高效液相色谱法测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中主药的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法:采用HPLC,Agilent Eclipse×OB-C8色谱柱,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(22:78)为流动相,检测波长为255 nm.结果:呋喃西林在8～32μg·ml-1浓度范围内,盐酸麻黄碱在400～1600μg·ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为r=0.999 8和r=0.999 9,呋喃西林的平均回收率为99.66%(RSD为0.68%),日内RSD为0.38%;日间RSD为1.25%;盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.90%(RSD为0.44%),日内RSD为0.29%,日间RSD为1.12%.结论:本法简便、快速、结果准确,可用于测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液的含量.     

高效液相色谱法测定乙肝解毒胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定乙肝解毒胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量.色谱柱Shim-Pack C18;流动相甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(8020);流速1.0ml·min-1 ;检测波长254nm;柱温40℃;进样量10μl.大黄素在0.40～10.00μg·ml-1浓度范围内峰面积积分值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999);平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=0.9﹪;大黄酚在0.80～20.00μg·ml-1浓度范围内峰面积积分值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.7﹪,RSD=0.8﹪(n=6).本方法简便、准确、重现性好.     

HPLC法测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法,消除焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.014mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(78∶22);检测波长硫酸链霉素195nm,盐酸麻黄碱207nm;流速1.0mL·min-1。结果硫酸链霉素质量浓度在44.40³10.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224310.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224⁸0.896μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7),平均回收率为99.5%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法专属性强、测定结果准确、精密度高、线性好,加入甲醛能够消除辅料中焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。     

HPLC法测定复方醋酸泼尼松氯霉素散中两组分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方醋酸泼尼松氯霉素散中醋酸泼尼松和氯霉素的含量。方法迪马ODSC18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-水(60:40)为流动相,检测波长238nm,流速1.0ml·min-1,柱温30℃,进样量为20μl。结果醋酸泼尼松在2.5～15μg·ml-1范围内与吸收峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999,n=6),氯霉素在0.2～1.4mg·ml-1范围内与吸收峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999,n=6);平均回收率:氯霉素为99.5%,RSD=1.0%(n=9);醋酸泼尼松为1 0 0.9%,RSD=0.2%(n=9)。     

HPLC法同时测定盐酸异丙肾上腺素注射液和盐酸肾上腺素注射液的含量及有关物质

目的:建立测定盐酸异丙肾上腺素注射液和盐酸肾上腺素注射液的含量及有关物质的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Welch Materials C18色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-乙腈-庚烷磺酸钠溶液(1:1:8);检测波长:280nm;流速:2.0ml·min-1;柱温:30℃。结果:盐酸异丙肾上腺素在10～40μg.ml-1质量浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999;高、中、低3种浓度的平均回收率为100.5%,RSD为0.76%(n=9)。盐酸异丙肾上腺素的最小检测限为40.66ng·ml-1。盐酸肾上腺素在60～240μg·ml-1质量浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9996;高、中、低3种浓度的平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.60%(n=9)。盐酸肾上腺素的最小检测限为44.12ng·ml-1。结论:该法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于盐酸异丙肾上腺素注射液和盐酸肾上腺素注射液的含量测定,也可用于有关物质检查。     

氯卡麻滴鼻剂中氯霉素、盐酸麻黄碱和硫酸卡那霉素的含量测定

目的建立氯卡麻滴鼻剂中主药成分氯霉素、盐酸麻黄碱和硫酸卡那霉素的含量测定法,以便更好的控制其质量。方法高效液相色谱法,测氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱,L-column C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇(60:40)为流动相;检测波长254nm。流速1.0ml/min,柱温35℃,进样量为10μl;紫外分光光度法,测硫酸卡那霉素含量,测定波长530nm。结果氯霉素其检测质量浓度在25μg/ml～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.46%,RSD=1.2%(n=9);盐酸麻黄碱其检测质量浓度在100μg/ml～400μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值的线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.49%(n=9);硫酸卡那霉素其检测质量浓度在0.1mg/ml～0.3mg/ml范围内与紫外吸收度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.97%(n=9)。结论本法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于氯卡麻滴鼻剂中各主成分含量测定。     

HPLC测定复方硫酸新霉素口腔溃疡药膜中克霉唑的含量

目的建立测定复方硫酸新霉素口腔溃疡药膜中克霉唑含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.025 mol.L-1磷酸氢二钾溶液(75∶25);检测波长225 nm;流速1.0 ml.min-1。结果克霉唑在25~200μg.ml-1范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=0.86%(n=6)。结论方法简便、灵敏、准确。     

复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂的制备与含量测定

目的:建立复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂的制备及含量测定方法.方法:依据组分理化性质确定配制工艺;含量测定采用DZKMA C18(200mm×4.6 mm,0.5μm)不锈钢柱,以0.025 mol·L-1磷酸液:乙睛(87:13)为流动相,流速:1 ml·min-1,紫外检测波长278 nm.结果:左氧氟沙星浓度在12.5～400μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率99.90%,RSD0.02%;更昔洛韦浓度在6.25～200μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率99.96%,RSD 0.06%.结论:复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂处方设计合理、工艺简便、剂型稳定可控、含量测定方法准确,适于医院使用.     

RP-HPLC测定氧氟沙星氢化可的松滴耳液的含量

目的:建立氧氟沙星氢化可的松滴耳液含量测定的方法。方法:采用RP-HPLC法测定滴耳液中氧氟沙星与氢化可的松的含量。色谱柱为Poresphere C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.025 mol·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH至3.0)(55:45);流速0.8 ml·min~(-1);检测波长为240 nm;检测灵敏度为0.16AUFS,进样量20μl。结果:氧氟沙星在30～480μg·ml~(-1)浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.8%;氢化可的松在5～80μg·ml~(-1)浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.9%。结论:本方法快速、简便,精密度好,重复性好,可作为氧氟沙星氢化可的松滴耳液的含量测定方法。     

HPLC法同时测定复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱

目的　建立一种快速、准确的高效液相色谱法同时测定诺氟沙星 ( NOR)和盐酸麻黄碱 ( EPH)的含量。 方法　使用 C1 8色谱柱 ,流动相为乙腈— 0 .1%磷酸 ( 15 :85 V/V) ,检测波长为 2 5 6nm。结果 　样品测定在 9min内完成。诺氟沙星在 10～ 60μg· ml- 1 浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9999,RSD= 0 .46% ,平均回收率为 99.91% ;盐酸麻黄碱在 2 5～ 12 5 μg· ml- 1浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9992 ,RSD=0 .5 1% ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 3%。 结论 　方法可快速准确地检测复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱含量     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.