ZO-1 SNPs与胃癌遗传易感性及预后*

目的:探讨中国福建地区汉族人群中ZO- 1 基因TJP1 4 个已知位点单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）与胃癌遗传易感性及进展和预后的相关性。方法:应用PCR-LDR法检测福建医科大学附属第一医院200 例健康体检个体及220 例原发性胃腺癌患者TJP1基因4 个SNP 位点的基因型。结果:福建地区汉族人群中,TJP-1 SNP rs 7179270 位点稀有等位基因C 的频率为0.2,而其他三个位点（rs 34771010,rs 28578444和rs 41280058）稀有等位基因频率为0.0。TJP1 基因SNP 位点rs 7179270 200 例对照组等位基因C、T 的频率分别为20% 和80% ,胃癌病例组等位基因C、T 的频率为32.6% 和67.4% ;CC、C/T和TT的基因型频率在对照组分别为4% 、32%和64% ,而在病例组为10.9% 、43.2% 和45.9% ,差异具有统计学意义（OR= 1.953,95%CI 1.425～2.677,P<0.001）。 TJP1 rs 7179270位点基因型与胃癌患者的性别、年龄、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及手术后生存时间无显著相关（P>0.05）。 结论:TJP1rs 7179270 位点携带等位基因C 的CC和C/T基因型个体的胃癌患病风险提高,提示检测该位点基因型有助于评估胃癌的遗传易感性;TJP1 rs 7179270 位点的基因型频率与临床病理学参数及胃癌患者手术后生存时间无显著相关性,提示TJP1 rs 7179270 位点多态性可能不参与胃癌的进展和预后;TJP1 rs 34771010、rs 28578444和rs 41280058稀有等位基因频率为0.0,推测中国福建地区人群可能无这三个位点的多态性分布。      

FGFR2基因多态性与乳腺癌的相关性研究

目的:探讨成纤维细胞生长因子受体2基因(FGFR2)第二内含子单核苷酸多态性在女性群体中的频率分布及其与女性乳腺癌易感性之间的相关性.方法:运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术,对106例女性乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌组)和116例正常女性(对照组)对照进行检测,分析两组贵州地区人群FGFR2基因第二内含子的两个单核苷酸多态性位点rs2420946和rs2981579的基因及基因型的分布情况.结果:乳腺癌组FGFR2基因单核苷酸多态性位点rs2420946的基因型(AA,AG.CG)频率分别为15.09%、48.11%、36.79%,对照组为18.10%、43.97%、37.93%;乳腺癌组与对照组A等位基因频率分别为39.15%和40.09%,G等位基因频率分别为60.85%和59.91%;两组人群分别进行比较,基因型及等位基因频率分布的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);FGFR2基因rs2981579的基因型(CC,CT,TT)频率在乳腺癌组分别为30.19%、45.28%、24.53%,对照组为27.59%、48.28%、24.14%;乳腺癌组与对照组c等位基因频率分别为52.83%和51.72%,T等位基因频率分别为47.17%和48.28%;两组人群分别进行比较,基因型频率与等位基因频率分布的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:FGFR2基因第二内含子的两个单核苷酸多态性位点rs2420946及rs2981579在乳腺癌及对照人群中基因型频率与等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义,提示两个位点的多态性与乳腺癌无明显相关性.     

Relationship between tagSNPs and haplotype of TNF-A gene and gastric cancer in Uygur and Han ethnic groups in Xinjiang

目的:探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)和汉族胃癌患者肿瘤坏死因子-α基因(TNF-A)rs 1800629和rs361525位点多态性及其单体型与胃癌易感性的关系.方法:采用Snapshot技术分析322例胃癌患者(其中维族93例,汉族229例)和作为对照的487例非胃癌患者(其中维族231例,汉族256例)TNF-A基因rs1800629和rs361525位点基因型的分布;利用SHEsis软件分析其构成的单体型在病例组和对照组中的分布频率,比较基因型和单体型在病例组和对照组间的分布差异.结果:在维族人群中,TNF-A基因rs1800629和rs361525位点不论是等位基因位点、基因型还是单体型在病例组和对照组中的分布频率差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在汉族人群中,TNF-A基因rs361525位点AA+GA基因型在病例组和对照组之间的分布差异有统计学意义(X2=4.56,P=0.03),即携带A等位基因者发生胃癌的风险增加(OR=2.41,95％ CI:1.06～5.49);rs1800629位点基因型与胃癌之间未发现明显关联;A-A单体型在病例组及对照组分布频率分别为0.92％和0.86％,差异有统计学意义(X2=7.03,P=0.01).结论:TNF-A基因单核苷酸多态性与汉族人群胃癌发病风险相关,这种相关性具有民族差异.     

湖北地区人群乳腺癌易感基因FGFR2多态性研究

目的:探讨湖北地区人群成纤维细胞生长因子受体-2基因(FGFR2)第2内含子单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与乳腺癌易感性的关系。方法:采用PCR及DNA测序方法,对汉族204例女性乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌组)和192名正常女性(对照组)FGFR2基因第2内含子区的2个多态性位点(rs2981582和rs10510097)进行分析,计算基因型和等位基因频率。结果:汉族人群正常对照组FGFR2基因第2内含子SNP位点rs2981582的C/C、C/T和T/T基因型频率分别为31.82%、54.54%和13.64%,而乳腺癌组分别为34.02%、53.61%和12.37%,其基因型和等位基因频率两组相比差异均无统计学意义,P值均>0.05;另一位点rs10510097正常对照组的C/C、C/T和T/T基因型频率分别为60.00%、33.33%和6.67%,乳腺癌组分别为55.31%、36.87%和7.82%,其基因型和等位基因频率两组相比差异均无统计学意义,P值均>0.05。结论:湖北地区人群FGFR2第2内含子2个多态性位点和乳腺癌并无明显相关性。     

TNRC9和FGFR2基因多态性与湖北地区汉族人群乳腺癌患病风险研究

目的:研究探讨TNRC9基因rs3803662和FGFR2基因rs17102287单核苷酸多态性(SNP)及两SNP连锁与湖北地区汉族妇女乳腺癌易感性的关系.方法:抽取汉族510例乳腺癌患者和550例健康妇女外周血,分离淋巴细胞,抽提基因组DNA,检测TNRC9 rs3803662和FGFR2 rs17102287 的基因多态性,计算基因型和等位基因频率,研究各基因型以及基因SNP连锁之间对乳腺癌风险的影响.结果:TNRC9基因SNP位点rs3803662的C/C、C/T和T/T基因型频率在病例组和对照组分别为13.0％、46.4％、40.6％和7.3％、52.1％、40.6％,其基因型频率相比差异有统计学意义,x2=9.40,P=0.043.而等位基因频率两组相比差异均无统计学意义;FGFR2基因SNP位点rs17102287的C/C、C/T和T/T基因型频率在病例组和对照组中差异无统计学意义;等位基因频率两组相比差异无统计学意义.两基因连锁分析D'=0.087,r2=0.085,没有明显连锁不平衡现.结论:TNRC9基因rs3803662多态性与汉族妇女乳腺癌易感性有关,FGFR2基因rs17102287多态性及其与TNRC9基因rs3803662单倍体连锁与湖北地区汉族人群妇女乳腺癌易感性无相关性.     

贵州汉族人群乳腺癌与FGFR2 rs1219648多态性相关性研究*

目的:探讨贵州汉族人群成纤维细胞生长因子受体2（fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,FGFR2）基因单核苷酸多态性与女性乳腺癌易感性之间的相关性。方法:运用聚合酶链反应- 序列特异性引物（PCR-SSP ）方法分析106 例女性乳腺癌患者和116 例正常对照女性FGFR2 基因内含子5 rs 1219648 多态性的分布情况。结果:乳腺癌组FGFR2 基因单核苷酸多态性位点rs 1219648 的基因型（TT,TC,CC）频率分别为50.00% 、25.47% 和24.53% ,对照组分别为29.31% 、48.28% 和22.41% ,乳腺癌组与对照组T 等位基因频率分别为62.74% 和53.45% ,C 等位基因频率分别为37.26% 和46.55% ,FGFR2 rs 1219648 基因型频率及等位基因频率在乳腺癌组与对照组中的分布差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论:FGFR2 基因内含子5 的单核苷酸位点rs 1219648 多态性与乳腺癌可能具有相关性。携带FGFR2 rs 1219648 的TT等位基因型的人群可能更易患乳腺癌。      

TNF-A基因多态性及其单体型与新疆维、汉民族胃癌的关系

目的:探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)和汉族胃癌患者肿瘤坏死因子-α基因(TNF-A)rs1800629和rs361525位点多态性及其单体型与胃癌易感性的关系。方法:采用Snapshot技术分析322例胃癌患者(其中维族93例,汉族229例)和作为对照的487例非胃癌患者(其中维族231例,汉族256例)TNF-A基因rs1800629和rs361525位点基因型的分布;利用SHEsis软件分析其构成的单体型在病例组和对照组中的分布频率,比较基因型和单体型在病例组和对照组间的分布差异。结果:在维族人群中,TNF-A基因rs1800629和rs361.525位点不论是等位基因位点、基因型还是单体型在病例组和对照组中的分布频率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在汉族人群中,TNF-A基因rs361525位点AA+GA基因型在病例组和对照组之间的分布差异有统计学意义(χ=4.56,P=0.03),即携带A等位基因者发生胃癌的风险增加(OR=2.41,95%CI:1.06～5.49);rs1800629位点基因型与胃癌之间未发现明显关联;A-A单体型在病例组及对照组分布频率分别为0.92%和0.86%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.03,P=0.01)。结论:TNF-A基因单核苷酸多态性与汉族人群胃癌发病风险相关,这种相关性具有民族差异。     

转化生长因子β1基因启动子区基因多态性与贲门腺癌发病风险的关联研究

目的:探讨转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1 )基因启动子区C-509T、G-800A和C-988A单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)与中国北方人群贲门腺癌(gastric cardia adenocarcinoma,GCA)遗传易感性的关系.方法:分别采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)技术和PCR-扩增阻滞突变系统(amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)的方法检测214例GCA患者和298名健康对照的 TGF-β1 C-509T、G-800A和C-988A多态性分布情况,同时采用ELISA方法检测血清TGF-β1水平.对110例GCA患者术后的切除肿瘤组织采用免疫组织化学方法检测TGF-β1蛋白表达.结果:TGF-β1基因C-509T多态性位点的基因型和等位基因型频率在GCA组和健康对照组间的分布差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);T等位基因携带者患GCA的风险是 C等位基因的1.46倍[经性别、年龄和上消化管肿瘤家族史校正后的优势比(odd ratio,OR)=1.46,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)为1.05～2.06];与CC基因型相比,携带CT和TT基因型可显著增加GCA的发病风险(校正后的OR分别为1.84和2.02,95%CI分别为1.30～2.37和1.37～2.59).TGF-β1基因 G-800A和C-988A多态性位点的基因型及等位基因型频率在GCA患者组和健康对照组之间的总体分布差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).GCA患者血清TGF-β1水平显著高于健康对照(P＜0.01),C-509T位点携带T等位基因的GCA患者血清TGF-β1水平高于非携带者(P＜0.05).GCA组织中TGF-β1蛋白的阳性表达率显著高于癌旁组织(65.5% vs 15.5%,P＜0.01),C-509T位点携带T等位基因的GCA患者TGF-β1蛋白的阳性表达率高于非携带者(P＜0.05).结论:TGF-β1基因启动子区C-509T位点T等位基因可能是中国北方人群对GCA的遗传易感基因,携带T等位基因的个体可能通过促进TGF-β1的高度表达进而增加了GCA的发病风险.     

RASSF1基因单核苷酸多态性与食管癌的发病风险

目的:探讨RASSF1基因第三外显子G133T和第六外显子A315G单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与陕西地区汉族人群食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)易感性的关系.方法:采用基于人群的病例对照研究,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测120例ESCC和122例健康对照个体RASSF1基因多态位点的基因型频率分布,比较不同基因型与ESCC发生风险的关系.结果:RASSF1基因G133T多态的T等位基因频率和A315G多态的G等基因频率在ESCC患者组分别为17.5%和23.8%,显著高于健康对照组的6.1%和11.9%.根据个体吸烟状况进行分层分析发现,携带G/T基因型或T等位基因(G/T+T/T基因型)和携带A/G基因型或G等位基因(A/G+G/G基因型)可显著增加吸烟个体ESCC的发病风险,经性别、年龄、GIC家族史校正后的OR值分别为11.7和5.02(95%CI=3.95-34.9和2.09-12.06).GIC家族史分层分析发现,携带G/T基因型或T等位基因(G/T+T/T基因型)和A/G基因型可显著增加GIC家族史阳性个体和GIC家族史阴性个体ESCC的发病风险, 经性别、年龄、吸烟状况校正后的OR值为5.08和3.51(95%CI=1.85-13.92和1.69-7.21).结论:携带RASSF1基因G133T多态的T等位基因(G/T+T/T基因型)可能显著增加陕西地区人群ESCC的发病风险.携带RASSF1基因A315G多态的G等位基因(A/G+G/G基因型)可能显著增加陕西地区人群ESCC的发病风险.     

潮汕地区汉族人群MTHFR基因rs1801131多态性与非综合征型唇腭裂的相关性研究

目的：研究5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因rs1801131位点多态性与潮汕地区汉族人群非综合征型唇腭裂（NSCL/P）的相关性。方法：收集潮汕地区汉族人群NSCL/P患儿357名、患儿父亲199名、患儿母亲198名及健康对照者354名的外周血,提取基因组DNA,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术检测MTHFR基因rs1801131位点的基因多态性。采用卡方检验对病例组与正常对照组基因型、等位基因频率进行比较分析。在核心家庭中进行等位基因的传递不平衡检验。家系分析由FBAT2.0.2软件完成。结果：病例组及正常对照组MTHFR基因rs1801131位点基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。病例-对照研究发现rs1801131位点基因型多态性和等位基因多态性与NSCL/P的发病风险无显著相关关系（P > 0.05）,核心家庭等位基因A或C均不存在传递不平衡（P > 0.05）,家系分析显示该人群NSCL/P的发病与rs1801131位点等位基因的分布频率无显著相关关系（P > 0.05）。结论：MTHFR基因rs1801131位点多态性与潮汕地区汉族人群NSCL/P发病无显著相关。     

Association between myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism and lung cancer risk

Many epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between myeloperoxidase (MPO) G-463A polymorphism and lung cancer risk, but the results were controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of 25 studies on MPO polymorphism and lung cancer risk published before July 2013. The allele of A was found to be associated with decreased risk of lung cancer compared with G allele (OR, 0.90; 95 % CI, 0.82–0.98) in the general population. The significant association remained in the comparison between AA?+?AG and GG (OR, 0.92; 95 % CI, 0.87–0.98). When it was stratified according to Asian population, the association between MPO polymorphism and lung cancer risk was further strengthened. However, no associations were found in the Caucasian population. This meta-analysis has demonstrated that MPO polymorphism might contribute to individual’s susceptibility to lung cancer in Asian population. Caucasian authors could re-investigate the association between MPO polymorphism and lung cancer risk with more specific participants. Future studies focusing on interactions between combined genes and environmental risk factors are warranted.     

髓过氧化物酶基因G-463A多态性与肺癌易感性关系的meta分析

背景与目的关于髓过氧化物酶基因G-463A多态性与肺癌易感性关系已有广泛研究,但研究结果不一致。本研究利用meta分析的方法探讨髓过氧化物酶基因G-463A多态性与肺癌易感性的相关性。方法全面检索公开发表的关于髓过氧化物酶基因G-463A多态性与肺癌易感性关系的研究,把研究人群分为高加索人群和东亚人群,以病例组与对照组比值比(odds ratio,OR)为效应指标,应用meta分析软件RevMan4.2分别计算两种人群的合并OR值及95%CI,同时给出meta分析森林图和倒漏斗图。结果纳入文献研究20篇,其中高加索人群研究纳入病例5381例,对照5827例;东亚人群研究纳入病例1558例,对照1755例。计算高加索人群及东亚人群髓过氧化物酶基因-463位点AA+AG/GG合并OR值,分别为0.91(95%CI:0.81-1.02)、0.83(95%CI:0.63-1.09),高加索人群有发表偏倚,东亚人群没有发表偏倚。结论髓过氧化物酶基因G-463A多态性与肺癌易感性在高加索人群及东亚人群均不具有明显相关性,东亚人群研究样本量少,有待进一步研究。     

Correlation between metastatic potency and the down-regulation of E-cadherin in the mouse hepatoma cell lines G-1 and G-5

Cell-cell adhesiveness, involving the adherens junction system including homophilic adhesion of cadherin and intracellular catenins, is a critical factor for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We evaluated the levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in hepatoma cell sublines with high and low metastatic capacities. Stimulation of these cells with serum growth factors for more than 3 h after 24 h of starvation caused decreases in levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in the subline with high metastatic capacity, G-5. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the subline with low metastatic capacity, G-1. Concomitantly with the decreases in E-cadherin and beta-catenin levels, G-5 cells were dissociated and detached from the culture dish, although G-1 cells again showed no morphological alterations. These in vitro results reflected the in vivo metastatic potencies of these hepatoma sublines, and further suggested the importance of the adherens junction system in determining metastatic potency of these parenchymal tumor cell lines as in epithelial/endothelial tumors.     

Myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study

Several epidemiological studies have shown that the myeloperoxidase (MPO) G-463A polymorphism may influence the risk of many cancers, including lung, breast, bladder and laryngeal cancer. However, there is no study concerning the MPO polymorphism and gastric cancer risk. In this hospital-based, case-control study, we used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism protocols to examine the prevalence of MPO G-463A polymorphism in gastric cancer. A significantly different distribution of the MPO -463G/A genotype was demonstrated among the cases and controls (chi2=7.42, P=0.03). Subjects with the variant genotypes (the sum of GA and AA) had a 44% reduced risk of gastric cancer relative to those with GG [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.56; 95% CI: 0.32-0.97]. Stratified analyses revealed that the protective effect of A allele was significant in male (adjusted OR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.26-0.98) or younger subjects (age<58 years) (adjusted OR=0.42; 95% CI: 0.18-0.94), but not in female or older subjects. In addition, there was also a significantly reduced risk in subjects residing in rural areas (adjusted OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.95) but not in urban areas. The interaction between the MPO G-463A polymorphism and smoking status was not observed in this study. Tumor differentiation was also not found to be associated with the MPO genotype. In conclusion, our results showed that the MPO -463 G to A variant may be associated with the decreased risk of gastric cancer in Chinese population.     

A multicenter clinical study of oral topical administration of G-512 on chemotherapy-associated intraoral mucosal lesions of patients with hematological malignancies. G-512 Therapeutic Study Group for Intraoral Mucosal Lesions

We evaluated the usefulness of PGE2 on chemotherapy-associated oral mucosal lesions of the patients with hematological malignancies and compared the efficacy of the troche with that of the tablet. One hundred and fifty three patients were given 0.5 mg of these PGE2 topically three times daily. One hundred and fourty five cases were evaluable (Tablet; 85, Troche; 60). 1) Symptoms and signs were improved in 102/144 (70.8%) and 102/145 (70.3%), respectively. The overall response rate was 70.3%. 2) The improvement rates were 77.5% (55/71), 85.7% (6/7) and 62.7% (32/51) in leukocyte count-increased, -unchanged and -decreased patients, respectively. 3) No background factor of the patients except performance status affected the improvement rate. 4) Higher improvement rate was noted in the PGE2 early starting group (within 5 days after the appearance of oral lesions) than the late group (6 days and thereafter) (76.5% v.s. 55.8%: U-test p less than 0.1, chi2-test p less than 0.05). 5) There was no difference in the efficacy rate between the tablet and the troche. 6) Mild side effects were seen in 10 cases. These results suggest that topical administration of PGE2 is safe and useful for improving chemotherapy-associated oral mucosal lesions of patients with hematological malignancies.     

Association between the TGFBR2 G-875A Polymorphism and Cancer Risk: Evidence from a Meta-analysis

Disrupted transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) signaling is involved in the development of various types ofcancer and the TGF-β receptor II (TGFBR2) is a key mediator of TGF-β growth inhibitory signals. It is reportedthat the G-875A polymorphism in TGFBR2 is implicated in risk of various cancers. However, results for theassociation between this polymorphism and cancer remain conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation, ameta-analysis of 3,808 cases and 4,489 controls from nine published case-control studies was performed. Ouranalysis indicated that G-875A is associated with a trend of decreased cancer risk for allele A versus(vs.) alleleG [odds ratio (OR) =0.64, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.55-0.74], as well as for both dominant model [(A/A+G/A) vs. G/G, OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90] and recessive model [A/A vs. (G/G+G/A), OR=0.74, 95% CI:0.59-0.93). However, larger scale primary studies are required to further evaluate the interaction of TGFBR2G-875A polymorphism and cancer risk in specific cancer subtypes.     

G- and C-banding patterns in the T2 murine leukemia.

The bone marrow cells of BALB/c mice with T2 murine leukemia were analyzed cytogenetically. Of 98 leukemia metaphases, 16.3% were hypodiploid, 4.1% hyperdiploid, and 79.5% diploid. The distribution of G bands in diploid metaphases indicated that almost half of them were pseudodiploid, with chromosome abnormalities such as trisomies, monosomies, nullisomies, unidentified chromosomes, translocations, deletions, or duplications. Since all mouse chromosomes are acrocentric and can be identified only tentatively most of the anomalies detected with G-banding procedures would have passed unnoticed with conventional cytogenetic techniques. The C-banding pattern of leukemia cells did not differ from that of normal controls. However, a considerable number of leukemia cell metaphases had bridges connecting the centromeric C bands of two or more chromosomes. This phenomenon probably indicates an increased stickiness of the heterochromatin, which may produce mitotic nondisjunction and the appearance of monosomies and trisomies.     

A phase 2 cancer chemoprevention biomarker trial of isoflavone G-2535 (genistein) in presurgical bladder cancer patients

The soy compound genistein has been observed preclinically to inhibit bladder cancer growth with one potential mechanism being the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation (p-EGFR). A phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated whether daily, oral genistein (300 or 600 mg/d as the purified soy extract G-2535) for 14 to 21 days before surgery alters molecular pathways in bladder epithelial tissue in 59 subjects diagnosed with urothelial bladder cancer (median age, 71 years). G-2535 treatment was well tolerated; observed toxicities were primarily mild to moderate gastrointestinal or metabolic and usually not attributed to study drug. Genistein was detected in plasma and urine of subjects receiving G-2535 at concentrations greater than placebo subjects' but were not dose-dependent. Reduction in bladder cancer tissue p-EGFR staining between the placebo arm and the combined genistein arms was significant at the protocol-specified significance level of 0.10 (P = 0.07). This difference was most prominent when comparing the 300-mg group with placebo (P = 0.015), but there was no significant reduction in p-EGFR staining between the 600-mg group and placebo. No difference in normal bladder epithelium p-EGFR staining was observed between treatment groups. No significant differences in tumor tissue staining between treatment groups were observed for COX-2, Ki-67, activated caspase-3, Akt, p-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or p-MAPK. No significant differences in urinary survivin or BLCA-4 levels between treatment groups were observed. Genistein displayed a possible bimodal effect (more effective at the lower dose) on bladder cancer tissue EGFR phosphorylation that should be evaluated further, possibly in combination with other agents.     

Early effects of G- and GM-CSF upon HL-60 proliferation and differentiation

Effects of human recombinant G- and GM-CSF upon HL-60 myeloid leukemic cell differentiation and proliferation have been studied. Minimal morphologically apparent differentiation was noted with treatment up to 7 days and concentrations up to 1000 units/ml. Cell surface marker analysis disclosed modest increases of MO1 and HLA-Dr expression following treatment with G-CSF/GM-CSF, for 2-4 days. Macromolecular synthesis rates following 24-hr exposures to CSF disclosed stimulation of [3H]uridine greater than [3H]thymidine greater than [3H]leucine by GM-CSF only. Proliferation was also assessed by flow cytometric DNA histogram analysis which also disclosed greater increases in the percentage of S + G2/M cells following GM-rather than G-CSF treatment. This study documents subtle early effects of G- and GM-CSF upon HL-60 proliferation and differentiation. Differentiative effects were relatively more marked with G-CSF while proliferative effects were more marked with GM-CSF.