烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露风险水平。方法 免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法测定样品中黄曲霉毒素,点评估方法估算人群黄曲霉毒素暴露量。结果 检测的市售食品中AFB1检出率为4.19%（19/453）,超标率为0.22%（1/453）,均值为0.86 μg/kg。AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1检出率分别为2.13%（9/423）、1.65%（7/423）、0.95%（4/423）和41.90%（44/105）,均值分别为0.29、0.64、0.33和 0.03 μg/kg。食品中存在AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2多重污染情况。AFB1的检出均值占到黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2)均值总和的47.18%。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的日膳食暴露量分别为4.326、1.733、3.143、2.423和0.168 ng/（kg·bw·d）。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的膳食暴露贡献率分别占到总体的36.69%、14.70%、26.65%、20.55%和1.42%。谷类及其制品的膳食暴露贡献最大,食用植物油的贡献次之。结论 AFB1总体检出率和均值均高于AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,是主要的污染品种。谷类及其制品和食用植物油是主要的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2膳食暴露来源。乳制品是主要的AFM1的膳食暴露来源。烟台市居民AFB1和AFM1膳食暴露导致肝癌发病率为0.101/10万人和0.004/10万人。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food and risks to human health

OBJECTIVES: The presence of mycotoxins in food has been associated with several human diseases, and health authorities have taken actions to decrease the ingestion of these compounds in the diet. A study was carried out to assess aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations found in food, and to evaluate the potential risk to human health resulting from mycotoxin exposure. METHODS: Between July 1998 to December 2001, 366 food samples were analyzed, including peanuts and its products, nuts, maize, oat and/or wheat products, rice and beans. Samples were processed and the extracted mycotoxins were detected and separated using thin layer chromatography, and then quantified with fluorescence. RESULTS: Aflatoxins were detected in 19.6% of the samples: raw peanuts and its products, pop corn, maize and Brazilian nuts (>2mg/kg). Peanuts and its products showed the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination (34.7%) with up to 1280 mg/kg of AFB1+AFG1 and 1706 mg/kg of total aflatoxins. Of the positive samples, AFB1 was detected in 98.5%, AFB2 in 93%, AFG1 in 66.7%, and AFG2 in 65.4%. Ochratoxin A was not detected (<25 mg/kg) in any sample analyzed. CONCLUSION: It was found that contamination levels mainly seen in peanuts and its products exceed Brazilian regulated standards, and they can be a potential risk to regular consumers of these products. Food producers' awareness allied to monitoring programs is essential to reduce human exposure to these compounds and prevent ensuing chronic diseases.     

Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria

Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects.     

The effect of bread making steps on the degradation of aflatoxins produced as a result of single inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and combined inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus

This study aimed to determine the effect of bread making steps on the stability of aflatoxin. Sakha 8 wheat and Gemaiza 5 wheat cultivars, were used in the present study. They were inoculated with a dense spore suspension of toxigenic fungal species of Aspergillus flavus and a non toxigenic species of Aspergillus ochraceus singly and combined. Aflatoxin concentration was determined in the whole wheat grain, after milling, after fermentation, and after bread-baking process. Results showed that the highest reduction percentage for the total aflatoxins (81, G1 and G2), was in Sakha 8 (32.96%) (single treatment), Gemaiza 5 (19.54%) (single treatment ), Gemaiza 5 (18.65%) (combined treatment), and finally in Sakha 8 (16.49%) (combined treatment). There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in aflatoxins content between Sakha 8 and Gemaiza 5 treated singly and in a combined way before and after milling process. In the mean time, the percentage of AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2 were reduced by 31.98%, 44.53% and 35.35%, respectively, while the total aflatoxins concentration were reduced by 41.17% after baking. Results also showed the presence of a significant difference at p < 0.05 among the whole grain, after milling and after baking concerning AFG1, AFG2 and the total aflatoxins content. No significant difference was found in case of AFB1.     

上海浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素的污染调查

目的了解上海市浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素(B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2)的污染现状,为相关食品中黄曲霉毒素污染监测提供基础数据。方法 2016年4~8月期间在浦东新区8家超市和5家菜市场进行随机抽样,采集市售谷物、豆类及其制品共计190件样品,样品经多功能净化柱净化提取后,使用超高液相色谱荧光法测定4种黄曲霉毒素含量,最终数据用SPSS 16.0进行统计分析。结果 190件样品中黄曲霉毒素检出率为22.63%,AFB_1超标率为1.05%;比较黄曲霉毒素检出率,豆类及其制品高于谷物及其制品,散装样品高于定型包装样品;4种黄曲霉毒素的检出率AFB_1AFB_2AFG_1AFG_2。结论上海市售谷物、豆类及其制品不同程度的受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,有必要对相关食品进行定期监测,特别是散装制品,尤其需要加强管理监督。建议有关部门制定食品中黄曲霉毒素总量限值,为食品安全监测和评估提供依据。     

抗黄曲霉毒素B1蛋黄抗体的制备及其性质的研究

将黄曲霉素Ｂ１－牛血清白蛋白（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ－ＢＳＡ）妆物免疫注射４只（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ）产蛋鸡。研究了抗ＡＦＢ１蛋黄抗体的产生进程，除鸡Ｂ外，其它３只鸡从第一次注射搞后的第９０天开始有较明显的抗体产生，第１３５天达到高峰，从第１６５天开始下降。在抗体产生高峰期，蛋黄抗体Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１：８０００、１：６０００、１：６０００。以蛋黄抗体Ａ为材料，研究了抗体的特异性，结果表明，该抗体     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in minced beef

Essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation from leaf parts of Algerian Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components of EOs obtained were γ-terpinene (94.48%), 1,8-cineole (46.98%) and carvacrol (46.10%), respectively, for E. globulus, M. communis and S. hortensis. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the EOs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus CECT 4459 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 CECT 4267 using the agar diffusion technique. Results revealed that E. globulus and S. hortensis EOs had more antibacterial effects than that from M. communis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) showed a range of 0.05-0.22% (volume by volume [v/v]). Sensitivity of gram-positive S. aureus was much higher than that of gram-negative E. coli. Plant EOs were added to minced beef (two-fold MIC value) at 0.10-0.44%, experimentally inoculated with the same pathogens at a level of 5?×?10(5) colony forming units (cfu)/g and stored at 5?±?2?°C. Results showed that the EOs of E. globulus and S. hortensis had remarkable antibacterial properties, higher than that of M. communis, against S. aureus and E. coli. Indeed, a reduction of 5.8 log cfu/g (70.74% of reduction) was recorded after 7 days of storage for S. hortensis against E. coli. However, regarding S. aureus, both S. hortensis and E. globulus caused a highly significant (p?相似文献   

抗黄曲霉毒素B_1蛋黄抗体的制备及其性质的研究

将黄曲霉毒Ｂ１－牛血清白蛋白（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ—ＢＳＡ）连接物免疫注射４只（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ）产蛋鸡。研究了抗ＡＦＢ１蛋黄抗体的产生进程,除鸡Ｂ外,其它３只鸡从第一次注射抗原后的第９０天开始有较明显的抗体产生,第１３５天达到高峰,从第１６５天开始下降。在抗体产生高峰期,蛋黄抗体Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１∶８０００、１∶６０００、１∶６０００。以蛋黄抗体Ａ为材料,研究了抗体的特异性,结果表明：该抗体有较好的特异性。但是抗体与ＡＦＢ１的结构类似物（ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＭ１）除ＡＦＭ１外都有不同程度的交叉反应,达到５０％的竞争抑制率时,ＡＦＢ１、ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＧ２的灵敏度分别为６、２５、１２５和２４９５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

中国部分地区玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的了解中国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法从吉林、河南、湖北、四川、广东、广西采集玉米样品,用HPLC测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果共测定279份玉米,黄曲霉毒素阳性率为75.63%,阳性样品平均浓度为44.04μg/kg,浓度范围0.20～888.30μg/kg。四川、湖北、广西、河南、广东和吉林样品的阳性率依次为90.48%、93.75%、87.50%、36.96%、91.84%和52.17%,平均浓度依次为107.93、70.98、39.65、8.06、3.70和1.15μg/kg。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,分别为74.55%和39.64μg/kg;AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低,阳性率分别为58.42%、41.22%和19.71%,平均浓度分别为3.81、3.47和0.51μg/kg。结论玉米的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍;调查的各地样品均有不同程度污染,总体上南方地区高于北方;4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

Ionic liquid functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for solid-phase microextraction of aflatoxins in food products

Aflatoxins (AFs) in food and agricultural products pose serious health hazards to consumers. As a result, exports are restricted and farmers lose much needed income. One major challenge faced in controlling AFs in developing countries in particular is lack of simple and cost-effective methods of analysis. To address this problem, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was developed based on 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate functionalized zinc oxide nanorods for the extraction of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in food products prior to HPLC analysis. The SPME was performed using 10 mg of the adsorbent at pH 7 and vortexing for 1 min at 500 rpm, and desorbed by sonication for 2 min in 1 mL acetonitrile. The technique showed excellent linearity (correlation coefficients, ≥0.997). LOD and LOQ were determined respectively to be 0.07 and 0.73 μg/kg for AFB1, 0.01 and 0.12 μg/kg for AFB2, 0.04 and 0.44 μg/kg for AFG1 and 0.02 and 0.18 μg/kg for AFG2. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the ranges of 3.9–4.7% and 6.9–8.4%, respectively. The acquired recovery of blank samples of the pepper and groundnut samples spiked with mixed analytes at 5 and 10 μg/kg spiking levels were in the range of 88.6–99.8%. The SPME was employed for the analysis of the considered analytes from real chili pepper and processed groundnut samples. Overall, the technique is easy, fast, cost-effective and environmentally friendly and can be used for the analysis of AFs in various food and agricultural products.     

The cytotoxic effect of essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. and/or Rosmarinus officinalis L. on Aeromonas hydrophila

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. (OV) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO), both singly and in combination at sub-inhibitory concentrations (? MIC?+?? MIC), against Aeromonas hydrophila and to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying these activities. Used singly (OV: 2.5?μL/mL; RO: 20?μL/mL) or in a mixture (OV: 0.625?μL/mL?+?RO: 5?μL/L), these essential oils led to a significant decrease (p<0.01) in bacterial viability after 24?h of exposure. A decrease in glucose consumption by A. hydrophila and release of cellular material were observed immediately after the addition of the essential oils, both singly and as a mixture, and continued for up to 6?h. Electron microscopy of cells exposed to the essential oils revealed severe changes in the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic appearance, and cell shape during the 6-h exposure period. OV and RO essential oils combined at sub-inhibitory concentrations could be rationally applied to inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila in food products, particularly minimally processed vegetables.     

Evaluation of bacterial resistance to essential oils and antibiotics after exposure to oregano and cinnamon essential oils

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) are excellent antimicrobial agents sometimes used in active food packaging. This work studies the susceptibility of 48 clinical isolates and 12 reference strains of Gram-negative bacilli to oregano essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, and combinations of both. Furthermore, the tendency of the clinical isolates to develop resistance to these EOs and to different antibiotics after sequential oregano or cinnamon exposure was studied. For this purpose, antibiotic susceptibility (through disk diffusion assays and minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] determination) and oregano and cinnamon susceptibility (through MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] determination) were compared after 50 passages in the presence or absence of subinhibitory concentrations of oregano and cinnamon essential oils. The results showed that all strains were susceptible to both EOs and their combination independently of the antibiotic resistance profile. In addition, neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects were observed between oregano and cinnamon essential oils at the concentrations tested. After the sequential exposure to both EOs, only Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis treated with oregano changed their antibiotic resistance profile and/or increased their resistance to this EO. However, the changes in antibiotic and oregano resistance were not related.     

福建省市售花生及花生制品中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的:了解福建省花生中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法:从福建省九个地区采集花生和花生制品,用高效液相色谱测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果:共测定62份花生,40份花生酱,20份花生油。以国家标准规定的黄曲霉毒素B1限值20μg/kg计,超标率分别为17.7%、37.5%和0。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低。结论:福建省花生和花生制品的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍,4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

Associations of serum aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct level with socio-demographic factors and aflatoxins intake from nuts and related nut products in Malaysia

Aflatoxins are one of the major risk factors in the multi-factorial etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the information on aflatoxins exposure is very important in the intervention planning in order to reduce the dietary intake of aflatoxins, especially among the children. This study investigated the relationship between aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) lysine adduct levers in serum and socio-demographic factors and dietary intake of aflatoxins from nuts and nut products in Penang, Malaysia. A cross-sectional field study was conducted in five districts of Penang. A survey on socio-demographic characteristics was administered to 364 healthy adults from the three main ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian). A total of 170 blood samples were successfully collected and tested for the level of AFB(1)-lysine adduct. 97% of the samples contained AFB(1)-lysine adduct above the detection limit of 0.4 pg/mg albumin and ranged from 0.20 to 23.16 pg/mg albumin (mean±standard deviation=7.67±4.54 pg/mg albumin; median=7.12 pg/mg albumin). There was no significant association between AFB(1)-lysine adduct levels with gender, district, education level, household number and occupation when these socio-demographic characteristics were examined according to high or low levels of AFB(1)-lysine. However, participants in the age group of 31-50 years were 3.08 times more likely to have high AFB(1) levels compared to those aged between 18 and 30 years (P=0.026). Significant difference (P=0.000) was found among different ethnic groups. Chinese and Indian participants were 3.05 and 2.35 times more likely to have high AFB(1) levels than Malay. The result of AFB(1)-lysine adduct suggested that Penang adult population is likely to be exposed to AFB(1) but at a level of less than that needed to cause direct acute illness or death.     

河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染状况分析

目的初步了解河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染状况,为进一步完善相关卫生标准和有关部门加强监管提供科学依据。方法从河南省各地市的大型商场、小型超市、农贸市场随机采集米面制品(小麦粉、玉米面、米粉)、食用植物油(花生油、大豆油、玉米油)、坚果(花生、葵花籽、西瓜子)、调味品(酱油、食用醋、辣椒、花椒)等四类食品共862份样品,采用高效液相色谱法测定4种黄曲霉毒素的含量,并对检测结果进行分析。结果862份市售食品中,黄曲霉毒素的综合检出率为44.9%,其中,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为41.3%,合格率为92.8%。黄曲霉毒素含量最高的是花生,高达44.8μg/kg。结论市售食品中存在黄曲霉毒素污染的现象,有关部门应引起重视,加强监督管理,以减少其对人民群众健康的影响和危害。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility test of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Jos, Nigeria

Fifty-five strains of Helicobacter pylori isolated from November 1997 until October 1998 from 33 female and 22 male adults attending for endoscopy at the Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria were assayed for antibiotic susceptibility to amoxycillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and tetracycline by the E-test strip method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) within the attainable peak serum concentrations for each drug was used as the parameter to determine the susceptibility of H. pylori. The results showed 100% susceptibility for amoxycillin, 89.0% for tetracycline, 87.3% for clarithromycin and 60% for metronidazole. The MIC50 and MIC90 values were: 0.016 microgram/mL and 0.75 microgram/mL for amoxycillin, 0.016 microgram/mL and 2 micrograms/mL for clarithromycin, 0.094 microgram/mL and 12 micrograms/mL for tetracycline, and 2 micrograms/mL and > 48 micrograms/mL for metronidazole. The MIC90 values for metronidazole (> 48 micrograms/mL) and tetracycline (12 micrograms/mL) were in each case higher than the break-point value (peak serum concentrations) of 8 micrograms/mL for metronidazole and 3 micrograms/mL for tetracycline. This pattern of resistance to metronidazole and tetracycline has to be considered when therapeutic regimens against H. pylori contain either or both drugs.     

Phenolic compounds and biological activity of Kitaibelia vitifolia

This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity and efficacy of the ethanolic extract of the endemic plant species Kitaibelia vitifolia in inhibiting the growth of selected fungi and bacteria. Antimicrobial activity was tested using the broth dilution procedure for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MICs were determined for eight selected indicator strains. The highest susceptibility to K. vitifolia ethanolic extract among the bacteria tested was exhibited by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (MIC=15.62 μg/mL), followed by Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 14153 (MIC=31.25 μg/mL), and Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 (MIC=62.50 μg/mL). Of the fungi, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (MIC=15.62 μg/mL) showed the highest susceptibility, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 (MIC=31.25 μg/mL) had the lowest. Results showed that K. vitifolia extract possesses antioxidant activity, with total antioxidant capacity of 75.45±0.68 μg of ascorbic acid/g and 50% inhibition concentration values of 47.45±0.55 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, 35.35±0.68?μg/mL for inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation, 95.25±0.52 μg/mL for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 31.50±0.35 μg/mL for metal chelating activity. Total phenolics, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and gallotannins were 85.25±0.69 mg of gallic acid (GA)/g, 45.32±0.55 mg of rutin/g, 54.25±0.75 mg of GA/g, and 41.74±0.55 mg of GA/g, respectively. The phenolic composition of K. vitifolia extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Rosmarinic acid was found to be the dominant phenolic compound of the extract.     

Long-Term Effects of Antibiotics on the Elimination of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrification, and Viable Bacteria in Laboratory-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants

Antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals are contaminants of the environment because of their widespread use and incomplete removal by microorganisms during wastewater treatment. The influence of a mixture of ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)/trimethoprim (TMP), and vancomycin (VA), up to a final concentration of 40?mg/L, on the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrification, and survival of bacteria, as well as the elimination of the antibiotics, was assessed in a long-term study in laboratory treatment plants (LTPs). In the presence of 30?mg/L antibiotics, nitrification of artificial sewage by activated sludge ended at nitrite. Nitrate formation was almost completely inhibited. No nitrification at all was possible in the presence of 40?mg/L antibiotics. The nitrifiers were more sensitive to antibiotics than heterotrophic bacteria. COD elimination in antibiotic-stressed LTPs was not influenced by?≤20?mg/L antibiotics. Addition of 30?mg/L antibiotic mixture decreased COD removal efficiency for a period, but the LTPs recovered. Similar results were obtained with 40?mg/L antibiotic mixture. The total viable count of bacteria was not affected negatively by the antibiotics. It ranged from 2.2?×?10(6) to 8.2?×?10(6) colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) compared with the control at 1.4?×?10(6)-6.3?×?10(6) CFU/mL. Elimination of the four antibiotics during phases of 2.4-30?mg/L from the liquid was high for GM (70-90?%), much lower for VA, TMP, and CIP (0-50?%), and highly fluctuating for SMZ (0-95?%). The antibiotics were mainly adsorbed to the sludge and not biodegraded.     

In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the availability of fewer antifungal agents with fungicidal actions, prompted this present study to characterize Candida species in our environment and determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil as an antifungal agent on these species. In 2004, 52 recent isolates of Candida species were obtained from clinical specimens sent to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Their susceptibilities to virgin coconut oil and fluconazole were studied by using the agar-well diffusion technique. Candida albicans was the most common isolate from clinical specimens (17); others were Candida glabrata (nine), Candida tropicalis (seven), Candida parapsilosis (seven), Candida stellatoidea (six), and Candida krusei (six). C. albicans had the highest susceptibility to coconut oil (100%), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25% (1:4 dilution), while fluconazole had 100% susceptibility at an MIC of 64 microg/mL (1:2 dilution). C. krusei showed the highest resistance to coconut oil with an MIC of 100% (undiluted), while fluconazole had an MIC of > 128 microg/mL. It is noteworthy that coconut oil was active against species of Candida at 100% concentration compared to fluconazole. Coconut oil should be used in the treatment of fungal infections in view of emerging drug-resistant Candida species.     

2011—2015年四川省金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素及利奈唑胺耐药性变迁

目的了解四川省金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供参考依据。方法收集四川省71所医院2011-2015年临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）,并计算每年万古霉素与利奈唑胺对金黄色葡萄球菌、MRSA的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值。结果5年共收集51 976株金黄色葡萄球菌,包括MRSA 14 361株,MRSA检出率由2011年的36.02%下降至2015年的25.56%,呈下降趋势(χ2=160.72,P＜0.05）。2011-2015年万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC50值分别为：1、0.5、0.5、1、1 μg/mL,MIC90值由1 μg/mL上升至2 μg/mL;利奈唑胺MIC50值均为2 μg/mL,MIC90值由2 μg/mL上升至4 μg/mL。2011-2015年万古霉素对MRSA的MIC50、MIC90值变化较明显,分别由0.5、1 μg/mL上升至2 μg/mL;利奈唑胺MIC50值均为2 μg/mL,MIC90值由2 μg/mL上升至4 μg/mL。结论MRSA的检出率有下降趋势,但万古霉素、利奈唑胺对其MIC50及MIC90值总体有上升趋势,需继续加强细菌耐药监测,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供帮助。