扩散法被动式二氧化氮个体监测器的研制

研制了一种应用分子扩散法原理测量ＮＯ２的个体监测器。用三乙醇胺浸渍的滤纸作为ＮＯ２吸收介质，采样后用Ｓａｌｔｚｍａｎ比色法分析。采样器在温度－１０～３５℃，风速２０～２５０ｃｍ／ｓ，相对温度１０％～８０％的范围内使用，采样速度单面为７４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；把壳体改进为双面暴露的采样，采样速度为１５０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差为１０％。与有泵的采样方法（溶液吸收管和化学发光仪器）相比较，总准确度为±２２％。与日本同类产品相比较，测定结果是一致的。本监测器最小可测浓度为０．０１３ｍｇ／ｍ３（２４ｈ采样），可广泛应用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式氟化氢个体监测器的研制

本工作研制了基于分子扩散法的被动式ＨＦ个体采样器，采样速度１１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差９％。考察了环境条件对采样速率的影响，结果表明：在室温（１０～３５℃）、风速１０～１５０ｃｍ／ｓ、相对湿度１０％～８０％条件下使用，采样速率基本不变。与ＩＳＯ标准方法现场对比测定，总不确定度±１９％，可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量监测。     

低浓度挥发性有机化合物被动式个体采样器的研究

研制了扩散式挥发性有机化合物（ＶＯＣｓ）个体采样器,适用于对环境空气中和非职业性个体接触ＶＯＣｓ的监测。在风速１０～２６０ｃｍ／ｓ,相对湿度为３０％～８０％,温度为１０～３０℃的范围内使用,采样速率分别为苯：２５．７４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,甲苯：２５．１６ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,四氯乙烯：２５．８５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,对－二甲苯：８．１６ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,苯乙烯：６．４７ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ。与主动式活性炭纤维（ＡＣＦ）管采样法比较,本个体采样器测定空气中靶ＶＯＣｓ的总不确定度均在±２５％以内。     

扩散法被动式甲醛个体监测器（Ⅱ型）的研制

介绍了一种基于气体分子扩散原理的被动式甲醛个体采样器，它是在Ⅰ型采样器的基础上完成的。采用甘油（２０％）／偏重亚硫酸钠（０．２５％）浸渍的定量滤纸（φ４２ｍｍ）作为吸收层，空气中甲醛扩散到吸收层上，形成稳定的化合物。采样一定时间后，取出吸收层，洗脱后，用ＡＨＭＴ化学比色法测定所采集到的甲醛。这种采样器的平均采样速率为８３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，标准偏差为７．２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，与有动力吸收管采样的方法相比较，总不确定度小于±２５％。     

某油田开放型放射性实验室放射卫生监测与评价

报道了对辽宁某油田开放型放射性实验室进行放射卫生防护监测的结果。工作人员操作位置的(照射量率为４．７×１０(－７)Ｃ·ｋｇ(－１)·ｈ(－１),室内空气气溶胶总ａ、总(采样后４ｄ的测值分别为（８．２２８．０）×１０(－４),（０．６～６．３）×１０(－２)Ｂｑ·ｍ(－３),各类房间的地面、墙壁等表面ａ、β放射性范围分别为（４．２～１６．７）ｘ１０(－４),（１．１～２．３）ｘ１０(－１)Ｂｑ·ｃｍ(－２)。同时,对监测结果进行了评价。     

空气悬浮颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃化合物粒径分布的研究

作者利用１２段安德森采样器（＜０．１３～１２．ｌμ）和高效液相色谱法对室内外２－硝基芴（２－ＮＦ）、３－硝基荧蒽（３－ＮＦｌｒ）、１－硝基芘（１－ＮＰ）、６－硝基（６．ＮＣ）和６－硝基苯并（ａ）芘（６－ＮＢａＰ）在悬浮粒子中的粒径分布进行了研究。结果表明，空气颗粒物中的ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ．７５．７％（室外）至８７．７％（室内）存在于粒径小于２．５μｍ的粒子中，室外空气颗粒物中５种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ的浓度均高于室内（Ｉ／Ｏ均值为０．６９），但室内空气颗粒上ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ．的质量浓度高于室外。室内外样本中ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ．、ＰＡＨ．和颗粒物浓度相互间以及各项目室内外浓度间几乎均有显著或高度显著性相关。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定尿中铅

本文介绍火焰法测定尿铅。使用ＨＮＯ３（浓）和Ｈ２Ｏ２（３０％）为氧化剂热消化。所得白色固体全部溶解在５ｍｌ５％（Ｖ／Ｖ）ＨＮＯ３中，火焰法测定，氘灯扣除背景，用特制的石英管火焰罩，可提高灵敏度２￣３倍。检测限０．０４μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１；回收率９１．３％￣１０５％；ＣＶ％＝６．７（两周）；线性范围０￣１２μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１；标准曲线Ｙ＝０．００２９＋０．０８２Ｘ；ｒ＝０．９９９９；与以硫腙法对比实验，统     

个体接触环境空气中苯的监测方法的研究

美国及西欧等国从８０年代开始,研究环境空气中苯的污染和非职业暴露人群的个体接触量［１,２］。我国在这方面的研究起步较晚,原因是缺乏适用于低浓度苯的个体采样器。我们以活性炭纤维（ＡＣＦ）为吸附材料,建立了被动式个体采样器采样／二次热解吸／毛细管气相色谱法测定苯的方法。一、材料与方法（一）仪器与试剂ＨＰ５８９０ＳｅｒｉｅｓⅡ气相色谱仪（ＵＳＡ）、Ｔｅｋｍａｒ６０００热解吸浓缩进样装置（ＵＳＡ）、３０ｍ３暴露腔、主动式不锈钢采样管、被动式个体采样器、活性炭纤维毡（南通永通炭纤维有限公司）、苯（色谱纯）…     

褐藻硫酸多糖清除活性氧自由基作用及动力学的ESR研究

利用ＥＳＲ和自旋捕集技术，首次观察了不同方法提取的两种褐藻硫酸多糖（ＳＰ）对Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应和光照Ｈ２Ｏ２两个体系产生的·ＯＨ清除作用，及对次黄嘌呤／黄嘌呤氧化酶和光照核黄素两个体系产生的Ｏ－．２（ＨＯ·２）清除作用，并且对其清除·ＯＨ和Ｏ－．２的动力学进行了研究。结果表明，热提取物（ＳＰｈ）和冷提取物（ＳＰｃ）均有明显清除ＯＨ和Ｏ－．２作用，且呈量效关系。对Ｏ－．２的清除率高于对·ＯＨ的清除率（８４．７％ｖｓ６９．２％）。ＳＰｈ对两种自由基的清除效果比ＳＰｃ好。在光照核黄素体系中ＳＰｈ３０ｇ／Ｌ几乎完全清除Ｏ－．２，ＳＰｃ可清除６８．９％，而在次黄嘌呤／黄嘌呤氧化酶体系中只需３ｇ／ＬＳＰｈ便可完全清除Ｏ－．２。１５ｇ／ＬＳＰｈ和３０ｇ／ＬＳＰｃ对Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应产生的·ＯＨ的清除率分别为７７．７％和６８．７％。动力学研究表明，ＳＰｈ与·ＯＨ和Ｏ－．２反应的表观速率常数分别为７．１×１０９ｍｏｌ－１·ｓ－１和３２３０．５ｍｏｌ－１·ｓ－１。实验提示ＳＰ可作为一种预防性的抗氧化剂。确证ＳＰ清除自由基为研究其抗ＨＩＶ及肿瘤的机理提供了一条新途径。     

矽尘作业工人血抗脂质过氧化活性变化的研究

作者测试了矽尘作业工人和对照组血超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）的活性变化，结果是矽尘组和对照组ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ的活性分别为２．３９６±０．４１３（×１０￣３Ｕ／ｇＨｂ），３５．０６±６．９４（μｍｏｌＧＳＨ被氧化量／ｍｉｎ·ｇＨｂ）和２、０９８±０．５９１（×１０￣３Ｕ／ｇＨｂ）、２７．４１±９．２０（μｍｏｌＧＳＨ被氧化量／ｍｉｎ·ｇＨｂ），前者均显著高于后者。同时ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ活性高尘龄组也显著高于低尘龄组。揭示长期接触矽尘，体内的脂质过氧化和抗过氧化活性均处于亢奋状态。抗脂质过氧化的增强，可能是机体的一种防御性机制，是矽尘作业者机体对二氧化硅细胞毒性作用的不同阶段的反应。     

Passive dosimeters for nitrogen dioxide in personal/indoor air sampling: a review

Accurate measurement of nitrogen dioxide concentrations in both outdoor and indoor environments, including personal exposures, is a fundamental step for linking atmospheric nitrogen dioxide levels to potential health and ecological effects. The measurement has been conducted generally in two ways: active (pumped) sampling and passive (diffusive) sampling. Diffusion samplers, initially developed and used for workplace air monitoring, have been found to be useful and cost-effective alternatives to conventional pumped samplers for monitoring ambient, indoor and personal exposures at the lower concentrations found in environmental settings. Since the 1970s, passive samplers have been deployed for ambient air monitoring in urban and rural sites, and to determine personal and indoor exposure to NO2. This article reviews the development of NO2 passive samplers, the sampling characteristics of passive samplers currently available, and their application in ambient and indoor air monitoring and personal exposure studies. The limitations and advantages of the various passive sampler geometries (i.e., tube, badge, and radial type) are also discussed. This review provides researchers and risk assessors with practical information about NO2 passive samplers, especially useful when designing field sampling strategies for exposure and indoor/outdoor air sampling.     

扩散法被动式氨个体监测器的研制

根据气体分子扩散原理研制成氨被动式个体监测器。用稀磷酸－甘油混合液浸渍的吸收层来吸收空气中的氨，采样后用靛酚蓝比色法分析，采样速率为１３６ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，标准差为７、８ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；与有动力的方法现场对比测定总不确定度为±１７％，最小可测浓度为５μｇ／ｍ３，可用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

Measurement of personal exposure to NO2 in Sweden--evaluation of a passive sampler.

A passive (filter badge) sampler for personal NO2 exposure measurements was tested in a laboratory setting (exposure chamber), and in the field--outdoors, during periods of high relative humidity (mean 85%) and low temperature (-5 to +10 degrees C), and indoors, in an ice-hockey arena--using chemiluminescence as a reference method. Parallel measurements of NO2 in the exposure chamber (concentration range 100-825 micrograms NO2/m3) for 15, 30, and 60 min sampling periods, showed good agreement between methods. The concentrations obtained with passive samplers were 78 to 122% (mean 94%, SD +/- 11, N = 39) of those obtained with chemiluminescence, using a sampling rate (K'OG) of 0.14 cm/sec. The detection limits were 320, 160, and 80 micrograms NO2/m3 for 15, 30, and 60 minutes of sampling, respectively. Outdoors (concentration range 15-102 micrograms NO2/m3, concentrations obtained with passive samplers were consistently lower than concentrations obtained with chemiluminescence (mean 79%, SD +/- 9.3%, range 61-95%, N = 25), using the K'OG of 0.14 of cm/sec (Passive samplerNO2 = 0.67ChemilumNO2 + 4.5). A better agreement between concentrations obtained with passive samplers and chemiluminescence was achieved with a K'OG of 0.11 cm/sec (mean 100%, SD +/- 12%, range 78-121%, Passive samplerNO2 = 0.84 ChemilumNO2 + 6.4). Indoors (concentration range 210-3895 micrograms NO2/m3), concentrations obtained with passive samplers were 70 to 113% (mean 90%, SD +/- 16%) of the concentrations obtained with chemiluminescence (Passive samplerNO2 = 1.00ChemilumNO2 - 93) using a K'OG of 0.10 cm/sec. Duplicate samples collected indoors N = 18) and outdoors (N = 31) showed a variability (coefficient of variation, or CV) of less than 6%. It was concluded that the passive sampler is useful for measuring personal daily exposure as well as peak exposure. It is necessary to determine sampling rates for various environmental conditions.     

扩散法被动式二氧化硫个体监测器的研制

根据气体分子扩散原理研制成的ＳＯ２被动式个体监测器，是用三乙醇胺和碳酸钠混合液浸渍的滤纸作为吸收介质来吸收空气中ＳＯ２，采样后用甲醛－ＰＲＡ比色法分析。采样速率为７１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，相对标准差为７％。与有动力的方法现场对比测定，总不确定度为±１６％，可用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式挥发性有机化合物个体监测器的研制

研制了一种以单层活性炭颗粒作为吸收介质的被动式挥发性有机化合物个体监测器。空气中挥发性有机化合物依据分子扩散原理传质到采样器中，并吸附到活性炭上。采样后，取出活性炭吸附层，用二硫化碳洗脱，再用气相色谱法定性和定量。对监测器进行了实验室性能评价和现场验证。结果表明，采样器在风速２０～１５０ｃｍ／ｓ，相对温度１０％～８０％，温度－１０～３５℃范围内使用，采样速率分别为６０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（苯）、５４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（甲苯）、５４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（氯仿）和４９ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（对－二甲苯），相对标准差小于５％。在现场与有泵活性炭管采样相比较，本个体监测器测定空气中挥发性有机化合物的总不确定度分别为１２％（苯）、１２％（甲苯）、２６％（对－二甲苯）和１６％（氯仿），可适用于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。     

扩散法被动式NO2个体采样器现场验证的研究

本文对我所研制的扩散法被动式NO2个体采样器进行了现场验证。通过与有动力的溶液法和化学发光法测定仪器以及日本徽章式个体采样器对比验证，表明本采样器可适于室内空气污染和个体接触量的监测。关键词：二氧化氮被动式个体采样器现场验证环境空气中的NOZ是一种常见的污染物，如用煤气烹调，取暖和吸烟，已成为室内NOZ污染的重要来源。以室内固定点监测的结果来评价空气对人体健康的影响是不全面的，人们所关心的是个体接触污染物的水平，由于以往缺乏适宜的个体采样器，使这种有重要意义的监测受到限制。测定空气中NO。通常是用泵采…     

Comparative sampling of hydrogen fluoride with passive and active samplers.

The paper presents a review of passive methods for sampling of hydrogen fluoride. The applicability of these methods for both evaluation of worker personal exposure and area monitoring is discussed. Two passive samplers were used: AREA/EPA and IMROH. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of passive samplers in comparison with the current NIOSH analytical procedure for determining ambient levels of hydrogen fluoride involving sample collection in a bubbler or an impinger with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The sampling rates of the samplers were derived from Fick's First Law of Diffusion. The samples were analysed quickly and easily with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. The results of the tests indicated that the AREAL/EPA sampler design is better suited for measuring worker personal exposure and gives better correlation with the reference method (r2 = 0.66554).