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1.
Chronic alcohol use is associated with a wide range of somatic and psychiatric disorders and psychosocial impairments. Due to an increased vulnerability during brain maturation, children and adolescents are at high risk, in particular regarding the development of neurobiological alterations. Alcohol use is common among young people in Germany, as are problems caused by risky drinking habits such as binge drinking behaviour. Suicide rates and the frequency of suicide attempts by young people in connection with alcohol abuse have more than tripled; therefore, alcohol use among children and adolescents has become a major public health issue. Due to potentially permanent alterations in development, effective preventive strategies are mandatory.  相似文献   

2.
Aufmerksamkeits- und Aktivit?tsst?rungen mit und ohne Hyperaktivit?t (im deutschsprachigen Raum Hyperkinetisches Syndrom=HKS) z?hlen zu den h?ufigsten kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Krankheitsbildern. Im Rahmen von neurologischen Krankheitsbildern (z. B. nach Sch?del-Hirn-Traumen) treten gleichfalls Aufmerksamkeits- und Aktivit?tsst?rungen auf. Für verschiedene psychiatrisch-neurologische St?rungen (Schizophrenie, Parkinson, Hyperkinetisches Syndrom) hat sich schon eine Subtypenbildung hinsichtlich der Spezifit?t durchgesetzt. Der Begriff „Aufmerksamkeitsst?rung” ist aufgrund des gegenw?rtigen Forschungsstandes innerhalb der Neuropsychologie und Neurophysiologie als simplifizierend anzusehen. Für die neurologische Rehabilitation ergibt sich sowohl aufgrund der H?ufigkeit von HKS als auch aufgrund der erh?hten Unfallneigung von Kindern mit diesem Syndrom die Notwendigkeit einer sorgf?ltigen Diagnostik. Inwieweit sich hieraus unmittelbare Folgen für die Behandlung, insbesondere mit Methylphenidat ergeben, kann gegenw?rtig nur spekulativ anhand eines Fallbeispiels beantwortet werden.  相似文献   

3.

Transmission of infections in pediatric practices

In pediatric practices, there is an increased risk for transmission of infections because of the high prevalence of infections in children as well as because of mouthing of the children, although invasive medical treatments (e.g., drawing blood, infusions, urinary catheters) are seldom compared to practices for adults. Critical medical products are only used as single products in most cases; therefore, reprocessing of critical medical products seldom occur.

Ensuring a proper hygiene

Appropriate hygiene in pediatric practices requires that personnel are aware of risks of infections and observe proper hand hygiene and surface disinfection. These measures are not expensive but they are very effective, even regarding the increasing problem of multidrug-resistant organisms. It is the responsibility and duty of the owners of the pediatric practices to ensure good quality hygiene in their practices in order to prevent infections in patients and personnel, and also to prevent legitimate complaints, legal disputes, or court cases.  相似文献   

4.
Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung des Reacting-factor-Titers im Nabelschnurblut und in verschiedenen Altersstufen des Säuglingsalters zeigte es sich, daß im Nabelschnurblut hohe RF-Werte nachzuweisen sind, die aber in der Neugeborenenperiode sehr rasch und tief abfallen. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieser Befunde und die sich daraus ergebenden klinischen Folgerungen werden diskutiert.  相似文献   

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Background. The hyperinsulinimic euglycemic clamp is the gold standard to determine insulin action. In adults simpler methods to define insulin resistance (HOMA) and -sensitivity (ISI) are available. In children/adolescents HOMA and ISI were evaluated and correlated with BMI and blood pressure. Patients. 59 children/adolescents of comparable age were divided into a control group: 23 patients, the Ullrich-Turner group: 14 girls, the obese group: 22 patients. Results. HOMA increased from controls to obesity, while ISI decreased. The association between HOMA and ISI was hyperbolic with R=0.88. The correlation between HOMA and BMI and blood presure was positive and negative for ISI. In one patient the coefficient of variation for HOMA was 30% and 26% for ISI. Conclusion. It appears that in children and adolescents HOMA and ISI may be suitable methods to determine insulin action.  相似文献   

7.
As the result of new legislation introduced in 2007 children in Germany enjoy the same rights to prophylaxis and in-patient rehabilitation services as adults. The aim of pediatric rehabilitation is to prevent children from losing their ability to function or participate or to recover lost functions, activities and participation. The best interests of the child are the main consideration. Both preventative and rehabilitative measures may be employed for specific indications, usually following established guidelines. In pediatric rehabilitation, the parents of children under the age of 12 years may also be involved in the medical treatment and health education as “co-therapists”. In contrast, -child treatment programmes focus more on the parents. Based on requirements laid down by the insurer, the main emphasis of these latter programmes is on prevention, psychosocial aspects and parent-child interaction, which is integrated into the treatment plan. Every pediatrician should therefore know the differences between parent-child treatment programmes and approaches directed primarily at the child, in order to help the patients choose the appropriate rehabilitative therapy.  相似文献   

8.
Cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillator/cardioverters (ICD) are part of the up to date therapy of pediatric arrhythmia. Implantable event recorders may help to establish a diagnosis in exceptional situations. A differentiated pacemaker therapy is possible at all ages and allows a normal daily life. The ICDs are available for primary and secondary prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death in childhood but can have serious complications. Anxiety is a leading problem in long term follow-up of ICD patients. Pacemakers and ICDs are effective in therapy but can be influenced by direct mechanical force, electricity, magnetic or electromagnetic fields which interfere with function and safety. The care for these patients should be realized in close collaboration with specialized centers.  相似文献   

9.
In the position paper of the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics on non-nutritive sweeteners, stevia and steviol glycosides are listed as save products that can be used in a nutritional regimen recommendable for general use. According to current FAO/WHO data, the average nutritional intake of stevia glycoside is approximately 1–2 mg/kg body weight, thus not exceeding the recommended accepted daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg/kg body weight.The Nutrition Committee of the Austrian Academy of Paediatrics demands clear declarations of the amounts of stevia and steviol glycosides for all nutrients of relevance to children and adolescents (fruit juice, carbonated beverages, cow’s milk, etc.) in order to calculate the actual nutritional intake of stevia and steviol glycosides.  相似文献   

10.

Network

“Healthy Start – Young Family Network” is a component of “IN FORM – Germany’s national initiative to promote healthy diets and physical activity” of the German government and is funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In this nationwide network specialist medical and scientific societies, professional associations and specialized institutions have joined forces in order to accompany and support parents in all aspects surrounding birth, with information on nutrition, physical activity and allergy prevention.

Recommendations

The recommendations for action on infant nutrition and nutrition of breastfeeding mothers, which first appeared in 2010 were discussed, revised and a consensus was formulated based on current recommendations of relevant specialist organizations and institutions as well as pertinent scientific publications from members of the scientific advisory committee of the network. These recommendations are to be passed on to young families as practical, routine daily advice and also utilized in the extended training of propagators, supplemented by additional information. The recommendations encompass the topics of breastfeeding, infant formulas, complementary food, beverages (supplementary fluid intake), learning to eat, diet of breastfeeding women, nutritional supplements for infants and breastfeeding mothers as well as alcohol, smoking and medication during the lactation period. Furthermore, also included are general recommendations on allergy prevention in children and recommendations on physical activity in infancy and for breastfeeding mothers.
  相似文献   

11.
12.
Zusammenfassung An Lösungen von Cyanhämiglobin wird gezeigt, daß Blutfarbstoff aus Nabelschnurblut rascher durch Hitze zu denaturiren ist als Blutfarbstoff von Erwachsenen. Erwachsenen-Blutfarbstoff verhält sich dabei wie ein einheitlicher Körper, der nach der Gesetzmäßigkeit einer monomolekularen Reaktion denaturiert, während sich bei Nabelschnur-Blutfarbstoff eine Summation von zwei gleichzeitig ablaufenden monomolekularen Reaktionen ergibt: der schnelleren Denaturierung von fetalem Blutfarbstoff und der langsameren von dem ebenfalls in Nabelschnurblut vorhandenen Erwachsenen-Blutfarbstoff. Die Reaktionsgesch windigkeit der Hitzedenaturierung des fetalen CNHb beträgt bei 72° das 2–21/2fache der des erwachsenen-CNHb.Eine Koagulation durch Hitze tritt unter gleichen Bedingungen bei Nabelschnur-Blutfarbstoff noch bei niedrigerer Farbstoffkonzentration ein als bei Erwachsenen-Blutfarbstoff. Sie geht bei gleicher Farbstoffkonzentration im Ablauf der Zeit bei Nabelschnur-Blutfarbstoff rascher vor sich als bei Erwachsenen-Blutfarbstoff.Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.  相似文献   

13.
Ohne ZusammenfassungFür die großzügige Förderung der experimentellen Arbeiten sind wir dem Bundeswirtschaftsministerium, Bonn, der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen, Köln, und dem Forschungskreis der Ernährungsindustrie, Hannover, zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Ohne ZusammenfassungNach einem Vortrage auf der Tagung der sächsisch-thüringischen Kinderärzte in Magdeburg am 21. VI. 1931.  相似文献   

16.
Zusammenfassung Klinische, pathologisch-anatomische und bisherige experimentelle Beobachtungen über das Zustandekommen von Myokardschädigungen bei Grippe werden durch die hier vorliegenden Untersuchungen über eine direkte fermentative Schädigung der Herzmuskelzelle durch Influenza-A-Virus ergänzt; durch die Enzymaktivität von Influenza-Virus lassen sich im EKG beim Kaninchen kennzeichnende und reproduzierbare Veränderungen des Kurvenlaufes mit Senkung der ST-Strecke darstellen; am isolierten Straubschen Froschherzen läßt sich eine Änderung der Herzaktion hervorrufen.Zustandekommen und Bedeutung der Befunde insbesondere für menschliche Grippeerkrankungen werden besprochen und diskutiert.Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danken wir für die Unterstützung zur Durchführung der Versuche.Herrn Prof. Dr. B. de Rudder zum 65. Geburtstag.  相似文献   

17.
18.
Objective. It is the aim of this study to examine causes and accident mechanisms which lead to injuries in childhood involving bunk beds in order to establish strategies for accident prevention. Method. In a retrospective study, we identified infants and toddlers who attended the department of paediatric surgery of the university of Graz after a bunk bed accident between January 1990 and September 2000. Time of the accident and type of injuries sustained were abstracted from the case records. Telephon interviews using a standarized questionnaire inquiring about the place and circumstances of the accident aswell as injury prevention measures used by parents were conducted with families of these children whenever possible. Random sample interviews with families of children aged between 2 and 15 years were done to evaluate the bunk bed use rate and the use of preventive measures. Results. A total of 239 children were included in the retrospective study, 112 girls (46,9%), 127 boys (53,1%). 59,4% were below 6 years of age at the time of the accident, among them 19,4% younger than 3 years. 1,5% of children had sustained multiple injuries, 3,3% skull fractures, 19,2% a minor head injury, 0,8% splenic lacerations, 15,9% long bone fractures, 9,2% other fractures, 1,3% tooth injuries, 7,9% lacerations of scalp or facial skin and 41,0% contusions or sprains. The results of 155 telephone interviews demonstrated that 35,5% were injured in a fall from the top bunk while sleeping, 34,8% in a fall from the top bunk while playing, 23,2% when falling off the ladder and 5,8% when jumping from the top bed. The random sample survey revealed that in relation to age more than one quarter of children had been using bunk beds. 75,9% of these beds were equipped with side-rails and 58,4% of families had placed carpets alongside the bunk bed. Conclusion. The use of adequate, closed side-rails (height above mattress >160 mm) and placement of carpets or mattresses alongside the bunk bed seem to be the most promising injury prevention strategies. Children aged <6 years should not be allowed to use bunk beds.  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung DieMikro-Säurezahlen der Lipoide aus Schaumblasenliquor sind gegenüber denen aus anderen Liquores erhöht. Zusammen mit den chemischephysikalischen Voraussetzungen der Blasenstabilität und den klinischen Beobachtungen (Hydrocephalus) wird deshalb in höheren Fettsäuren als Teilen von Abbauprodukten der Ventrikelwände und der Hirnsubstanz die Ursache für das Auftreten von Schaum blasenzeichnung gesehen.  相似文献   

20.
Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 4 Textabbildungen  相似文献   

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