大学生恋爱观与MBTI人格类型关系

目的:探讨人格类型与大学生恋爱观之间的关系。方法:采用恋爱观调查问卷和MBTI人格类型的调查问卷对某校247名大学生进行统一问卷调查。结果:1大学生在择偶标准(t=8.335,P0.05)、恋爱动机(t=-2.551,P0.05)和性行为取向(t=2.674,P0.05)上存在着差异;2恋爱观问卷中的1个因子—择偶标准与MBTI人格类型中的T类型呈显著正相关(r=0.149,P0.05),与F类型呈显著负相关(r=-0.152,P0.05)。结论:1男生在择偶标准上比女生更理想,而女生比男生更追求精神上的满足;对于恋爱中的性行为,男生会显得更为开放,而女生是属于比较传统的;2大学生MBTI人格类型中的TF(思维-情感)维度会较大的影响大学生在恋爱观中的择偶标准。     

大学生一般社会信念与人际冲突解决策略的关系

目的 :探讨大学生的一般社会信念结构 ,研究一般社会信念与人际冲突解决策略的关系。方法 :运用社会公理量表和人际冲突解决量表对大学生进行测查。结果 :大学生的一般社会信念主要由四个因素构成 ,包括人性本恶观、精神超越观、修行正果观和社会灵活观。一般社会信念对人际冲突解决策略有显著的预测作用 :人性本恶观能预测妥协、竞争和逃避策略 ;修行正果观能预测竞争、折衷和合作策略 ;社会灵活观能预测合作策略。结论 :大学生的一般社会信念有一些与其他国家和地区是共同的 ,有一些是独特的 ;借助一般社会信念能有效预测大学生的人际冲突解决策略     

城乡大学生群体偏爱的特点研究

探讨在城、乡教育资源差距显著的社会背景下，城、乡大学生群体偏爱的态度倾向。根据社会认同理论以及学生访谈结果编制出一套城、乡大学生群体偏爱问卷，该问卷包括群体认同、群体评价和群体情感三个维度。根据问卷调查结果发现，城市籍和农村籍大学生均表现出显著的内群体偏爱，城市籍大学生对于农村籍大学生群体的态度随着年级的增长而提升，农村籍大学生中的女生比男生更偏爱城市群体。     

大学生社会流动信念与学习投入的关系：成就目标定向和心理资本的作用

目的:探讨大学生社会流动信念与学习投入的关系、成就目标定向的中介作用以及心理资本的调节作用。方法:采用社会流动信念问卷、成就目标定向问卷、大学生心理资本问卷和大学生学习投入问卷,对湖南、江西、海南、河南等省大学生进行调查,有效问卷895份。结果:①大学生社会流动信念与学习投入呈正相关(r=0.483, P0.01);②成就目标的两种定向,即掌握目标定向和成绩目标定向在社会流动信念与学习投入之间都具有中介作用;③成就目标定向和学习投入之间受到心理资本的调节,心理资本水平高的大学生的学习投入水平更高。结论:大学生社会流动信念既可以直接,也可以通过受到心理资本水平调节的成就目标定向间接影响学习投入,在教学中应注重引导大学生树立正确的社会价值观、成功观,激发其心理资本。     

大学生性别角色类型与适应性的关系研究——性别角色异性化者与刻板化者的对比

目的:调查大学生性别角色异性化与刻板化的分布状况及发展趋势,探讨性别角色与社会适应的关系。方法:采用问卷法,从山东三所高校随机选取766名被试,用大学生性别角色量表(CSRI-50)和大学生适应性量表进行调查。结果:①性别角色异性化者和刻板化者分别占大学生群体的11.2%和25.3%,均为女生占的比例多于男生。②在社会适应状况方面,男性刻板化者优于男性异性化者;女性异性化者优于女性刻板化者。③同理心、女子气、理性对男性的社会适应具有显著的预测力;同理心、领导力、理性、大度、女子气对女性的社会适应有显著的预测力。     

择偶动机影响间接攻击行为:基于女性群体的研究

目的:考察启动择偶动机是否影响女性的攻击行为。方法:研究1采用故事情境启动女性择偶动机,测量择偶组与非择偶组女性对同性的攻击行为;研究2进一步检验同性的容貌是否影响择偶组与非择偶组女性对同性的攻击行为。结果:择偶动机启动下的女性比无择偶动机的女性对同性表现出更多的间接攻击行为;且同性容貌姣好时,择偶动机启动下的女性比无择偶动机的女性对同性有更多的间接攻击行为;而同性容貌普通时,择偶动机启动与否不影响女性对同性的攻击行为。结论:择偶动机影响女性对具有择偶优势同性的间接攻击行为,配偶竞争可能是这一攻击行为的一个潜在心理机制。     

新婚夫妻择偶标准及其与婚姻满意度的关系

目的:探讨新婚夫妻择偶标准重要性、期待满足和未满足的特点及其与婚姻满意度的关系。方法:采用问卷对北京市263对结婚三年内尚无孩子的新婚夫妻进行调查。结果:1夫妻均认为配偶的道德品质最重要、社会经济地位最不重要;丈夫认为生活品味比发展前景重要,妻子反之。2婚姻满意度与择偶标准重要性无关,与期待满足正相关,与期待未满足负相关。3丈夫婚姻满意度受丈夫和妻子道德品质满足、丈夫生活品味满足,以及妻子道德品质未满足的影响;妻子婚姻满意度受妻子道德品质和发展前景的满足,以及丈夫生活品味满足的影响。结论:择偶标准存在性别差异和一致性;婚姻满意度与择偶标准重要性无关,期待满足对婚姻满意度的影响程度比期待未满足更强。     

攻击行为的启动效应

目的:探讨不同性别大学生在不同类型启动下攻击行为的启动效应.方法:采用3×2两因素被试间实验设计,以161名大学生为被试,探讨样例启动(商纣王)、类别启动(暴君)、无启动对男女大学生攻击行为的影响.结果:①男性的攻击行为水平略高于女性;②样例启动会引起男性攻击行为的对比效应,即极端样例会使男性随后的攻击行为水平显著降低;而类别启动会引起女性攻击行为的对比效应,抑制女性随后的攻击行为.结论:不同启动类型对不同性别大学生的攻击行为有不同影响.     

自恋与亲社会行为之间的关系:认知移情的中介作用

目的:探讨认知移情在自恋和亲社会行为间的中介作用。方法:本研究采用大学生移情问卷、亲社会倾向问卷和自恋人格问卷对222名大学生进行考察,进一步探讨三者间的关系。结果:(1)大学生在自恋人格方面均存在显著的性别差异(t=2.83,P0.01),且男性的自恋水平均略高于女性;(2)自恋与认知移情,亲社会行为均存在显著正相关(r=0.18,0.20;P0.01);(3)认知移情在自恋人格和亲社会行为间起部分中介作用。其效应占总比的27.54%。结论:认知移情在大学生自恋人格和亲社会行为之间起中介作用。     

认知方式与性别对择偶复制的影响

目的:探究认知方式、性别对大学生择偶复制的影响。方法:使用镶嵌图形测验筛选出场独立型被试24人(男女各半)、场依存型被试24人(男女各半),通过实验研究考察性别、认知方式对长短期择偶复制的影响。结果:1被试普遍表现出长期择偶复制,但性别和认知方式的主效应和交互作用均不显著。2大部分被试未表现出短期择偶复制,仅女性出现了短期择偶应对方式;性别的主效应显著,而认知方式没有显著影响。结论:不同性别和不同认知方式的大学生均出现长期择偶复制,但短期择偶复制的出现仅限于女性大学生。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.