Effect of a Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon and Triana) Zappi hydroalcoholic extract on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells

Ethnopharmacology relevance

Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon and Triana) Zappi (Clusiaceae) is popularly called “bacopari” in southern Brazil. The leaves of this plant are traditionally used to treat skin disorders.

Aim of study

This study evaluated the effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Garcinia gardneriana leaves (HEGG) on B16F10 murine melanoma cells in order to search for new depigmenting agents.

Materials and methods

The effects of HEGG were assessed in melanin content assays in B16F10 melanoma cells compared with the reference drug kojic acid (500 mM). Melanin content was measured after spontaneous melanogenesis, UVB-induced melanogenesis and melanogenesis induced by α-MSH. At the same time, cell viability assays were conducted. Intracellular and mushroom tyrosinase activity assays were employed to evaluate the effect of HEGG on tyrosinase activity.

Results

HEGG decreased the level of melanin under all three experimental conditions of melanin content evaluation without reducing cell viability. In intracellular tyrosinase assays, the enzyme's activity was reduced about 19% with extract concentrations ranging 0.1–10 µg/mL. In the mushroom tyrosinase activity assay a maximal inhibition of 35% (1000 µg/mL) was observed.

Conclusion

These results suggest that HEGG inhibition relates to its tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the hydroalcoholic extract of Garcinia gardneriana shows great potential for use as a depigmenting agent in hyperpigmentation disorders.     

Isolation and characterization of an antibacterial biflavonoid from an African chewing stick Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The use of African chewing sticks in maintaining oral health is widely practiced in African countries. It has been reported that chewing stick users have a lower rate of dental caries and a better general oral health than non-users. It is generally thought that the beneficial effect of chewing stick is attributed to the mechanical cleansing effect and antimicrobial substances present in the stick. However, the active antimicrobial substances remain uncharacterized.

Aim of the study

To provide a scientific basis for the anti-caries effect of African chewing sticks, the authors purify an active antibacterial compound from Garcinia kola Heckel, a Nigerian chewing stick and examined the antibacterial activity of this compound against the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and methods

Methanol extract was prepared from Garcinia kola and was further fractionated by solvent extractions. Silica gel chromatography was used to purify the antibacterial compound from the active fraction. The identity of the purified compound was determined by NMR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the purified compound was examined by standard microbiological assays.

Results

The antibacterial activity was found in the ether fraction and the active compound was isolated and determined to be a biflavonoid named GB1. GB1 was active against Streptococcus mutans and other oral bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 32–64 μg/ml. The basis for the antibacterial effect of GB1 was investigated using Streptococcus mutans as the target. At 256 μg/ml, GB1 exhibited some bacteriocidal activity against Streptococcus mutans and induced the aggregation of Streptococcus mutans. GB1 has no apparent effects on protein synthesis and DNA synthesis but inhibited glucose uptake and utilization by Streptococcus mutans suggesting that GB1 exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting metabolism. GB1 also inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan by the extracellular glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans in a dose-dependent manner. Streptococcus mutans did not develop resistance to GB1 upon subculturing in the presence of sub-MIC level of the biflavonoid.

Conclusion

The antibacterial effect and glucan synthesis-inhibition property of this biflavonoid may account for some of the beneficial effects reported in the chewing stick users.     

Genotoxicity assessment of Garcinia achachairu Rusby (Clusiaceae) extract in mammalian cells in vivo

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Garcinia achachairu Rusby (Clusiaceae) is popularly known as “achachairu”, and is used in Bolivian folk medicine for its healing, digestive, and laxative properties, and in the treatment of gastritis, rheumatism and inflammation. Despite its widespread therapeutic use, there is a lack of data regarding its in vivo genotoxic effects. Therefore, in this study, we used the comet assay and the micronucleus test, respectively, to evaluate the possible genotoxic and clastogenic effects of Garcinia achachairu seed extract (GAE) on different cells of mice.

Material and methods

The GAE was administered by oral gavage at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. For the analysis, the comet assay was performed on the leukocytes (collected 4 and 24 h after treatment), liver, bone marrow and testicular cells (collected 24 h after treatment), and the micronucleus test (MN) on bone marrow cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by scoring 200 consecutive polychromatic (PCE) and normochromatic (NCE) erythrocytes (PCE/NCE ratio).

Results and conclusion

The results showed that GAE did not induce significant DNA damage in leukocytes (4 h and 24 h samples), liver, bone marrow and testicular cells (24 h samples). GAE also did not show any significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) at the three tested doses. The PCE/NCE ratio indicated no cytotoxicity. Under our experimental conditions, the data obtained suggest that a single oral administration of G. achachairu extract does not cause genotoxicity and clastogenicity in different cells of mice.     

Hepatic,testicular and spermatozoa antioxidant status in rats chronically treated with Garcinia kolaseed

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Garcinia kola seed is commonly used in African Traditional Medicine as a remedy for liver disorders, hepatitis, bronchitis, throat infections as well as an aphrodisiac and fertility enhancing substance. Owing to the abundance of complex mixture of phenolic compounds in Garcinia kola seed, there is a growing safety concern on its long-term use in folklore medicine. The present study evaluated the hepatic, testicular and spermatozoa antioxidant status in rats chronically treated with Garcinia kolaseed.

Materials and methods

Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each and were orally administered with Garcinia kola at 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 6consecutive weeks. Clinical observations, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress biomarkers, spermatozoa parameters and histopathological examination of the organs were assessed to monitor treatment-related adverse effects inrats.

Results

Long-term treatment of Garcinia kola had no adverse effect on the spermatozoa characteristics but significantly elevated testosterone concentration when compared to the control group. Improvement of antioxidant systems was accompanied by a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in the liver, testes and spermatozoa of Garcinia kola-treated rats. Histological observation revealed that chronic administration of Garcinia kola had no effect on the liver and testes at all doses when compared with control.

Conclusion

Garcinia kola seed boosts the antioxidant status and exhibits no adverse effect on the liver, testes and spermatozoa after a long-term oral exposure inrats.     

Anthelmintic activity of Ziziphus nummularia (bark) and Acacia nilotica (fruit) against Trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ziziphus nummularia (Rhamnaceae) and Acacia nilotica (Fabaceae) are being used as anthelmintics in ethnoveterinary medicinal system of Pakistan.

Aim of the study

Present study was conducted to determine the anthelmintic activity of Ziziphus nummularia (bark) and Acacia nilotica (fruit) in order to justify their traditional use in veterinary medicine.

Materials and methods

In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude methanolic extract (CME) of both the plants was determined against Haemonchus contortus by the adult motility assay, the egg hatch test and the larval development assay. In vivo anthelmintic activity was evaluated in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes by administering increasing doses of crude powder (CP) and CME (1.0–3.0 g/kg).

Results

Both the plants exhibited dose- and time-dependent anthelmintic effects by causing mortality of worms, and inhibiting egg hatching and larval development. Acacia nilotica (LC₅₀ = 512.86 and 194.98 μg/ml) was found to be more potent than Ziziphus nummularia (LC₅₀ = 676.08 and 398.11 μg/ml) in egg hatch test and larval development assay, respectively. In vivo, maximum fecal egg count reduction (84.7%) was recorded on day 13 post-treatment in sheep treated with Ziziphus nummularia CME (3.0 g/kg) followed by 78.5% on same day with Acacia nilotica CME (3.0 g/kg).

Conclusions

These data show that both Ziziphus nummularia and Acacia nilotica possess anthelmintic activity in vitro and in vivo, justifying their use in traditional veterinary medicine in Pakistan.     

Antimycobacterial terpenoids from Juniperus communis L. (Cuppressaceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Juniperus communis is a plant which has been reported as a traditional cure for tuberculosis (TB) and other respiratory diseases.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the constituents responsible for the activity of the n-hexane extract of Juniperus communis roots against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv and Juniperus communis aerial parts against Mycobacterium aurum. Subsequently, it was to evaluate the activity of the pure isolated compounds against (i) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis variants, (ii) non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and (iii) a range of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM).

Materials and methods

The antimycobacterial activity of Juniperus communis extracts, fractions and constituents was determined against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv, and against rifampicin-, isoniazid-, streptomycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant variants, using the microplate broth Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method. Isolated constituents were tested against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv, using the low oxygen recovery assay (LORA), and against NTM (Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis), using a broth microdilution method. Cytotoxicty studies were performed using mammalian Vero cells.

Results

The antimycobacterial activity of Juniperus communis was attributed to a sesquiterpene identified as longifolene (1) and two diterpenes, characterised as totarol (2) and trans-communic acid (3). All compounds were identified following analysis of their spectroscopic data (1D- and 2D-NMR, MS) and by comparison with the literature and commercial authentic standards when available. Revised assignments for 3 are reported. Totarol showed the best activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv (MIC of 73.7 μM). It was also most active against the isoniazid-, streptomycin-, and moxifloxacin-resistant variants (MIC of 38.4, 83.4 and 60 μM, respectively). Longifolene and totarol were most active against the rifampicin-resistant variant (MICs of 24 and 20.2 μM, respectively). Totarol showed the best activity in the LORA assay (MIC of 81.3 μM) and against all NTM species (MICs in the range of 7–14 μM). Trans-communic acid showed good activity against Mycobacterium aurum (MIC of 13.2 μM). The low selectivity indices (SI) obtained following cytotoxicity studies indicated that the isolated terpenoids were relatively toxic towards mammalian cells. This is the first report of the isolation of (1) and (2) from Juniperus communis roots, and of (3) from the aerial parts. The antimycobacterial activity of (1) and (3), and the activity of (2) against Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium phlei, is reported for the first time. The effect of totarol on drug-resistant variants and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis has never been published.

Conclusions

The presence of antimycobacterial terpenoids in Juniperus communis aerial parts and roots justifies, to some extent, the ethnomedicinal use of this species as a traditional anti-TB remedy.     

白木香乙酰乙酰基辅酶A硫解酶基因(AsAACT)的克隆与表达分析

目的：对国产沉香的基原植物白木香Aquilaria sinensis （Lour.）Gilg乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶（acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase,AACT）基因AsAACT全长进行克隆并展开生物信息学分析和表达分析,为解析沉香萜类次生代谢产物的生物合成机制奠定基础。方法：根据获得的白木香转录组数据库AACT部分转录本序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR及RACE技术,以白木香茎cDNA为模板,克隆获得AsAACT全长,进行生物信息学分析;采用荧光定量PCR,以GADPH为内参,分析白木香愈伤组织受不同伤害胁迫AsAACT的表达模式。结果：AsAACT开放阅读框（opening reading frame,ORF）为1 236 bp,编码411个氨基酸残基,酶命名为AsAACT;白木香愈伤受物理伤害（切割）后表达量没有明显变化,但受化学伤害（MeJA）后4 h表达量升高了5.5倍,说明该基因对MeJA诱导的化学伤害较敏感,且能够在早期响应伤害胁迫。结论：通过AsAACT基因的全长cDNA克隆和表达特性分析,为后续深入研究其在沉香倍半萜合成途径的功能奠定基础。     

可可毛色二孢菌对白木香产生倍半萜诱导作用

为了明确可可毛色二孢菌Lasiodiplodia theobromae对白木香产生倍半萜的诱导作用。采用气质联用（GC-MS）对可可毛色二孢菌PDA发酵液进行检测,发酵液中检测到茉莉酸类化合物（jasmonates,JAs）。利用固相微萃取-气质联用（SPME-GC-MS）检测发酵液处理后白木香愈伤中沉香倍半萜成分,发现其能够诱导白木香愈伤产生α-愈创木烯（α-guaiene）,δ-愈创木烯（δ-guaiene）,α-蛇麻烯（α-humulene）3种沉香倍半萜。推测可可毛色二孢菌可产生茉莉酸类物质,其作为伤害信号分子诱导白木香产生倍半萜。     

The effect of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia on Candida albicans proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to oral epithelial cells

Aim of the study

This study investigated effect of a crude extract of Dodonaea viscosa on the proteinase and phospholipase production and adherence to epithelial cells by Candida albicans isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients.

Materials and methods

Twenty Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and 20 from HIV negative patients were investigated. The isolates were exposed to subinhibitory concentration of crude plant extract and adherence, proteinase and phospholipase production were assessed. The results were analysed using Student's t-test and a two-way ANOVA.

Results

Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells (p = <0.01) but no significant effect of the plant extract on proteinase and phospholipase production was observed. Results from Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV positive and HIV negative patients were similar.

Conclusions

Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia inhibited the adherence of Candida albicans to oral epithelial cells, which is the initial step of colonization in the infection process. This plant has a therapeutic potential at subinhibitory concentration.     

Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae): Potential as an antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory agent

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Combretum leprosum is a species that is popularly used in Brazil as a healing agent to treat skin problems and lesions. In this study we investigated the possible potential of this extract to treat inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin conditions.

Materials and methods

Classical models of skin inflammation such as TPA- and croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema were applied in order to verify the potential topical anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract from flowers of Combretum leprosum.

Results

Topical application of ethanolic extract promoted a dose-dependent inhibition of phorbol ester-induced ear oedema, reduced myeloperoxidase activity and IL-6 tissue levels with inhibition comparable to dexamethasone (positive control). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ethanolic extract also suppressed cell infiltration. Ethanolic extract altered inflammatory parameters on a chronic skin inflammation model induced by repeated applications of croton oil, decreasing ear oedema, epidermal hyperproliferation and cell infiltration. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed that the extract decreased PCNA expression on the epidermis.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results suggest that the extract from flowers of Combretum leprosum could be considered as a new potential tool for the treatment of several skin inflammatory diseases since it reversed the skin inflammatory and hyperproliferative process in a very significant manner. Further investigations are needed in order to verify the cellular mechanism and safety of Combretum leprosum extract.     

Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae) aqueous extract in alcohol- and sucrose-induced hypertensive rats

Aim of the study

Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Clusiaceae), an evergreen tree of the rain-forest has long been used in traditional African medicine to treat hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Allanblackia floribunda aqueous extract on alcohol- and sugar-induced hypertension in rats.

Material and methods

Alcohol-induced hypertensive rats (AHR) were obtained by oral administration of ethanol (3 g/kg/day) while sucrose (5, 6 and 7% in drinking water) was used for sucrose-induced hypertensive rat (SuHR). Both models of animals concomitantly received either aqueous extract (200 or 400 mg/kg; p.o.) or nifedipine (10 mg/kg; p.o.) all along the 8 weeks of experiment. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured using the direct cannulation method. The effects of the plant extract on lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, as well as on kidney and liver functions were evaluated at the end of the treatment by the colorimetric method.

Results

At the doses of Allanblackia floribunda (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) significantly prevented (21.74; 26.65% and 11.71; 24.58% of reduction) the increase in mean blood pressure on AHR and SuHR, respectively. Administration of the plant extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg led to the prevention of total cholesterol (42.82%), HDL-cholesterol (36.59%) and triglycerides (9.67%) increase in serum lipid in AHR as compared to the untreated AHR. In SuHR, the extract significantly prevented the high concentrations of total cholesterol (44.08%) and triglycerides (33.05%) induced by sucrose treatment as compared to the untreated SuHR, without affecting that of HDL-cholesterol. Allanblackia floribunda (200 and 400 mg/kg) also prevented the increase in atherogenic index by 54.45 and 42.94% in AHR and by 23.70 and 44.32% in SuHR, respectively. Allanblackia floribunda (400 mg/kg) prevented the increase in bilirubine (19.59 and 16.56%), urea (33.36 and 28.2%), ALT (29.55 and 33.09%) and AST (36.28 and 37.12%) of AHR and SuHR, respectively. Treatment with plant extract significantly prevented the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase and the decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in aorta, heart, kidney and liver of AHR and SuHR.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that the aqueous extract of Allanblackia floribunda can prevent alcohol- and sugar-induced hypertension and oxidative stress in rats. These findings could therefore justify its use in traditional medicine.     

Transdermal behaviour of the N-alkylamide spilanthol (affinin) from Spilanthes acmella (Compositae) extracts

Aim of the study

N-Alkylamides are a large group of bioactive molecules found in several plants from the genera Echinacea, Xanthoxylum and Spilanthes. Extracts and formulations derived from these plants are not only orally used, but also applied on the skin as well. However, there is currently no specific information available about the intrinsic local pharmacokinetics of N-alkylamides after topical application on human skin, questioning the role of this mode of administration.The present study investigates the transdermal behaviour of spilanthol, a prominent N-alkylamide.

Materials and methods

Two pharmaceutically accepted dose solutions (ethanol and propylene glycol based aqueous donor vehicles), combined with three different receptor fluids (PBS, PBS + 0.5% HPβCD, EtOH/H₂O (30:70, v/v)), were applied on split-thickness human skin in a Franz diffusion cell (FDC) system. Fundamental permeation characteristics of spilanthol in a solvent-independent way (100% aqueous dose solution) were also obtained using an extrapolation approach with different organic solvent/H₂O ratios.

Results and conclusions

We demonstrated for the first time that spilanthol permeates the skin. The following aqueous-extrapolated primary transdermal parameters were obtained (mean ± SEM): K_p,aq = 3.31 (±0.29) × 10⁻³ cm/h, D_m,aq = 1.86 (±0.09) × 10⁻⁴ cm²/h and K_m,aq = 7.28 (±1.59) × 10⁻¹. Partitioning (K_m) was strongly dependent on the donor solution composition, while diffusion (D_m) was mainly influenced by the receptor fluid composition.     

白英中的倍半萜类化合物

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱及制备薄层等方法对白英中的倍半萜进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其化学结构,发现并鉴定了10个倍半萜,分别为1β-羟基-1,2-二氢-α-山道年（1）,boscialin（2）,布卢门醇C（3）,3β-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one（4）,去氢催吐萝芙木醇（5）,布卢门醇 A（6）,（1'S,2R,5S,10R）-2-（1',2'-dihydroxy-1'-methylethyl）-6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5] dec-6-en-8-one（7）,（1'R,2R,5S,10R）-2-（1',2'-dihydroxy-1'-methylethyl）-6,10-dimethylspiro [4,5] dec-6-en-8-one（8）,2-（1',2'-dihydroxy-1'-methylethyl）-6,10-dimethyl-9-hydroxyspiro [4,5] dec-6-en-8-one（9）,蚱蜢酮（10）。10个倍半萜均为首次从白英中发现。     

苦参中非生物碱类成分研究

该文采用硅胶和HPLC等色谱手段,从苦参茎叶中分离得到5个化合物,从苦参根中分离得到10个化合物;根据化合物的波谱数据,分别鉴定为corchionoside C(1),丁香苷(2),2'-脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷(3),松柏苷(4),benzyl O-β-D-glucopyranoside(5),番石榴酸(6),三叶豆紫檀苷(7),苦参酮(8),三叶豆紫檀苷-6'-单乙酸酯(9),槐属二氢黄酮G(10),异腐醇(11),降脱水淫羊藿素(12),4'-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-芹糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(13),kushenol O(14) 和6"-木糖-染料木素葡萄糖苷(15),其中化合物 1~6 为首次从该属植物分离得到。     

Prophylactic and curative activities of extracts from Warburgia ugandensis Sprague (Canellaceae) and Zanthoxylum usambarense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Rutaceae) against Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium berghei

Ethnopharmacological relevance

This work reports the anti-plasmodial activities of Warburgia ugandensis and Zanthoxylum usambarense commonly used as phytomedicines against malaria by some Kenyan communities.

Aim of study

To determine the anti-plasmodial activities of extracts from Warburgia ugandensis and Zanthoxylum usambarense against Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium berghei.

Materials and methods

Eight plant extracts were screened for in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium knowlesi, in a 96-well plate incubated at 37 °C on a RPMI culture medium supplemented with baboon serum. Of the eight, three were investigated for prophylactic and curative activities in BALB/c mice against drug-sensitive Plasmodium berghei in a 4-day test at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg/day.

Results

Inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) values of between 3.14 and 75 μg/ml, up to 69% chemosuppression of parasites growth and over 80% survivorship of treated mice were observed.

Conclusion

The two medicinal plants, Warburgia ugandensis and Zanthoxylum usambarense possess bioactive compounds against malaria parasites and could be exploited for further development into malaria therapy.     

五叶地锦化学成分研究

目的:研究五叶地锦Parthenocissus quinquefolia茎的化学成分。方法:采用薄层色谱,硅胶柱色谱,Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱等方法进行分离纯化,使用波谱分析技术和理化常数对照等方法对得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从五叶地锦的醋酸乙酯部位分离得到9个化合物,分别为没食子酸(3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acid1),piceatannol(2),白藜芦醇(res-veratrol3),resveratrol trans-dehydrodimer(4),cyphostemmin B(5),pallidol(6),cyphostemmin A(7),槲皮素3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside8),myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside(9)。结论:化合物1,4~9均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

转筋草中化学成分研究

研究转筋草Pachysandra terminalis化学成分.综合运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、制备HPLC色谱等分离色谱法分离纯化转筋草中的化学成分,采用NMR和质谱等有机波谱学方法鉴定各单体化合物的结构.从转筋草中分离得到5个化合物,鉴定为2-甲基-3-亚甲基-1,2,5-戊三醇(1),4-甲基-3-亚甲基-1,2,5-戊三醇(2),4-甲基-3-亚甲基-1,2,5-戊三醇-5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3),4-甲基-3-亚甲基-1,2,5-戊三醇-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),(7S,8R,8’R)-(+)-落叶松醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5).其中化合物1～4为新化合物,化合物5为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

毛重楼的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱,Sephadex LH-20和ODS等色谱技术对毛重楼根茎进行化学成分研究,得到12个化合物。通过理化数据和波谱分析鉴定其结构分别为羽扇豆醇（1）,羽扇豆醇二十八烷酸酯（2）,棕榈酸（3）,α-棕搁酸单甘油酯（4）,α-菠甾醇（5）,薯蓣皂苷元（6）,（25R）diosgenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→4）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→4）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）]-β-D-glucopyranoside（7）,偏诺皂苷元（8）,（25R）pennogenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl（1→3）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）]-β-D-glucopyranoside（9）,flazin（10）,calonysterone（11）,异鼠李素-3-O-β-龙胆二糖苷（12）。其中化合物 1~5,10~11 为首次从该属植物中分离得到,所有化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

藤黄中藤黄酸2种异构体的HPLC含量测定

目的:建立2种藤黄酸异构体的高效液相含量测定方法。方法:采用色谱柱SunFire(Waters)C8(2.1 mm×150mm,3.5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-0.3%三氟乙酸溶液(36∶37∶27),检测波长360 nm,流速0.3 mL·min-1,柱温28℃。结果:R-藤黄酸,S-藤黄酸线性关系方程分别为Y=2.87×106X-2.24×105,r=0.999 9;Y=3.31×106X-1.44×105,r=0.999 9。平均回收率分别为100.0%,100.9%;RSD分别为2.1%,2.5%(n=6)。藤黄药材供试品中R-藤黄酸和S-藤黄酸的平均质量分数为30.06%,21.45%。结论:本方法简便、稳定,可用于藤黄中藤黄酸2种异构体的鉴定与含量测定。