌喉功能保留手术的可行性、技术操作和临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析1994～2003年收治的T3期声门上癌70例，均行喉功能保留手术，其中喉声门上水平部分切除术42例，喉声门上水平垂直部分切除术19例，喉环状软骨上部分切除术8例，喉近全切除术1例。以胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、双蒂接力肌甲状软骨膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣等修复喉腔组织缺损，重建喉功能。全部患者均接受术后放疗（剂量50～60Gy）。结果：3年生存率为79．2％，5年生存率为68．4％。70例患者中已拔管60例，拔管率为85．7％。全部患者均恢复经口进食，无明显呛咳及吞咽困难。所有患者均发声成功，无一例因喉腔闭锁而致发声失败。结论：T3期声门上癌虽属晚期喉癌，但只要严格掌握适应证，熟练运用多种修复方法，提高外科手术技巧，保留喉功能是可行的。     

喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌部分喉切除术的影响

本文回顾分析了中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1979年至1990年168例声门上型喉癌行部分喉切除术患者的临床资料,研究了喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌水平部分喉切除术的影响,发现舌根受侵切除部分舌根使水平部分喉切除术的拔管率由92.10％降为58.82％,梨状窝受侵者切除部分梨状窝使3/4部分喉切除术的拔管率由67.39％降为33.33％(P<0.05)。梨状窝内壁受侵组的生存率低于舌根受侵组(P<0.01)。因此,将声门上型喉癌梨状窝内壁受侵定为T_4病变更合适。结论:声门上型喉癌侵及舌根及梨状窝内壁时部分喉切除术后的拔管率降低,梨状窝内壁受侵时生存率也明显降低。     

环状软骨上喉部分切除术的探讨

目的　通过对 18例喉癌患者的手术治疗 ,就环状软骨上喉部分切除术的有关问题进行探讨。方法　声门癌T1N0 M0 1例 ,T2 N0 M0 9例 ,T3N0 M0 2例 ,跨声门癌T3N1M0 3例 ,T3N2 M0 1例 ,T2 N0 M0 放射治疗后复发 1例 ,声门下癌T4N0 M0 1例 ;应用三种不同的环状软骨上喉部分切除术技术进行治疗。结果　 3年生存率 94 .4 %。所有患者均于术后第 7～ 4 2天 (平均 17天 )拔除气管套管 ,拔管率 10 0 % ;所有患者均在术后第 14～ 3 0天 (平均 2 2天 )拔除鼻饲管。术后所有患者均完全恢复了喉的发声、呼吸、吞咽及维持声门下压的生理功能。术后的发音情况也令人满意。结论　环状软骨上喉部分切除术打破了以往根据喉癌肿瘤临床分期决定喉部分切除与否的传统观点 ,为喉癌的手术治疗提出了一条新的术式。它在保证完整、安全有效地切除喉肿瘤病灶的同时 ,更加考虑到患者术后的功能及生存质量的改善 ,同时又能达到喉全切除术同样的局部控制率 ,值得推广应用     

Oncological outcomes of surgical treatment for T3 supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients

Abstract

Background: T3 supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma (LC) is a common advanced laryngeal cancer.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the clinical results of pathological T3 (pT3) supraglottic LC patients who were amenable to laryngectomy treated with primary surgery and postoperative therapy.

Methods: Retrospective review of 202 pT3 cases of supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Results: The five-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rate was 63.7% and the overall survival rate (OS) was 62.8%. For T3 supraglottic patients who underwent total laryngectomy, the five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 51.8%, and the CSS was 62.5%. For patients who underwent partial laryngectomy, the five-year DFS was 72.2%, and the CSS was 79.0%. High lymph node and stage status are predictors of mortality for these patients. No difference was found in the DFS and CSS rates between patients with negative margins and those with positive margins following postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Conclusion: Surgical treatment of T3 supraglottic LC patients achieved satisfactory results. Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are an effective method of treatment for T3 supraglottic LC patients, especially for those with a positive margin.     

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy and cricohyoidopexy for glottic and supraglottic carcinomas

OBJECTIVES: To review the patients operated in our department with supracricoid partial laryngectomy with either cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) (59 cases) or cricohyoidopexy (CHP) (10 cases) technique, for primary or recurrent glottosupraglottic squamous cell carcinoma and compare the technique with other surgical or conservative approaches for treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. METHODS: From hospital charts, we retrospectively reviewed 69 patients who had undergone supracricoid partial laryngectomy with the CHEP or CHP technique between 1983 and 1996 for primary or recurrent glottosupraglottic squamous cell carcinoma in our department. Statistical evaluation of oncological and functional results were conducted. Results were compared with other surgical and conservative treatment for glottosupraglottic carcinoma of the larynx that were published previously in the literature. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients had CHEP or CHP for glottosupraglottic carcinoma of the larynx. Thirteen percent of the patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Minimum follow-up was 2 years or until death. Five-year actuarial survival (Kaplan-Meier method) was 68%. Global local control was achieved in 84% of cases. Among previously untreated patients (n = 54), local control rate was 94.5%. After 1 year, 92.7% of patients achieved normal swallowing and respiration. Salvage total laryngectomy had to be performed in four patients (5.7%) for persistent aspiration and in five patients (7.2%), who were previously treated with radiotherapy, for local recurrence. No permanent tracheostomy or gastrostomy was required. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with supracricoid partial laryngectomy with either CHP or CHEP suggests that this technique is a valuable alternative to radiotherapy for T2-T4 glottosupraglottic carcinomas, particularly those with extension and invasion of the anterior commissure. It allows for preservation of a good laryngeal function without altering the long-term survival, keeping total laryngectomy as a salvage procedure.     

Pathological validation of supracricoid partial laryngectomy in laryngeal cancer

Objectives: To validate pathologically whether supracricoid partial laryngectomy is an oncologically sound procedure in cases with invasion of the thyroid cartilage, paraglottic space, pre‐epiglottic space, anterior commissure, or subglottis. Design: A retrospective review of case notes was performed. Setting: Patients treated at a single institute in the Republic of Korea. Participants: Sixty‐three patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma between June 1994 and May 2005 who were followed for at least 2 years. Main outcome measures: Local control and overall survival rates. Pathological invasion of the thyroid cartilage, anterior commissure, pre‐epiglottic space, paraglottic space, or subglottis was also investigated as a cause of recurrence. Prognostic factors for local control and survival were evaluated with univariate and multivariate models. Results: Invasion of the anterior commissure, paraglottic space, thyroid cartilage, pre‐epiglottic space, or subglottis had no significant impact on the recurrence or overall survival rates. The presence of a positive resection margin was significantly associated with recurrence in the univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.026, 0.028, respectively). When considering the prognostic factors influencing survival, the univariate analysis showed that N stage, a positive resection margin and recurrence had significant influences on the overall survival rate (P = 0.010, 0.0004 and 0.000 respectively). In the multivariate analysis, only recurrence affected the survival rate (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Supracricoid partial laryngectomy can be used with oncological safety in selected cases of laryngeal cancer with invasion of the anterior commissure, thyroid cartilage, pre‐epiglottic space, paraglottic space, or subglottis.     

Vertical partial laryngectomy: our results after treating 81 cases of T2 and T3 laryngeal carcinomas.

From 1976 to 1989, 81 patients with T2 and T3 laryngeal carcinomas were treated with vertical patrial laryngectomy at the University ENT Department of Thessaloniki, Greece. All patients were male with a median age of 56 years (33-71 years). Four patients had N1 lymph nodes. Ten patients received post-operative radiotherapy. Seventeen patients developed local recurrences or distant metastases. Mean follow-up was more than seven years. Absolute three-year survival was 94.6 per cent for 74 patients and absolute five-year survival was 89.6 per cent for 58 patients. Actuarial five-year survival of the whole group of 81 patients was 91 per cent calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Recurrence rate and survival of stage II and III patients are also discussed and compared using the log-rank test. We conclude that vertical partial laryngectomy is a very successful treatment selection for T2 glottic and false vocal cord carcinomas and for some selected T3 glottic lesions.     

喉环上部分切除术及其疗效

目的 探讨喉癌行喉次全切除术并重建喉功能的术式及其疗效。方法 １９７８～１９９８年行喉次全切除环－舌骨固定术或环－舌骨－会厌固定术２９例,其中男１８例,女１１例;年龄最大７０岁,最小３８岁,平均５５．４岁。按１９８７年ＵＩＣＣ分期,全部均为Ｍ０,声门上型１０例（Ｔ２Ｎ０ ３例、Ｔ２Ｎ１ １例、Ｔ３Ｎ０ ３例、Ｔ３Ｎ１ ２例,Ｔ３Ｎ２ １例）,声门型１９例（Ｔ２Ｎ０ １２例、Ｔ２Ｎ１ １例、Ｔ３Ｎ０     

喉癌喉大部切除后功能恢复及生存率评价

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of supracricoid partial laryngectomy with laryngoplasty in treating laryngeal cancer and reconstructing its functions. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-nine patients receiving subtotal laryngectomy from 1993 to 1999 were analysed. 4 kinds of operations were performed for them. 46 cases underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy with the reconstruction of laryngeal function by pedicled flaps. RESULTS: Among the 46 cases receiving supracricoid partiallaryngectomy with laryngoplasty, aspiration did not occur in 40 cases. The decannulation rate was 91.3%, 3, 5 year survival rates were 84.8%, 75%. 41 cases resumed enjoyed satisfactory phonation. CONCLUSION: This form of laryngeal reconstruction in supraericoid partial laryngectomy with laryngoplasty is helpful to restore laryngeal function. It can prevent aspiration and improve the decannulation rate as well as the quality of life in partial laryngectomy patients.