PD模型中GDNF与星形胶质细胞对黑质DA能神经元的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)在帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)中对多巴胺(dopamine neurons,DA)能神经元损伤的影响。方法成年大鼠右侧前脑侧束注射6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备PD模型。PD模型右侧黑质内注射GDNF,于注射后第6周采用免疫组织化学方法观察星形胶质细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)以及多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylasa,TH)的变化。结果模型组、PBS和GDNF组注射侧与非注射侧星形胶质细胞相比,均发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,DA能神经元数量明显减少(P<0.05)。GDNF组与模型组相比,发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,同时残存的DA能神经元数量有所增加(P<0.05)。结论黑质内注射GDNF可能通过激活的星形胶质细胞保护PD大鼠模型黑质DA能神经元。     

星形胶质细胞条件培养液体外诱导胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元的分化

背景：在神经干细胞移植治疗神经系统退行性变及修复神经系统功能损伤过程中,有效的神经干细胞体外增殖与多巴胺能神经元的定向诱导分化尤为关键。 目的：以星形胶质细胞条件培养液为诱导剂,观察胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞体外向多巴胺能神经元的分化。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外对照观察,于2006-12/2007-08在解放军第三军医大学新桥医院实验中心完成。 材料：清洁级新生2 d龄KM小鼠15只,孕16 d Wistar大鼠40只,均由解放军第三军医大学实验动物中心提供。 方法：采用差速黏附法和振荡分离法纯化培养KM小鼠星形胶质细胞,收集传至第3代、培养5 d的星形胶质细胞条件培养液,-20 ℃冻存待用。体外分离Wistar胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞,加入含B27和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的DMEM/F12无血清培养基进行原代培养,传至第3代后按0.5×108 L-1密度接种,设立2组：对照组单纯加入含体积分数0.1为胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基予以自然分化,实验组加入已制备的星形胶质细胞条件培养液进行诱导分化。 主要观察指标：免疫细胞化学染色鉴定胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞,流式细胞仪检测胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的阳性率。 结果：培养的神经球细胞表达巢蛋白,可分化为神经元特异性烯醇化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞。诱导分化7 d后,实验组可见酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞,胞体呈圆形或椭圆形,酪氨酸羟化酶位于胞质及突起中;对照组酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞在数量、细胞成熟形态上均未达到实验组水平。实验组酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞分化率明显高于对照组（t=35.296,P < 0.01）。 结论：在体外星形胶质细胞条件培养液可显著促进胎鼠室管膜前下区神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化。     

星形胶质细胞对脑缺血后神经元的保护作用

神经元和神经胶质细胞共同构成中枢神经系统。而其中星形胶质细胞(astrocytes,AS)在数量上占有绝对优势,其数量是神经元的10～50倍,约占脑体积的一半。AS长期以来被认为是脑组织中简单的堆积物,发     

星形胶质细胞在大脑血流量调节中的作用

功能性脑血流量增多以适应神经代谢功能的需要已有大量研究 ,但神经细胞在脑血流量中的调节作用尚有等进一步阐明。目前研究发现由星状胶质细胞衍生的环氧廿烷三烯酸 (epoxyeicosatrienoicacids,EETs)酶有扩张脑血管的作用 ,大脑微循环血管迅速扩张后 ,使血液流向代谢活跃的神经元区 ,以此来调节大脑血流量。现就其可能的调节机理特点作一综述     

神经胶质细胞在帕金森病发病机制中的作用

目的　探讨胶质细胞在帕金森病 ( Parkinson's disease,PD)发病机制中的作用。方法　采用立体定向术将神经毒素 6 -羟基多巴 ( 6 - hydroxydopamine,6 - OHDA)注入大鼠右侧纹状体内 ,制备经典的帕金森病动物模型。观察黑质致密带内多巴胺 ( dopamine,DA)能神经元缺失、胶质细胞的增生和肿瘤坏死因子 ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF- α)表达水平。结果　模型组右侧黑质 DA能神经元的数量明显减少 ,同时伴有星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的数量明显增高 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,TNF- α在模型组右侧黑质和纹状体内有阳性表达 ,且主要分布在激活的小胶质细胞上。结论　神经胶质细胞可能是通过 TNF- α等细胞因子 ,导致或参与 DA能神经元的大量的变性、死亡。以抑制小胶质细胞的激活作为靶点的药物研究有可能为 PD的治疗提供新的思路。     

星形胶质细胞在神经变性疾病中的研究进展

<正>神经变性疾病(neurodegenerative diseases,ND)是一组原因不明的慢性进行性损伤神经等组织的疾病,以神经细胞死亡和神经网络的连通性破坏为共同病理表型,临床上较为常见的有阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)、肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)、亨廷顿病(Huntington’s disease,HD)、额颞叶痴呆(frontotemporal dementia,FTD)、多系统萎缩(multiple system atrophy,MSA)等。     

星形胶质细胞调节突触可塑性机制的研究进展

在成年脑组织细胞中占90％的胶质细胞一直被认为是简单的大脑填料，支撑和营养神经元以及清除突触间隙中过多的离子和神经递质。但近年研究结果表明神经胶质细胞与神经元间的关系远非如此简单，这些新揭示的功能包括调节突触数目、结构和功能变化，调节神经传导和神经分泌等。在脑发育成熟、学习记忆等生理过程和脑损伤后神经功能恢复过程中突触数目、形态结构和功能会发生某些变化的现象，我们称之为突触可塑性。现就星形胶质细胞（As—trocyte，AS）调节突触可塑性机制的研究进展综述如下。     

星形胶质细胞在多发性硬化发病中的作用机制

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中数量最多的胶质细胞,其生理功能为支持和营养神经元,参与免疫调节和神经递质代谢,支持血-脑脊液屏障,调节神经细胞内、外离子浓度等。星形胶质细胞在多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)中反应性增生,此现象称为星形胶质细胞活化。活化的星形胶质细胞一方面产生一些具有神经损伤的细胞因子,另一方面能分泌有利于神经系统恢复的因子来促进神经生长和修复。因而星形胶质细胞在MS中具有双重角色。在MS发病机制中明确星形胶质细胞在不同发病阶段的作用倾向,可能为MS的治疗提供新的治疗策略。     

星形胶质细胞生物学功能研究进展

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内数目最多的一类细胞，被认为在神经元的整个发育过程中起重要作用。本主要就星形胶质细胞321的生物学功能及其与神经元的关系作一简要回顾。     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

目的 观察鱼藤酮毒性作用及阿糖胞苷(ara-c)干预对体外培养中脑腹侧星形胶质细胞增殖、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)表达的影响. 方法 体外培养大鼠中脑腹侧星形胶质细胞随机分成9组,分别为对照组,10、20、40及60nmol/L鱼藤酮短时程损伤组(用相应浓度鱼藤酮处理24 h),10及20 nmol/L鱼藤酮长时程损伤组(相应浓度鱼藤酮处理30 d),10及20 nmol/L鱼藤酮长时程损伤+ara-c处理组(相应浓度鱼藤酮处理30 d,500nmol/L ara-c处理6 d).增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫细胞化学染色观察细胞增殖情况,GSH检测试剂盒检测细胞GSH含量.免疫细胞化学方法 和Western blot检测GDNF的表达情况. 结果短时程损伤各组10和20 nmol/L鱼藤酮作用 24 h未能使细胞GSH含量及GDNF表达最降低,但40和60 nmol/L鱼藤酮作用24 h可使细胞GSH含量降低、GDNF表达减少.长时程损伤组10和20nmol/L鱼藤酮作用30 d后处于增殖状态的星形胶质细胞比例增高,GSH含量未见降低.但GDNF表达量减少:500nmol/L ara-c抑制细胞增殖后,可使GDNF的表达回升至接近对照组水平且GSH含量明显提高. 结论 鱼藤酮可影响中腩腹侧旱形胶质细胞的增殖和功能,恶化多巴胺能神经元的生存微环境;低浓度ara-c可通过抑制旱形胶质细胞的过度增殖,恢复GDNF表达量并明显提高GSH含量,提示ara-c对帕金森病具有潜在的治疗价值.     

星形胶质细胞对神经回路形成作用研究进展

星形胶质细胞(astrocytes, Ast)是哺乳动物大脑中含量最多的神经胶质细胞,它在维持血脑屏障、调节局部血流量、抗氧化和代谢支持以及神经回路的形成上起着重要的作用。星形胶质细胞可以通过各种分泌信号控制突触的形成、成熟和修剪。近年来,在突触缺陷所引起的一系列神经精神疾病中也可以发现星形胶质细胞的身影,了解星形胶质细胞在神经回路发育和功能的调控,有助于对这一系列健康疾病问题提供新的治疗手段。神经回路的形成主要包括三个过程,首先,轴突和树突之间形成未成熟突触;其二,突触成熟,沉默突触转化为活性突触;其三,敲除和修剪过量及不合格突触。星形胶质细胞可以控制突触形成、成熟和消除的每个阶段以支持神经回路的发生和维护。现将星形胶质细胞对神经回路形成的调节作用研究进展综述如下。     

星形胶质细胞激活与创伤性颅脑损伤研究进展

神经胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统中分布最为广泛的一类细胞,对神经元具有支持、保护、营养、形成髓鞘和修复等多种功能。星形胶质细胞作为神经胶质细胞中的一种,已有大量研究证实其在创伤性脑损伤和神经退行性病变中具有重要作用。文中结合相关文献综述介绍创伤性颅脑损伤后星形胶质细胞激活的病理过程及其中潜在的细胞及分子机制     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

反应性星形胶质细胞对脑缺血神经元的保护

近年来研究发现星形胶质细胞在脑缺血后异常活跃。它可通过分泌生长因子、细胞因子、识别分子等修复损伤的神经元,促进轴突再生及诱导再生神经元的迁移。起到恢复神经系统正常功能的作用。现综述如下。1 星形胶质细胞损伤对神经元的影响近10年研究表明神经胶质细胞在神经系统发育、突触传递、神经组织的修复与再生、神经免疫及多种神经疾病的病理机制中都起着十分重要的作用。用选择性胶质毒素Fluorocitrate(FC)注射入无损伤的鼠脑,造成早期胶质细胞功能紊乱,而产生类似缺血半影区的改变,而且发现在缺乏正常胶质细胞时神经元对扩散性…     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

鱼藤酮对中脑星形胶质细胞的损伤及阿糖胞苷的干预作用

Objective To observe the toxic effects of rotenone on the proliferation, γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH) content and the expression level of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) of rat rnidbrain astrocytes in vitro and the interventional effect of arabinoeytidine (ara-c). Methods In vitro cultured rat midbrain astrocytes were assigned randomly into 9 groups, including a normal control group, 4 short-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 24 h to 10, 20, 40 or 60 nmol/L rotenone, 2 long-term rotenone treatment groups exposed for 30 days to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone, and 2 ara-c groups with 500 nmol/L ara-c treatment following exposure to 10 or 20 nmol/L rotenone for 6 days. The cell proliferation was assessed by immunocytochemical detection of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). GSH content in the treated cells was measured by GSH detection kit, and the expression of GDNF was detected with immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Results The 24-h exposure to low-level rotenone (10 and 20 nmol/L) did not cause any changes in GSH content or GDNF expression in the cells. But at 40 and 60 nmol/L, rotenone treatment for 24 h significantly decreased the GSH content and GDNF expression. Rotenone exposure for 30 days increased the ratio of proliferating astrocytes and decreased GDNF expression level, but the GSH content remained stable. The application of 500 nmol/L ara-c to suppress the cell proliferation restored the expression level of GDNF to almost the control level and markedly increased GSH content. Conclusion Rotenone affects the proliferation and activity of rat midbrain astrocytes in vitro and deteriorates the microenvironment of dopaminergic neurons. Low-level ara-c can increase the GSH content and GDNF expression levels by suppressing the proliferation of rotenone-exposed astrocytes, suggesting its potential value in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.