面神经颞骨内段在冠状薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像上的应用解剖

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础.方法:15例成人头部标本,以与眦耳线(CML)相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影术(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续冠状薄层切片.标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测.结果:颞骨冠状HRCT扫描,有30～32层,膝状神经节居第5～7层,面神经水平段起始部和面神经迷路段居第7～8层,面神经垂直段居第16～17层,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在第14～15层从外向内呈"M"字型排列.结论:耳颞区火棉胶冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示面神经及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT冠状扫描图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

面神经颞骨内段在横断薄层和CT上的定位及临床意义

目的：为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：15例成人头部标本，以眦耳线(CML)为基线，获得间隔为1．0mm，厚度为1．0mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．0mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测。结果：(1)面神经膝状神经节(GG)多位于外半规管层面。(2)匙突多与锤砧关节位于同一层面。(3)锥隆起多位于鼓岬层面。结论：面神经水平段起始部，GG，面神经迷路段三者在外半规管层面内呈倒“V”字型排列；面神经垂直段位于面神经隐窝深面，面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在鼓岬层面内从内向外呈“ω”字型排列。     

面神经管及邻近结构在横断薄层切片与高分辨率计算机断层摄影图像的对照

目的:为面神经及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法:15例成人头部标本,以眦耳线(CML)为基线,获得间隔为1.0mm,厚度为1.0mm的高分辨率计算机断层摄影(HRCT)图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.0mm的连续横断簿层切片。标本切片与HRCT图像对照,对颞骨内面神经、听小骨、骨半规管、前庭、耳蜗等结构进行观测。结果:面神经膝状神经节(GG)多位于外半规管层面;匙突多与锤砧关节位于同一层面;锥隆起多位于鼓岬层面。结论:面神经水平段起始部、OG、面神经迷路段三者在外半规管层面内呈倒"V"字型排列;面神经垂直段位于面神经隐窝深面,面神经隐窝、锥隆起、锥隐窝三者在鼓岬层面内从内向外呈"ω"字型排列。     

后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究

目的：为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：l5例成人头部标本，以眦耳线（cML）为基线，获得间隔为1．00mm，厚度为1．00mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果：砧骨窝深度为1．49mm，至面神经锥曲的距离为5．67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3．14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16．76mm、15．94mm和21．81mm。结论：耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究，其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。     

P>面神经隐窝及其周围结构在耳的横断薄层和HRCT上的定位及毗邻关系/P>

目的 明确面神经隐窝及其周围结构在横断薄层和高分辨率CT(HRCT)上的定位及毗邻关系.方法 横断薄层切片与HRCT图像对照,辨识面神经隐窝及其周围结构.结果 面神经隐窝及其周围结构多在弓状隆起下方8～13层面出现,面神经、面神经隐窝、鼓索隆起、鼓索神经出现率为100%,岬小桥出现率为70%.面神经至鼓索神经之间的距离由上向下逐渐增大,至圆窗龛层面最大,男性右侧为(5.20±0.06)mm,左侧为(5.16±0.09)mm;女性右侧为(5.16±0.05)mm,左侧为(5.10±0.08)mm.两侧无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 火棉胶薄层切片与HRCT扫描图像结合能良好显示面神经隐窝及其周围各解剖结构.     

颞骨冠状切片和高分辨率CT定位圆窗区的邻近结构

背景:作者前期实验曾探讨了圆窗区及周围结构在横断面上的配布特点,虽有资料对颞骨中耳及邻近解剖结构的冠状位影像学特点进行了描述,但由于无统一的冠状扫描基线,导致相关研究结果存在差异。目的:对比分析成人头部标本颞骨冠状切片和高分辨率CT冠状扫描图像上圆窗区及其周围结构的差异。方法:15例(30侧)成人头部标本,以与眦耳线相垂直的直线为基线,获得间隔为1.00mm,厚度为1.00mm的CT冠状扫描图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块,并制成厚为1.00mm的连续冠状薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照,对颞骨内听小骨、骨性半规管、前庭、耳蜗、圆窗、圆窗龛、蒲氏间隙以及面神经颞骨内段等结构进行观察。结果与结论:圆窗龛的内外径、深度分别为(1.36±0.26)和(1.55±0.26)mm,面神经迷路段至弓状隆起的距离为(4.19±0.52)mm,面神经水平段距鼓室盖、距耳蜗、距锤骨头、距盾板、距砧骨短脚间的距离分别为(5.27±0.92),(1.36±0.28),(3.19±0.85),(5.30±0.58)和(2.86±0.54)mm。提示耳颞区火棉胶冠状薄层断面标本能良好显示圆窗区及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT冠状`扫描图像进行对照分析,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值。     

面神经颞骨内段斜矢状断层切片与HRCT图像对照研究

目的探讨颞骨内面神经管各段及邻近结构在斜矢状断面上的形态规律及影像学表现,为该区影像诊断及外科手术提供形态学依据。方法取15例成人颞骨利用火棉胶包埋薄层切片技术制作成层厚1.00mm的斜矢状位连续薄层断面标本,并与之对应的HRCT扫描图像进行对照研究。结果斜矢状断面可良好显示颞骨内面神经管及其邻近结构对面神经膝部,面神经水平段及垂直段、前庭导水管等结构显示最好。面神经垂直段全长(14.95±1.31)mm,面神经第二膝转折处夹角约(108.01±10.23)°,薄层断面与HRCT图像有良好的对应关系。结论斜矢状面扫描是补充横断、冠状面扫描缺陷的一个重要扫描方法;结合切片、HRCT进行对照研究,为颞骨内疾病的影像学诊断和临床手术提供准确的断层形态资料。     

耳横断高分辨率CT中表盘定位的应用

目的:探讨耳颞区高分辩率体层摄影术(HRCT)横断扫描图像上表盘定位的可行性,为耳颞区病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供一种新的定位方法。方法:30例无耳部病变的成人以眦耳线(CML)为基线,用GE Hispeed NX/i Sys#CT扫描,获得间隔为1·00mm,厚度为1·00mm的CT图像,在扫描图像上套用表盘,逐一对颞骨内各主要结构进行定位。结果:利用表盘法对外半规管上部、外半规管、锤砧关节、鼓岬和圆窗龛等5个横断层面内的面神经、中耳及内耳的各重要结构进行了定位。结论:耳颞区HRCT扫描图像用表盘法定位,其方法简单实用,在耳科的教学与科研、耳科病变的诊断与治疗等方面均具有广泛的应用前景。     

面神经鼓乳段在斜矢状断面与HRCT上的定位及临床意义

目的　探讨面神经鼓乳段在斜矢状位最佳显示的扫描基线,为面神经鼓乳段疾病的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗提供解剖学依据。 方法　利用HRCT对16例(32耳) 外观无异常的成人颅骨标本行斜矢状位扫描获得层厚为0.625 mm的HRCT图像后,再用火棉胶包埋技术将颞骨标本切制层厚为1mm的连续斜矢状断面标本,选取面神经鼓乳段显示良好的CT图片与对应的切片标本对照观测。 结果　16例（32耳）在斜矢状位均可完整显示面神经鼓乳段全程,面神经鼓乳段全长为（23.58±1.44）mm,鼓室段到外半规管的距离为（0.75±0.12）mm,面神经鼓室段到鼓室的距离为（0.34±0.08）mm,鼓室段和乳突段的夹角为（108.88±2.49）度。 结论　颞骨斜矢状位HRCT图像结合对应切片标本能良好显示面神经鼓乳段及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,以与正中矢状面成（21.40±4.35）度为扫描基线作斜矢状位扫描显示面神经鼓乳段最佳,对颞骨的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗具有重要意义。     

广西壮、汉族青年面神经在冠状、横断和斜矢状高分辨率CT的定位及临床意义

目的:探讨广西壮、汉族青年面神经各段在不同方位高分辨率CT上的最佳显示层面以及各解剖结构间是否存在民族差异.方法:选取160例壮、汉族青年,用螺旋CT以眦耳线相垂直的直线扫描,获得厚度为0.625 mm的连续CT图像,对图像进行三维重建获得横断和斜矢状位断层图像,选取面神经显示良好的层面进行观测.结果:冠状位能完整显示内耳道段和乳突段,横断位能完整显示内耳道段和迷路段,斜矢状位能完整显示鼓乳段.面神经内耳道段和迷路段长度、膝状神经节到颅后窝、迷路段与鼓室段夹角、内耳道段与迷路段夹角以及鼓室段到外半规管的距离在民族和/或性别间比较差异有统计学意义.结论:面神经内耳道段在冠状位和横断位显示最佳,迷路段在横断位显示最佳,鼓室段在斜矢状位显示最佳,乳突段在冠状位和斜矢状位显示最佳；面神经内耳道段、迷路段和鼓室段与部分周围解剖结构存在民族和/或性别差异,对面神经疾病的影像诊断和手术治疗具有重要意义.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.