内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的报道应用显微外科手术治疗不同类型的内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析36例经显微外科手术治疗的内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的临床资料。其中21例采用翼点入路，10例采用额下入路，3例采用经额-颞硬膜外入路，1例采用额颞眶颧入路。结果临床治疗36例，其中肿瘤SimpsonⅠ级切除3例（8.3％），SimpsonⅡ级切除22例（61．1％），SimpsonⅢ级切除11例（30．5％）。死亡4例（11．1％）。平均随访36．8个月，随访期间肿瘤复发7例（19．4％）。结论显微手术可提高肿瘤的全切率，术中应妥善处理和保护血管、神经和海绵窦内结构。肿瘤的复发与是否侵袭海绵窦、包裹颈内动脉（ICA）及其分支有关。     

蝶骨翼脑膜瘤81例临床回顾分析

目的 总结蝶骨翼脑膜瘤的诊断、分型及手术治疗的经验和体会。方法 回顾性分析了经显微手术和病理证实的蝶骨翼脑膜瘤81例，其中内侧型43例，外侧型36例，扁平型2例，巨大型7例，大型63例，小型11例。采用改良翼点入路53例；额下翼点联合入路7例；经颧弓翼点入路15例；额颢眶颧入路6例。结果 Simpson Ⅰ级切除45例，Ⅱ级切除17例，Ⅲa级切除9例，Ⅲb级6例，Ⅳa级3例。术后本组患者颅高压、视力下降及眼球突出等临床症状均有不同程度的改善和恢复。术后随访9个月～6年，复发5例，3例行二次于术。结论 充分全面的术前评估，正确选择手术入路，熟练掌握术区显微解剖及显微手术操作，可以提高肿瘤全切率，减少术后并发症，以降低术后致残率和复发率。     

蝶骨嵴内侧大型脑膜瘤的显微手术切除

目的 探讨蝶骨嵴内侧大型脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析28例蝶骨嵴内侧大型脑膜瘤显微外科手术。结果 21例达SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级切除，7例达Simpson Ⅲ级切除。术后偏瘫4例，植物生存2例，无死亡。结论 改良的翼点入路适于切除蝶骨嵴内侧大型脑膜瘤，掌握处理侵犯视神经、颈内动脉及海绵窦的手术技巧是提高肿瘤全切率的关键，但是对于明显侵犯颈内动脉、海绵窦等重要结构的肿瘤尚应考虑姑息的手术方式。     

累及鞍区不同部位之脑膜瘤经颅手术入路的选择与评价

目的：探讨累及鞍区不同部位之脑膜瘤手术入路的选择。方法：以四级分类法评价经颅不同手术入路切除累及鞍区不同部位的脑膜瘤４３例所获显露程度。结果：经眶颧额颞下入路对鞍旁脑膜瘤显露最佳；经额鼻眶入路对鞍上脑膜瘤显露最佳，其次为经翼点入路。结论：鞍旁脑膜瘤首选经眶颧额颞下入路；鞍上脑膜瘤大型者首选经额鼻眶入路，中小型者可首选经翼点入路；向一侧桥小脑角发展的鞍后脑膜瘤可选用枕下入路。     

28例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗体会

目的探讨内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法对28例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤患者实施改良翼点入路显微手术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组肿瘤全切25例(89.29%),术后患者生活质量评分8.21±1.39,较术前生活质量评分5.27±0.98,改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本组未发生脑组织肿胀病例。结论采用显微手术治疗内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤,肿瘤全切率高,有效改善患者生活质量,疗效肯定。     

内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术

目的 分析应用显微手术提高内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤全切除率的经验。方法 回顾性分析２１例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤显微手术治疗的资料。结果 手术全切除１４例，次全切除５例，大部分切除２例死亡１例，轻瘫２例，失语１例。结论大多数内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤与脑血管之间有一层蛛网膜界面相隔。在第一次手术中，应力争采用显微手术方法全切除肿瘤。     

经眶额颧弓入路切除颅底肿瘤

目的 探讨经眶额颧弓入路切除颅底肿瘤的优越性和适应证。方法 经眶额颧弓入路切除颅底肿瘤１５例,观察术中显露情况及手术效果,并就该入路优越性和适应证进行分析。结果 １５例中,脑膜瘤７例,全切除６例,次全切除１例;颅咽管瘤４例,全切除３例,次全切除１例;三叉神经鞘瘤２例,生殖细胞瘤１例全切除。术后死亡１例。随访至今１１例恢复良好,３例遗留眼外肌麻痹（仍在恢复中）,无肿瘤复发。结论 经眶额颧弓入路切除颅     

蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术术后生活质量分析

目的 探讨蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的显微手术方法对术后生活质量的影响。方法 选取50例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤者且给予相应显微手术,对手术情况和患者生活质量等内容进行观察与分析。结果 50例蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤者Simpson Ⅰ级全切除率为56.00％、Simpson Ⅱ级全切除率为30.00％且患者术后生活质量与术前相比明显改善（p<0.05）。结论 显微手术治疗蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤可显著提高患者生活质量     

12例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤显微手术治疗体会

目的:提高内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的手术全切率、降低死亡率和致残率。方法:本文对12例内侧型蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤的手术治疗作回顾性分析。结果:实现肿瘤镜下全切8例,大部分切除4例,无手术死亡,疗效满意。结论:宜采用翼点入路在显微镜下切除,少数可结合术前超选栓塞颈外动脉系统的肿瘤供应支,术中注意保护周围重要神经血管,可提高肿瘤全切率,降低死亡率。但对明显侵犯下丘脑、海绵窦等重要结构的肿瘤,手术难度较大者,尚应考虑姑息的手术方式。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨和评价鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床和影像学特点,以及显微外科技术和手术效果.方法回顾性分析本院1985年至2002年手术治疗的鞍结节脑膜瘤41例,分析其临床和影像学表现的特点.根据CT和MR的表现,将其分为大、中、小3型,采用4种不同的手术入路,比较全切除率、手术结果和并发症发生情况.结果鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床特点是早期出现单侧和双侧视力下降,视野改变不典型.MRI特点为明亮均一的增强,肿瘤中心在鞍上,伴基底硬膜尾征,蝶鞍不扩大.肿瘤的全切除率与肿瘤大小有关,中、小型肿瘤全切除率较高.眶上匙孔入路、翼点入路和眶颧入路显露满意和手术效果好,明显优于单侧额下入路.结论鞍结节脑膜瘤早期出现视力下降,以中、小型肿瘤为主.大多数鞍结节脑膜瘤可以完全及安全地切除,小、中型肿瘤宜采用眶上匙孔入路,中、大型肿瘤宜采用翼点侧裂入路,大型肿瘤宜采用眶颧入路切除肿瘤.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.