小儿暴发型心肌炎合并阿-斯综合征的急救治疗

近年来小儿病毒性心肌炎发病率有上升趋势 ,由于急性炎症累及心肌组织的广泛性及严重度不同 ,其临床表现及结局差异甚大。多数普通型病例预后良好 ,但少数危重病例 ,起病急骤呈暴发型 ,可导致心源性休克、急性心功能不全及严重心律失常 ,后者导致阿 斯综合征 ,预后严重 ,本文重点讨论暴发型心肌炎所致阿 斯综合征的临床特点及急救治疗。1　暴发型心肌炎合并心脑综合征 (阿 斯综合征 ,Adams Stokessyndrome,ASS)的临床表现暴发型心肌炎患者 ,主要由于严重广泛的心肌炎症 ,不仅影响心肌收缩功能使心脏排血量骤降 ,同时累及心脏传导组织 ,导…     

小儿严重心律失常的急救治疗

严重心律失常是指那些可导致明显血液动力学障碍,使心排血量骤减甚或出现循环中断,进而发生心力衰竭、心源性休克、晕厥或猝死的一类心律失常[1-3]。它包括致命性心律失常、很危险心律失常和有潜在危险需紧急处理的心律失常。提高对小儿严重心律失常的认识,给予及时诊断和正确处理,已成为小儿急救医学的一个重要课题。现就儿科临床上几种常见的严重心律失常的急救治疗用药及有关问题加以介绍和讨论。1致命性心律失常的急救治疗致命性心律失常包括心室扑动、心室纤颤和心室或心脏停搏。发生此类心律失常时,心脏已失去有效的收缩,心排出量锐减…     

暴发型心肌炎的护理

暴发型心肌炎又称急性坏死性心肌炎。多因严重心律失常致阿 斯综合征、心力衰竭、心源性休克而危及生命。1　临床资料　　我院PICU自 1999— 2 0 0 2年救治暴发型心肌炎患儿 12例。年龄 2～ 12岁。男 5例 ,女 7例。其中合并心力衰竭 4例 ,心力衰竭伴心源性休克 6例 ,阿 斯综合征 2例 ,全部好转出院。2　护理2 1　合并阿 斯综合征的护理　严重心律失常时不论心动过速或心动过缓 ,均可引起晕厥。阿 斯综合征是由于心跳骤停而发作的晕厥 ,常伴有抽搐。本组 1例 2岁患儿因室扑、室颤 ,另 1例10岁患儿因Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞致阿 斯综合…     

小儿暴发型心肌炎的诊断与治疗

病毒性心肌炎是指病毒感染心肌后，对心肌细胞产生直接损伤和（或）通过自身免疫反应引起心肌细胞坏死、变性和间质炎性细胞及纤维素渗出的过程。1991年Lieberman根据心肌活检的组织学改变与临床表现，首次将心肌炎分为暴发型、急性型、慢性活动型和慢性持续型4种类型。此后有关暴发型心肌炎的报道逐渐增多。由于该病起病急，病情重，进展迅猛，呈暴发性，导致心源性休克、急性心功能不全和严重心律失常，后者可导致阿一斯综合征发作，若不及时抢救常在数小时至2～4天内死亡。因此，早期诊断并及时治疗，已成为提高暴发型心肌炎抢救成功率的关键。     

小儿严重心律失常的诊断与处理

近年来小儿心律失常的发病率、发现率和就诊率日渐增多,已成为儿科临床常见病之一。部分心律失常属急重症,需紧急处理,否则会危及生命。严重心律失常是指那些可导致明显血流动力学障碍、使心排血量骤减甚至出现循环中断,进而发生心力衰竭、心源性休克、晕厥或猝死的一类心律失常。它包括致命性心律失常、很危险的心律失常和有潜在危险需紧急处理的心律失常。提高对严重心律失常认识,并给予及时诊断、止确处理已成为小儿急救医学的一个重要内容,现就儿科临床上几种常见的严重心律失常的诊断和处理加以讨论。     

循环系统疾病

乙胺碘呋酮治疗小儿病毒性心肌炎合并心律失常八例米粼江苏医药 9(1):32,1983根据九省市小儿心肌炎协作组标准诊断,8例都曾应用多种常规抗心律失常药无效,而改用乙胺碘呋酮治疗后即获显著效果。于急性     

上海地区小儿暴发型心肌炎50例临床分析

目的探讨小儿暴发型心肌炎临床特点及有效、安全的诊治方法。方法收集自1984年1月～2006年3月上海地区6所医院收治的50例病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果50例患儿经治疗痊愈36例,好转2例,死亡12例,死亡率24．0％。临床特点为：好发年龄以学龄期儿童为主;均有前驱症状,以呼吸道、消化道症状多见,半数以上伴发热;起病急、进展快、起病初期以心外症状为主,表现为面色苍白、多汗、乏力、腹痛、抽搐等,起病24～48h内出现严重心律失常和心功能不全;辅助检查以心电图改变最敏感且具有多样性;患儿自然病程约一个月。结论小儿暴发型心肌炎是一类严重威胁儿童生命的疾病,以抗心律失常和保护心肌为主,并应用心脏临时起搏的综合疗法,是一种有效、安全的治疗方法。     

小儿暴发型心肌炎心力衰竭与心源性休克

心肌炎临床表现轻重差异悬殊 ,部分患儿呈暴发型可迅速出现心力衰竭 (心衰 )及心源性休克而猝死 ,近年来屡有报道〔1 - 3〕,如云南报道〔2〕:大姚县于 1 998年 7月一起病毒性心肌炎爆发流行 ,死亡 9人。山东报道〔3〕:招运市 2 0 0 0年小儿手足口病 1 6 98例中并发暴发型心肌炎 4例 ,全部死亡。但如诊断及时、抢救正确 ,大部分患儿可望恢复。暴发型心肌炎并发心衰主要原因是由于严重的心肌损伤和严重的心律紊乱等引起 ,既往根据临床出现的症状和体征如奔马律、颈静脉怒张、肝肿大、肺水肿等表现而做出定性或半定量判断。目前有些单位已应用…     

小儿暴发型心肌炎的诊断与病原治疗

1991年Lieberman根据心肌活检的组织学改变与临床表现 ,首次将心肌炎分为暴发型、急性型、慢性活动型和慢性持续型四种类型〔1〕。在其报道的 3 5例经心肌活检证实的心肌炎中 ,有 4例被归类为暴发型心肌炎 ,其共性为 :①起病均为非特异性流感样表现 ;②病情迅速恶化 ,短时间内出现严重的血流动力学改变 ,临床表现为重度心功能不全等心脏受累征象 ;③心肌活检显示广泛的急性炎细胞浸润和多发型心肌坏死灶 ;④ 1个月内完全康复或 (少数 )死亡 ;⑤免疫抑制剂治疗只能减轻症状而不能改变疾病的自然病程。此后有关暴发型心肌炎的报道逐渐增多。…     

小儿扩张型心肌病病因及临床分析

目的 探讨小儿扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)的发病年龄、病因、心功能状况及心律失常的特点.方法 对我院2002年1月至2011年12月收治的112例DCM患儿的发病年龄、病因、临床特点进行分析,并按心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级分为4组,比较各组心律失常的发生率及类型.结果 112例DCM患儿中,＜1岁确诊的52例(46.42％)；诊断时有心力衰竭107例(95.53％)；能明确病因的25例(22.32％),其中心肌炎16例(14.28％),家族性单纯DCM 5例(4.46％),原发性肉碱缺乏症2例(1.78％),Duchenne肌营养不良1例(0.89％),药物毒性反应(阿霉素)所致DCM 1例(0.89％)；96例(85.71％)患儿出现各种心律失常.按心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级分级的4组中,各组出现1种心律失常的发生率分别为20.00％、31.25％、36.17％和42.85％,出现2种以上心律失常者的发生率分别为0、18.75％、38.29％和50.00％,出现恶性心律失常的发生率分别为0、12.50％、40.42％和67.85％.心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 小儿DCM在1岁以内发病率最高；其主要病因有心肌炎、家族性、代谢缺陷及神经肌肉疾病等；心力衰竭常为患儿的首发症状及主要临床表现；DCM的心律失常发生率高且多样,常为多种心律失常并存,且心律失常的发生与患儿心功能密切相关；小儿DCM各系统栓塞罕见.     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.