Optimal Waist Circumference Cut-off values for Identifying Metabolic Risk Factors in Middle-aged and Elderly Subjects in Shandong Province of China

Objective To study the optimal waist circumference （WC） cut-off values for identifying metabolic risk factors in middle-aged and elderly subjects in Shandong Province of China. Methods A total of 2 873 men and 5 559 women were included in this cross-sectional study. Metabolic syndrome （MetS） was diagnosed according to the definition of Chinese Diabetes Society in 2004. The relation between WC and MetS was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The optimal WC cut-off values were identified using the area under the ROC curve and the different diagnostic criteria for central obesity were compared. Results The WC was the risk factor for MetS independent of BMI, blood glucose, blood lipid, and blood pressure. The optimal WC cut-off value was 83.8 cm and 91.1 cm for identifying MetS in women and men, respectively. Compared with 80 cm and 85 cm for women and men, 85 cm and 90 cm had a higher Youden index for identifying all metabolic risk factors and MetS in women and men. Conclusion The appropriate WC cut-off value is 85 cm and 90 cm for identifying central obesity and MetS in women and men in Shandong Province of China.     

Association between serum lipids, blood pressure, and simple anthropometric measures in an adult Chinese population

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in China. Although body mass index (BMI) of the Chinese population was lower than that of Western populations, it has shown a rapidly increasing trend. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of anthropometric measurements such as BMI and waist circumference (WC) with blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and the prevalence of hypertension as well as dyslipidemia in Chinese adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey in a representative sample of 881 men and 1098 women >25 years old was conducted during the period between 2002 and 2003. Height, weight, WC, resting blood pressure and serum lipid profiles including TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured. RESULTS: TC, TG, LDL-C, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as the incidence rate of dyslipidemia or hypertension, kept increasing steadily with BMI and WC. Meanwhile, HDL-C decreased with the two anthropometric measurements. Multiple regression analysis showed that both WC and BMI were independent CVD risk-associated factors and central obesity had a stronger effect on the development of CVD. Adjusted odds ratios for having dyslipidemia or hypertension also increased significantly with the growth of BMI and WC. BMI and WC had similar areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves in predicting CVD risk factors. CONCLUSION: In the Chinese population, both BMI and WC provided independent information in assessing cardiovascular risks. Chinese subjects had a higher CVD risk and lower BMI and WC than Western population. Efforts to halt the trend of increasing BMI and WC should be undertaken.     

哈萨克族超体质量、肥胖学龄儿童内毒素变化及其与体格测量指标间关系

目的 了解新疆哈萨克族学龄儿童超体质量、肥胖学龄儿童内毒素(L PS)变化情况,初步探索L PS与体格测量指标间的相关性.方法 从参加"新疆学龄儿童超体质量肥胖流行病学调查"的阿勒泰地区世居学龄儿童(共7648名)中选择104名为研究对象,测量体质量、身高、腰围、臀围、血压各项体格指标,计算体质量指数(BMI)、腰围身高比(WHtR),并检测LPS及血糖血脂等生化指标.结果 随着BMI的增高,腰围、臀围、收缩压(SBP)、WHtR均增高;肥胖组的LPS、三酰甘油(TG)均明显高于超体质量组及对照组;LPS分别与BMI分级(正常、超体质量、肥胖3个等级)、腰围、WHtR呈现正相关(r=0.865、0.556、-0.477,P=0.000);WHtR异常增高的哈萨克族学龄儿童具有更高的血压及LPS水平;WHtR与SBP存在正相关(r=0.441,P=0.000).结论 LPS与哈萨克族学龄儿童超体质量、肥胖相关,腹型肥胖的哈萨克族学龄儿童更易出现SBP异常增高及LPS水平增高情况.     

青少年肥胖与血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1相关性分析

目的探讨青少年肥胖与血清可溶性细胞问黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）的关系。方法根据体重指数（BMI）,将158名13-15岁青少年分为对照组（80例）、超重组（44例）和肥胖组（34例）,测量身高、体重、腰围及血压,应用酶联免疫吸附法检测空腹静脉血sICAM-1水平。结果3组数据均呈逐渐升高趋势,超重组BMI、腰围和收缩压高于对照组（P〈0．01）,肥胖组BMI、腰围、收缩压和舒张烁高于超重组（P〈0．05）。肥胖组血清sICAM-1水平高于对照组（P〈0．05）。sICAM-1与BMI（r=0．168,P=0．035）和腰围（r=0．179,P=0．025）存在单变量相关。多元线性回归分析显示以sICAM-1为因变量,在校正年龄、性别、BMI和血压后,腰围为独立危险因素（β=0．009,95％CI0．001～0．018,P=0．025）。结论青少年血管内皮细胞损伤与肥胖,特别是腹型肥胖密切相关。sICAM-1可作为青少年动脉粥样硬化早期标志物。     

哈萨克族原发性高血压患者载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白AI比值的影响因素

目的：探讨影响哈萨克族原发性高血压患者血清载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白AI (ApoB/ApoA1)比值的相关因素。方法随机选取2013年8月至2015年3月在新疆沙湾县流行病学调查的217例哈萨克族原发性高血压患者,按血清ApoB/ApoA1比值水平分为≥0.9组(89例)与<0.9组(128例),收集两组患者的血压、体质量指数(BMI)、尿酸(UA)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)等资料。相关性分析采用Pearson直线相关分析,多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析。结果≥0.9组患者的UA、Hcy、舒张压(DBP)、腰围(WC)、BMI均高于<0.9组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ApoB/ApoA1比值与UA、Hcy、腰身比(WHtR)、WC、BMI呈正相关(r分别为0.216、0.217、0.219、0.259、0.162,P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示：Hcy、BMI是ApoB/ApoA1比值升高的独立危险因素(OR值分别为1.055、1.133,P<0.05)。结论在哈萨克族原发性高血压患者中,Hcy和BMI与ApoB/ApoA1比值的升高密切相关。     

Prediction of Abdominal Visceral Obesity From Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Waist-hip Ratio in Chinese Adults： Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves Analysis

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) measurements in diagnosing abdominal visceral obesity. Methods BMI, WC, and WHR were assessed in 690 Chinese adults (305 men and 385 women) and compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated and used to determine the threshold point for each anthropometric parameter. Results 1) MRI showed that 61.7% of overweight/obese individuals (BMI≥25 kg/m2) and 14.2% of normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2) individuals had abdominal visceral obesity (VA≥100 cm2). 2) VA was positively correlated with each anthropometric variable, of which WC showed the highest correlation (r=0.73-0.77, P<0.001). 3) The best cut-off points for assessing abdominal visceral obesity were as followed: BMI of 26 kg/m2, WC of 90 cm, and WHR of 0.93, with WC being the most sensitive and specific fact     

26 655例体检人群中肥胖指数与慢性肾脏病联系的横断面调查

目的：探讨大样本体检人群中慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)与肥胖指数(体质量指数,腰围,腰围身高比)之间的联系。方法：按规定标准纳入2013年6月至2014年2月在中南大学湘雅三医院健康管理中心参加健康体检的26 655例个体,收集相关人体学资料及生化指标,进行logistic回归分析等统计学分析。结果：男性及女性个体中CKD的流行率分别是9.6%及3.1%。多因素logistic回归分析显示在糖尿病及高血压男性人群中,体质量指数、腰围、腰围/身高是CKD的独立危险因素。而在女性人群中,肥胖指数并非CKD的独立危险因素(P<0.01)。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析显示在糖尿病男性人群中体质量指数、腰围、腰围/身高截点值分别为28.7 kg/m2,90.7 cm及0.56时预测CKD的敏感性分别是24.8%,58.5%,45.5%,特异性分别是83.3%,54.4%,69.6%,其曲线下面积分别为0.56,0.57,0.59。而在高血压男性人群中体质量指数、腰围、腰围/身高截点值分别为27.0 kg/m2, 91.2 cm及0.54时预测CKD的敏感性分别是41.0%,47.0%,50.1%,特异性分别是68.0%,63.0%,61.4%,其曲线下面积分别为0.54,0.56,0.57。结论：在糖尿病及高血压男性人群中,体质量指数,腰围,腰围/身高与CKD风险增加相关,然而肥胖指数预测CKD的效应有限。     

Sensitivity and specificity of waist circumference as a single screening tool for identification of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults

Generalised obesity and central obesity are risk factors for Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Waist circumference (WC) has been suggested as a single screening tool for identification of overweight or obese subjects in lieu of the body mass index (BMI) for weight management in public health program. Currently, the recommended waist circumference cut-off points of > or = 94cm for men and > or =80cm for women (waist action level 1) and > or = 102cm for men and > or = 88cm for women (waist action level 2) used for identification of overweight and obesity are based on studies in Caucasian populations. The objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the recommended waist action levels, and to determine optimal WC cut-off points for identification of overweight or obesity with central fat distribution based on BMI for Malaysian adults. Data from 32,773 subjects (14,982 men and 17,791 women) aged 18 and above who participated in the Third National Health Morbidity Survey in 2006 were analysed. Sensitivity and specificity of WC at waist action level 1 were 48.3% and 97.5% for men; and 84.2% and 80.6% for women when compared to the cut-off points based on BMI > or = 25kg/m2. At waist action level 2, sensitivity and specificity were 52.4% and 98.0% for men, and 79.2% and 85.4% for women when compared with the cut-off points based on BMI (> or = 30 kg/m2). Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that the appropriatescreening cut-off points for WC to identify subjects with overweight (> or = 25kg/m2) was 86.0cm (sensitivity=83.6%, specificity=82.5%) for men, and 79.1cm (sensitivity=85.0%, specificity=79.5%) for women. Waist circumference cut-off points to identify obese subjects (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) was 93.2cm (sensitivity=86.5%, specificity=85.7%) for men and 85.2cm (sensitivity=77.9%, specificity=78.0%) for women. Our findings demonstrated that the current recommended waist circumference cut-off points have low sensitivity for identification of overweight and obesity in men. We suggest that these newly identified cut-off points be considered.     

有糖尿病家族史13～15岁青少年肥胖特点分析

根据父母有无糖尿病将1619名13～15岁青少年分为糖尿病家族史阳性（FHD^＋）组和糖尿病家族史阴性（FHD^-）组。FHD^＋组的腰围（WC）、腰臀比（WHR）和腰围身高比（WhtR）,均高于FHD^-组（P〈0．01）。以WC定义的腹型肥胖检出率FHD^＋组高于FHD^-组（P〈0．01）,以体重指数（BMI）定义的超重肥胖检出率差异无统计学意义。应用logistic回归分析,校正性别和年龄,FHD^＋组单纯WC升高及BMI和WC均高者分别是FHD组的2．029（1．211—3．400）和1．364（1．043—1．784）倍（P〈0．05）。2型糖尿病患者的一级亲属13～15岁青少年已存在以腹型肥胖为特点的肥胖趋势。     

Predictive performance of anthropometric indexes of central obesity for the risk of type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: In spite of several available anthropometric indexes, the relative merit of these indexes for the prediction of type 2 diabetes remains unknown. Considering that obesity and diabetes commonly coexist as co-morbidities, our objective was to directly compare the performance of measures of central and general obesity to predict the risk of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of type 2 diabetes on 150 cases and 150 age- and gender-matched controls. We directly compared the predictive performance of five anthropometric indexes: four related to central obesity--waist circumference (WC), waist/hip ratio (WHR), abdominal volume index (AVI) and conicity index (CI); and one related to general obesity--body mass index (BMI). We used various statistical approaches like area under (AUC) receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves, likelihood ratios, logistic regression and Shannon's entropy to compare the performance of the indexes in the study sample as well as bootstrapped samples. RESULTS: WC had the highest overall predictive accuracy that was gender insensitive (AUC=0.77 in males and 0.74 in females); a comparable information content as that of AVI (Shannon's entropy=1.81 for WC and 1.84 for AVI) and was a better predictor of the risk of type 2 diabetes than all the remaining indexes. WC also correlated strongly with the biochemical markers of diabetes like blood sugar and lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS: WC is a simple, non-invasive and accurate predictor of the risk of type 2 diabetes that can potentially be used in screening programs in developing countries.