Ultrasonography of symptomatic rotator cuff tears compared with MR imaging and surgery

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of rotator cuff tears.

Materials and methods

Ninety-six patients with clinically suspected rotator cuff pathology underwent ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. The findings in 88 patients were compared with arthroscopy or open surgery.

Results

Full-thickness tear was confirmed in 57 cases, partial-thickness tear in 30 cases and degenerative changes without tear in 1. In all 57 cases of full-thickness tear and in 28 out of 30 cases of partial-thickness tear the supraspinatus tendon was involved. The accuracy in the detection of full-thickness tears was 98 and 100% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. The accuracy in the detection of bursal or articular partial-thickness tears was 87 and 90% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively.

Conclusions

In experienced hands ultrasonography should be considered as an accurate modality for the initial investigation of rotator cuff, especially supraspinatus, tears.     

高频超声与MRI检查在肩袖撕裂诊断中的比较研究

目的：比较和评价高频超声与 MRI 在肩袖撕裂诊断中的应用价值。方法选择经肩关节镜证实为单侧肩袖撕裂,且术前同时行高频超声和 MRI 检查的患者86例,以肩关节镜为评价标准,分别计算高频超声和 MRI 诊断肩袖总体(含全层和部分)、全层及部分撕裂的准确率。率的比较采用χ2检验。结果86例患者中,肩关节镜证实肩袖全层撕裂30例,部分撕裂56例。高频超声诊断全层撕裂28例,部分撕裂43例;MRI 诊断全层撕裂28例,部分撕裂51例。高频超声和 MRI 诊断肩袖总体、全层及部分撕裂的准确率分别为82.6%、93.3%、76.8%和91.9%、93.3%、91.6%。高频超声与 MRI 诊断肩袖总体和全层撕裂准确率的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),但诊断部分撕裂的准确率高频超声略低于 MRI 检查(P <0.05)。结论高频超声与 MRI 检查在肩袖全层撕裂诊断中均具有较高的准确率,高频超声诊断价值略低于 MRI。     

Comparison of the MR findings on indirect MR arthrography in patients with rotator cuff tears with and without symptoms

Purpose To compare indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography findings in patients with rotator cuff tears with and without symptoms. Materials and Methods Indirect MR arthrography results of 15 asymptomatic and 23 symptomatic rotator cuff tears were retrospectively reviewed, comparing the type and size of tears and amount of subacrominal-subdeltoid bursal fluid. Results There were 14 partial-thickness tears and one full-thickness tear in the asymptomatic group, with 4 small and 11 medium tears. In the symptomatic group, there were 16 partial-thickness and 7 full-thickness tears, with 14 small, 5medium, and 4 large tears. In the asymptomatic group, the amount of subacrominal-subdeltoid bursal fluid was grade 0, 6 patients; grade 1, 6 patients; grade 2, 2 patients; and grade 3, 1 patient. In the symptomatic group, the amount of subacrominal-subdeltoid bursal fluid was grade 0, 4 patients; grade 1, 3 patients; grade 2, 8 patients; and grade 3, 8 patients. We found no statistically significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic tears in the kind and size of tears, and in the amount of subacrominal-subdeltoid bursal fluid. Conclusion We found no difference in the MR findings between symptomatic and asymptomatic rotator cuff tears.     

MRI、MR肩关节造影及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性分析

目的探讨MRI、MR肩关节造影(MRAr)及高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的差异性。方法收集2015年2月—2016年9月间于天津市第五中心医院就诊的疑似肩袖损伤病人84例,其中男52例,女32例,年龄22~64岁,平均(48.2±12.1)岁。回顾分析病人的MRI、MRAr及高频超声影像资料,采用χ~2检验比较MRI和高频超声2种方法诊断效能的差异。采用Kappa检验分析MRI、高频超声,以及MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合分别与肩关节镜检查结果的一致性。结果对于Ⅰ型肩袖撕裂,MRI、MRAr和高频超声3种检查方法的准确度均为100%。MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,总准确度为97.8%(45/46),而对于Ⅲ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型肩袖撕裂则无法检出。MRI和高频超声诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为88.8%、75.0%、88.1%和87.5%、75.0%、86.9%,2种方法对肩袖损伤诊断效能的差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.856,P=0.1)。MRI、高频超声和MRAr 3种方法联合诊断肩袖损伤的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为93.7%、100%、94.0%。3种方法分别与肩关节镜检查结果比较,均具有较高的一致性(κ=0.81,P=0.001;κ=0.79,P0.001;κ=0.94,P0.001)。结论高频超声可以作为肩袖损伤的初筛检查方法,MRI可作为有效补充,MRAr对于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型肩袖损伤有较高的检出率,3种方法相互补充,明显提高诊断准确性。     

Evaluation of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum using a 0.2-Tesla extremity magnetic resonance (MR) system: MR results compared to surgical findings.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed using a dedicated-extremity MR system in detecting lesions of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum. This retrospective study compared the MR results obtained in 47 patients that underwent MRI using a 0.2-Tesla extremity MR system (E-scan) to the surgical findings. MR images of the shoulder were obtained as follows: shoulder coil, T1-weighted, coronal-oblique and axial images; short Tau inversion recovery (STIR), coronal-oblique images; and T2-weighted, coronal-oblique, sagittal-oblique, and axial images. The MR examinations were interpreted by three highly experienced, musculoskeletal radiologists. Open surgical (N = 26) or arthroscopic (N = 21) procedures were performed within a mean time of 33 days after MRI. The surgical findings revealed rotator cuff tears in 28 patients and labral lesions in 9 patients. For the rotator cuff tears, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 89%, 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively. For the labral lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 89%, 95%, 80%, and 97%, respectively. The findings indicated that there was good agreement comparing the MR results obtained using the low-field extremity MR system to the surgical findings for determination of lesions of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum. Notably, the statistical values determined for the use of this MR system were comparable to those reported in the peer-reviewed literature for the use of whole-body, mid- and high-field-strength MR systems.     

MRI和MR关节腔造影诊断肩袖撕裂的实验研究

目的 :探讨常规MRI和MR肩关节腔造影诊断肩袖撕裂的价值。方法 :采用 2 0个人离体肩关节标本 ,将常规MRI和追加MR肩关节腔造影检查结果与大体解剖、组织病理学结果进行比较。结果 :常规MRI检出肩袖部分撕裂的敏感度约为 61.9% ,追加MR肩关节腔造影后敏感度提高到 90 .5 %。常规MRI和MR关节腔造影检出肩袖完全撕裂的敏感度和特异度均为 10 0 %和 97.1%。结论 :在常规MRI检查的基础上追加MRI关节腔造影能提高检出肩袖部分撕裂的敏感度。     

Assessment of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum using an extremity MR system: MR results compared to surgical findings from a multi-center study

PURPOSE: To conduct a multi-center assessment of the use of a 0.2-T, extremity MR system (E-scan; General Electric Lunar Corp. and Esaote, Genoa, Italy) for identifying tears of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed involving 160 patients (age range, 15-84 years old) from five facilities in the United States, comparing shoulder MR imaging to surgical findings. MR imaging of the shoulder was conducted as follows: shoulder coil; T1-weighted spin echo, coronal-oblique and axial images; short Tau inversion recovery (STIR), coronal-oblique images and axial images; and T2-weighted spin echo, coronal-oblique and sagittal-oblique images. The MR examinations were interpreted in an independent, prospective manner by two radiologists with extensive musculoskeletal MRI experience. Arthroscopic (N = 103) or open surgical (N = 57) procedures were performed within a mean of 53 days after MR imaging. RESULTS: Surgical findings demonstrated rotator cuff tears in 131 patients and labral tears in 60 patients. For the rotator cuff, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 90%, 93%, 98%, and 68%, respectively. For the labrum, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 55%, 100%, 100%, and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was good agreement when MR results obtained using the extremity MR system were compared to surgical findings for identifying rotator cuff tears, while the sensitivity of MR imaging for determining labral tears was relatively poor. Nevertheless, these findings were comparable to those reported in the peer-reviewed literature for MR systems operating at mid-, and high-field-strengths.     

MR assessment of the repaired rotator cuff: prevalence, size, location, and clinical relevance of tendon rerupture

The objectives of this study were to use magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to evaluate the prevalence, size, location, and clinical relevance of tendon rerupture following complete repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tear (RCT). A total of 78 surgically proven full-thickness rotator cuff tears in 74 patients were retrospectively included in the study. Clinical assessment was performed using the University of California at Los Angeles score. Postoperative MR imaging was evaluated to determine prevalence, size, and location of tendon rerupture. At a mean 48.4 months’ follow-up, 62 shoulders (79.5%) had favorable outcomes and 45 shoulders (57.6%) showed rerupture on MR imaging studies. Reruptures were significantly more prevalent among patients with intermediate-to-bad outcomes (81.3%), with surgically demonstrated two-tendon tears (78.9%) or three-tendon tears (100%), and with preoperative fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus muscle greater than 1 (91.6%). Reruptures were also significantly larger in those subgroups. Complete repair of RCT of all sizes may have favorable outcomes in a significant proportion of patients in spite of a high prevalence of reruptures. Preoperative tear size and degree of muscle fatty degeneration influence the prevalence and rerupture size. After repair of supraspinatus tears, reruptures tend to invade the posterior aspect of the tendon.     

Diagnostic utility of diffusion‐weighted MR imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient value for the diagnosis of adrenal tumors

Purpose

To determine the utility of diffusion‐weighted MR imaging (DWI) for the diagnosis of adrenal tumors.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐two patients (24 men and 18 women; age, 61.5 ± 12.7 years old; range, 34–86 years) with 43 adrenal tumors (11 functioning cortical adenomas, 20 nonfunctioning cortical adenomas, 7 metastatic tumors, and 5 pheochromocytomas) were retrospectively investigated. DWIs were obtained by single‐shot spin‐echo type echo‐planar imaging sequence (1.5 Tesla [T]; TR = 8000 ms, TE = 72, b‐factor = 0 and 1000 s/mm²), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was calculated. Chemical shift images were obtained by gradient echo sequence (TR = 161, TE = 2.38 [out‐of‐phase, OP] and 4.76 [in‐phase, IP], FA = 60), and the signal intensity index (SII; [IP‐OP]/IP *100%) was calculated.

Results

There was no difference in ADC values between adenomas (1.09 ± 0.29*10^?3 mm²/s; range, 0.52–1.64) and metastatic tumors (0.85 ± 0.26*10^?3; 0.51–1.23; p = 0.14). Pheochromocytomas showed the higher mean ADC value (1.59 ± 0.34*10^?3; 1.04–1.96) compared with those of adenomas or metastatic tumors (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). The mean SII of adenomas (62.1 ± 17.9%; 14.5–88.4) was significantly higher than those of pheochromocytomas (4.0 ± 10.0%; ?19.6–3.3; P < 0.005) or metastatic tumors (?1.5 ± 11.7%; ?18.3–8.2; P < 0.01). There was no correlation between ADC values and SII.

Conclusion

Although pheochromocytomas showed higher ADC values, we did not find that ADC value had diagnostic utility for differentiating adenomas and metastatic tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:112–117. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

     

The role of MR diffusion in differentiation of malignant and benign hepatic focal lesions

Aim

To determine if focal liver masses could be differentiated as benign or malignant by DWI and ADC maps.

Methods and materials

Sixty focal liver lesions were scanned using 1.5 T MRI. DWI was performed with b 0, b 500 and b 1000 gradients with ADC measurements. Comparison of mean ADC values between each benign and malignant lesion was done. Reference standard of diagnosis was obtained by correlating DWI with histopathologic findings and imaging follow-up. The accuracies of DWI and ADC values were assessed with the Student’s t test, and cut-off values were determined with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

When ADC value of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mm²/s was used as a threshold value for differentiation of malignant tumors from benign lesions, sensitivity was 90.3%, specificity 78.57% and accuracy 86.7%. The best result was obtained with the use of ADC cut off value (at b 500) of 1.5 × 10⁻³ mm²/s and ADC cut off value (at b 1000) of 1.0 × 10⁻³ mm²/s, with 90.3% sensitivity, 92.86% specificity, 91.1% accuracy, 96.6% positive predictive value and 81.3% negative predictive value.

Conclusion

DWI and ADC map is a useful tool in differential diagnosis of malignant from benign liver lesions.     

Value of whole body MRI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in the diagnosis,follow-up and evaluation of disease activity and extent in multiple myeloma

Purpose

To evaluate the significance of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and whole body MRI (WB-MRI) in the diagnosis, prognosis and assessment of therapy for patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM).

Materials and methods

The retrospective study includes 219 patients providing 463 WB-MRI and DCE-MRI investigations for the subgroups MGUS (n = 70), MM active disease (n = 126; this includes 70 patients with new diagnosis of MM, according to the International Staging System (ISS): 41.4% ISS stage I, 20.0% ISS stage II, 7.1% ISS stage III, 31.4% insufficient for staging; and 56 patients with ‘(re-)active disease’: 16.07% relapse, 32.14% progressive disease and 51.79% stable disease) and MM remission (n = 23; 60.87% complete remission, 17.39% very good partial remission and 21.74% partial remission). Investigations of patients with hereditary multiple exostoses (n = 5), neurofibromatosis (n = 7) and healthy persons (n = 9) were added as control subjects (n = 21). WB-MRI evaluation was done by evaluating thirteen skeletal regions, providing a ‘skeletal score’. DCE-MRI images of the spine, were analyzed with regions-of-interest and time-intensity-curves (TIC).

Results

All TIC parameters can significantly differentiate between the predefined subgroups (p < 0.001). One hundred days after autologous stem cell transplantation a 75% decrease of the slope wash-in value (p < 0.001) can be seen. A cubic regression trend between ‘skeletal score’ and slope wash-in (adj.R² = 0.412) could demonstrate a significant increase bone marrow perfusion if MM affects more than 10 skeletal regions (p < 0.001), associated with a poorer prognosis (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

DCE-MRI evaluation of the spine is useful for diagnosis of MM, follow-up after stem cell transplantation and evaluation of disease activity. A combined evaluation with WB-MRI and DCE-MRI provides additional micro-vascular information on the morphologic lesions and could help categorize patients with MM in two different groups to offer useful therapeutic and prognostic advise.