经阴道超声介入预防PCOS不孕症OHSS发生的探讨

目的评价经阴道超声（TVS）引导下小卵泡穿刺术（ASF）对于预防药物治疗多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕症患者发生中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征（OHSS）的有效性。方法在辅助生殖治疗中，于药物促卵泡治疗的早期对有OHSS早期超声指征的25例PCOS患者行ASF。根据阴道超声检测卵巢及卵泡情况，保留3个或以下优势卵泡，对直径小于或等于12mm小卵泡进行穿刺抽吸，随访观察这些患者OHSS症状及体征。结果25例接受治疗的患者均没有发生中、重度OHSS，其中7例患者（28％）成功受孕。结论注射尿促性腺激素后早期进行ASF治疗对防止PCOS患者中、重度OHSS的发生有较大作用，且获得较高的妊娠率。掌握好进行ASF的时机是预防OHSS的重要因素，而早期TVS监测是十分重要的措施。     

Transvaginal sonography and abnormal ovarian appearance in menstrual cycle disturbances

Transvaginal ultrasound examinations were performed in 37 oligo- or a-menorrheic women to describe ovarian changes and potential correlations with clinical and some biochemical features of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Findings were compared between the right and left ovary and between each of three subsequent examinations of the same ovary. In any one ovary, no significant difference was found between mean ovarian volume, stroma echogenicity, mean follicle number and size. Correlation between ovarian volume and follicle number was strong in all examinations. Follicle number in both ovaries correlated significantly with ovarian stroma echogenicity and some biochemical markers of PCOS. These observations validate the usefulness of transvaginal sonography in demonstrating numerous correlations in menstrual cycle disturbances. The strong necessity to reevaluate sonographic criteria of PCOS is highlighted.     

阴式探头经直肠超声在诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨阴式探头经直肠超声(TRUS)检查在诊断未婚女性多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)中的应用价值.方法 对64例无性生活史的PCOS患者分别行经腹部超声检查(TAS)及TRUS检查,观察患者双侧卵巢,对卵泡个数、卵泡大小、卵巢体积进行测量,对比两种检查方法的结果.结果 经TRUS与经TAS在卵巢显示率、卵泡数量及卵泡大小的显示上差异均有有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);在显示小卵泡方面TRUS较TAS效果更佳,且对于卵巢内部结构上的显示也较TAS更加清晰.结论 阴式探头经直肠超声检查可提高PCOS的早期诊断率,效果与经阴道超声相当,在临床中有广泛的应用价值.     

Transvaginal sonography of postmenopausal ovaries with pathologic correlation

The sonographic appearance of 67 ovaries in 34 postmenopausal women who underwent preoperative transvaginal sonography (TVS) was correlated to findings on pathologic examination. Both ovaries were detected by TVS in 60% of the women examined; in 85%, at least one ovary was detected. The size of the normal, sonographically visualized postmenopausal ovary was 2.2 +/- 0.7 cm in transverse, 1.2 +/- 0.3 cm in anteroposterior, and 1.1 +/- 0.6 cm in longitudinal axes, with an average volume of 2.6 +/- 2.0 cm3. The average size of ovaries that were not detected by TVS was 0.7 x 0.4 cm (range, 0.3 to 1.3 cm); most of these (five of six) were atrophic on pathologic exam. The difference between actual and sonographically measured size was negligible (TVS overestimated by 0.3 cm). Four simple cysts that ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm were found by TVS and confirmed pathologically, as were three benign serous cystadenomas that ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 cm, one 3 x 6-cm tubal carcinoma, and one 1 X 4-cm paratubal cyst. TVS missed a 6-cm dermoid, a 2.5-cm cystadenoma, a 0.8-cm Sertoli cell tumor, and a 0.5-cm fibrothecoma that were nonpalpable but that were found on pathologic examination. None of the missed lesions were palpable preoperatively. The positive predictive value was 94% for detection of an ovarian mass; the negative predictive value for exclusion of an ovarian lesion was 92%. It is concluded that TVS can accurately delineate the ovaries in most, but not all, postmenopausal women and that only rarely will pathologic lesions not be detected by TVS.     

Polycystic ovary syndrome: it is always bilateral?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether patients with unilateral polycystic ovary showed different ovarian and uterine blood flow from those with bilateral polycystic ovaries, and to investigate whether there was a correlation between the ultrasonographic aspect and different hormonal parameters. DESIGN: An observational study. SUBJECTS: Sixteen patients with unilateral polycystic ovary and twenty patients with bilateral polycystic ovaries underwent clinical, biochemical, gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation. METHODS: The following parameters were evaluated: hormonal (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH concentration ratio, estradiol, prolactin, androstenedione, testosterone), clinical (body mass index, Ferriman-Gallwey score), ultrasonographic (ovarian volume, number and distribution of subcapsular follicles, stromal score) and Doppler (uterine artery and intraparenchymal vessel pulsatility index, ovarian stromal vascularization), in oligomenorrheic patients in the early follicular phase (cycle days 3-5) or in amenorrheic patients at random. RESULTS: Significantly higher androstenedione plasma levels and LH/FSH concentration ratios were observed in bilateral polycystic ovaries. In unilateral polycystic ovaries, gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography showed different features in the affected and the unaffected ovary, similar to the appearance of a polycystic and normal ovary, respectively. CONCLUSION: Polycystic ovary syndrome does not predetermine a single ultrasonographic and Doppler pattern.     

Ovarian stroma flow intensity decreases by age: a three-dimensional power doppler ultrasonographic study

This was a prospective comparative clinical study to test the hypothesis that the flow intensity of the ovarian stroma decreases in the order of the aging process. A total of 100 consecutive women who came to our outpatient clinic for Pap smear examination were recruited. They were divided into three groups. The premenopause group (58 women) had menstruated within the last 3 months and had normal ovaries (no polycystic ovary or any pathologic cyst or mass), as demonstrated on the baseline ultrasound (US) examination. The perimenopause group (20 women) had last menstruated between 3 and 12 months earlier and had normal ovaries. The postmenopause group (22 women) had had no menstrual cycle within the last 12 months and had normal ovaries. Three-dimensional power Doppler US was applied to quantify the blood flow and vascularization within the stroma of the bilateral ovaries. The results showed that the E2 level decreased in the order of: premenopause (mean +/- SD; 40.88 +/- 40.65 pg/mL), perimenopause (22.00 +/- 13.61 pg/mL), then postmenopause (17.25 +/- 16.40 pg/mL). The vascularization index (VI) (6.95 +/- 8.35; 1.11 +/- 0.93; 0.53 +/- 1.75; respectively), flow index (FI) (15.98 +/- 7.59; 12.00 +/- 3.86; 5.18 +/- 5.31; respectively) and vascularization-flow index (VFI) (1.25 +/- 1.59; 0.18 +/- 0.15; 0.09 +/- 0.32; respectively) all decreased significantly in the order of premenopause, perimenopause, then postmenopause. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using 3-D power Doppler sonography that proves that the flow intensity decreases along with the aging process in the ovarian stroma.     

Ultrasound criteria in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Not all women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on ultrasound (US) will have the syndrome, and clinical and biochemical features of PCOS may be present without US features. The sensitivity of US in detecting PCOS was, therefore, prospectively determined in 72 women (32 PCOS and 40 controls). The most sensitive features were the presence of 10 or more follicles (82% and 69% in the left and right ovary) and a peripheral distribution of follicles (81.8% and 71.9% in the left and right ovary). Although ovarian enlargement and stromal brightness were not as sensitive as the previous criteria, stromal brightness was most specific. Combining all the criteria predicted a diagnosis of PCOS or control correctly in 86.4% of cases. This study shows that established US criteria of polycystic ovaries remain of value in the diagnosis of PCOS; however, the discrepancy between the left and right ovaries is an interesting but unexplained finding.     

Polycystic ovarian syndrome: assessment with color Doppler angiography and three-dimensional ultrasonography.

We conducted a three-dimensional ultrasonographic evaluation of the size and structure of the ovaries of women who had clinical and biochemical findings suggestive of polycystic ovary syndrome. We carried out a comparative color Doppler frequency and color Doppler amplitude study of the vascular patterns of these ovaries. This study involved 65 women of reproductive age with polycystic ovary syndrome and 25 eumenorrheic women who were not taking hormonal contraceptives and who had a body mass index below 25 kg/m2. Compared to controls, women with polycystic ovary syndrome had larger ovaries and thicker stroma, increased impedance in the uterine arteries, increased stromal vascularity with decreased impedance that persisted throughout the menstrual cycle, and a lack of luteal conversion.     

Ovarian Stromal Hyperthecosis

Objective. Ovarian stromal hyperthecosis (SH) has variable clinical importance but can cause hyperandrogenism, particularly in premenopausal women. Sonography is often used to evaluate the ovaries of women with hyperandrogenism, but there is little published regarding the sonographic appearance of SH. The primary purpose of this study was to describe the sonographic features of SH. Methods. A computerized search of our institution's pathology and imaging databases from 1996 through 2007 was performed to identify patients with histologically proven SH who had pelvic sonography before surgery. Sonograms and histologic findings were reviewed in each case. Results. Twenty ovaries with SH were identified, occurring in 14 patients with a mean age of 59.8 years (range, 36–83 years). The SH was bilateral in 6 patients, unilateral in 6, and of uncertain laterality in 2 with a unilateral oophorectomy. Sonographic findings were as follows: 5 normal, 1 with a hemorrhagic cyst (later resolved) and otherwise normal, 3 enlarged but otherwise normal, 1 with a solid mass due to the nodular form of SH, 1 with a solid mass due to a fibroma, 2 with polycystic ovaries, and 7 not seen. Six of the 14 patients (43%) also had an ovarian fibrothecoma. Conclusions. Ovarian SH has variable sonographic features. Most commonly, the affected ovaries are either normal or slightly enlarged. A solid mass may infrequently be visible, and polycystic ovary syndrome changes may coexist with SH. A possible association of SH with fibrothecoma was also noted, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported.     

Subtorsion of the ovary: sonographic features and clinical management.

OBJECTIVE: To define the sonographic imaging criteria of ovarian subtorsion. METHODS: Fourteen women 16 to 35 years of age with suspected unilateral twisted ovaries were sonographically evaluated in a tertiary care center before laparoscopy. Transvaginal sonography was performed to determine the longest ovarian dimension, diameter of the periovarian vessels, and degree of intraovarian blood flow and to evaluate ovarian morphology. Laparoscopy was performed to verify the sonographic findings and to perform detorsion. RESULTS: All ovaries with subtorsion were of normal size, although still significantly longer than the contralateral, normal ovaries (47.5 and 29.6 mm, respectively; P = .001). The mean diameter of the periovarian vessels was significantly greater for the ovaries with subtorsion than the normal ovaries (29.9 and 19.2 mm, respectively; P= .0001). At laparoscopy, the ovary was twisted less than 180 degrees in 9 patients and 180 degrees to 360 degrees in 5. The degree of twisting correlated significantly with the size of the ovary (P = .016) and diameter of the periovarian vessels (P = .046). The 3-month sonographic follow-up after detorsion revealed bilateral normal ovarian dimensions with proper follicular growth. CONCLUSIONS: Congestion of the periovarian vessels with normal ovarian morphology and persistent blood flow on sonography, combined with the presence of appropriate clinical signs, may be indicative of ovarian subtorsion.     

Endovaginal doppler flow measurements of the ovarian artery in patients with a normal menstrual cycle and with polycystic ovary syndrome during in vitro fertilization

Women with a normal menstrual cycle (n = 21, controls), polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 10) and hypogonadotropic amenorrhea (n = 3) were stimulated with clomiphen-citrate (4th day to 8th day of the cycle) and with human menopausal gonadotropin (8th day to 11th day). The vascular impedance of the ovary carrying the dominant follicles was monitored by endovaginal pulsed Doppler flow measurement. Simultaneously, serum levels of LH, E₂ and 17-OHP were assayed. Contrary to controls, women with polycystic ovary syndrome or hypogonadotropic amenorrhea showed decreased hormone levels and no lowering of the vascular impedance. In controls, the lower pulsatility index is caused by neovascularization around the dominant follicle and by E₂-induced vasodilatation in the ovarian artery. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons.     

Three-dimensional ultrasonic volume measurement of the ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To explore the ability of 3D volume measurement to evaluate the ovaries of normal women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods 3D images of the ovaries of 10 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 normal women with regular menstrual cycles were reconstructed. Three-dimensional ultrasonography was used to calculate ovarian volume, stromal volume, and follicular number in each patient. A Voluson 530D ultrasound system (Medison) with software version 4 was used to obtain the images. The trapezoid formula was used to measure ovary and follicle volume by outlining the areas of multiple parallel sections at different distances from the ovary and follicle. Stromal volume was determined by subtracting the sum volume of the follicles from ovarian volume. Results Ovarian volume in normal and PCOS women was 5.66±2.30 cm³ and 9.41±3.08 cm³, respectively (P=0.0002); stromal volume was 4.54±1.83 cm³ and 8.31±3.07 cm³, respectively (P=0.0005); and follicular number was 3.55±1.57 and 11.25±4.33, respectively (P=0.0001). Stromal volume and follicular number correlated closely with ovarian volume in PCOS patients (r²=0.944,P=0.0001 and r²=0.486,P=0.006, respectively). Conclusion Accurate volume measurement with 3D ultrasound allows quantitative evaluation of the ovary. The excellent reconstructive images and convenient volume measurement of 3D ultrasound support its use in obstetrics and gynecology.     

Sonographic visualization of normal-size ovaries during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of ultrasound to detect ovaries of normal size during pregnancy METHODS: A prospective study of 329 women with a normal pregnancy course was undertaken; 68 were excluded from analysis because of an enlarged, cystic ovary. Of the remainder, 60 pregnancies were examined in the first trimester and 201 in the second or third trimester. The first group underwent transvaginal (TVS) and transabdominal (TAS) scanning. The second group underwent TAS examination only. RESULTS: In the first-trimester group, TVS identified both ovaries in 57 patients (95%) and transabdominal ultrasound in 20 (33.3%). In the second- and third-trimester patients, TAS visualized both ovaries in 33 patients (16.4%), and neither ovary in 120 (59.7%). Both ovaries were less visible with advancing gestational age. The right ovary showed a significant change in position during pregnancy, from about 1 cm (at 15-24 weeks) to 2.5 cm (at 30-41 weeks) cranial to the iliac spine. The left ovary was found 1 cm above the iliac spine throughout pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal sonography is adequate for the visualization of both ovaries in the first trimester of pregnancy. With advanced gestational age, the ovaries were significantly less visible by TAS. Sonographic scanning of the ovaries in second and third trimester should be concentrated mainly at the level of the iliac spine. Poor sonographic visualization of both ovaries in late gestation may mandate the use of other imaging modalities.     

Endocrinological and histological aspects of the process of polycystic ovary formation in the rat treated with testosterone propionate

To elucidate the process underlying polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome, we tried to produce experimental PCO by sterilizing rats with androgen and investigated the formation of PCO endocrinologically and histologically. Wistar-Imamichi strain female rats were given an injection of testosterone propionate 1.25 mg on 5 days of age. On 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130, 160, 200 days after the injection the ovaries were obtained. Ovarian wedge resection was also performed at 100 and 200 day-rats. Serum gonadotropins, prolactin and steroids were measured with RIA and compared with ovarian pathology. Serum prolactin was increased drastically 40 days after the injection and maintained at a constant level higher than control. Through wedge resection, the serum LH level returned to normal, but FSH slightly increased. Serum estradiol decreased more markedly than estrone did. The 40 day-ovaries showed polycystic features, lack of corpus luteum, hyperthecosis, luteinization of stroma, while no thickening of tunica albuginea. In conclusion, the rats treated with testosterone propionate had many endocrinological and histological aspects similar to those of human PCO syndrome.     

Female precocious puberty, obesity and polycystic-like ovaries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of obese girls with gonadotropin releasing hormone-dependent precocious puberty with and without polycystic-like ovaries. METHODS: Forty-seven overweight (> 75(th) centile of the Italian reference data) girls with a diagnosis of isosexual precocious puberty underwent auxological analysis, hormonal assay and utero-ovarian sonographic and Doppler evaluation. On the basis of sonography the patients were subdivided into two groups, girls presenting normal ovaries (Group I; n = 31) and those with polycystic-like ovaries (Group II; n = 16). RESULTS: The mean body weight was significantly higher (P = 0.003) in Group II than it was in Group I. In addition, the patients with polycystic-like ovaries fell within our definition of superobese (> or = 97(th) centile of the Italian reference data) in 44% of cases. The uterine and ovarian volumes were significantly greater in Group II compared with Group I patients. The Doppler evaluation showed intraparenchymal ovarian vascularization and low downstream impedance to flow in all patients in Group II. CONCLUSIONS: Girls with precocious puberty and polycystic ovaries, compared with those without polycystic ovaries, have a higher incidence of body weight exceeding the 85(th) centile of the Italian reference data (obesity).     

绝经后妇女腔内超声特点

目的通过腔内超声建立绝经后妇女正常子宫与卵巢体积的数值及形态图像,以便筛查异常子宫病变与异常卵巢体积与卵巢肿瘤.方法经阴道对绝经后3026例妇女进行TVS检查,测量子宫、卵巢的长、宽、厚三径.结果按具体公式计算出萎缩子宫三径之和＜11cm,卵巢体积应＜10cm3或8.8ml.结论经TVS检查是测量子宫与卵巢体积与形态的最佳方法,是筛查绝经后子宫病变与卵巢癌的首选方法.     

经阴道超声在多囊卵巢综合征诊断中的价值

目的探讨经阴道超声在多囊卵巢综合征诊断中的应用价值,为临床提供参考。方法选取我院收治的60例多囊卵巢综合征患者（实验组）及60例同期来我院行体检的正常育龄妇女（对照组）作为观察对象,收治时间为2012年1月~2014年12月,两组观察对象均实施阴道超声检查,实验组患者同时实施腹部超声检查。观察比较两组观察对象的卵泡数目、卵巢体积、搏动指数及阻力指数以及两种检查方式的检查结果。结果两种检查方式的检查结果以及两组观察对象的卵泡数目、卵巢体积、搏动指数及阻力指数的比较结果存在显著差异,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论对多囊卵巢综合征患者采取阴道超声进行诊断,能较为直观、清晰显示卵巢特征,有效提高诊断准确率。      

Transvaginal sonography in postmenopausal women

Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is a recent addition to the diagnostic techniques available for the evaluation of the female pelvis. Our experience in over 200 cases of postmenopausal women is the subject of this synoptic review. Using this technique in 60 women, we were able to detect endometrial changes such as endometrial carcinoma or adenomatous hyperplasia in 81% and in a group of 19 patients myometrial invasion in 84%. Fibroids of different sizes and locations could be recognized, some of them with signs of cystic degenerations. In 48 postmenopausal women, TVS was used to follow the morphologic changes in the endometrium stimulated by hormone replacement therapy. Histological features of the endometrium were in close correlation with the sonographic patterns obtained. Ultrasound evaluation has been suggested as a possible screening tool for early changes in ovarian size and morphology. Fifty patients were evaluated for the effectiveness of TVS to detect ovarian pathology. The sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 100%, the same as that of gross examination of the ovary at the time of surgery. It seems that TVS is a reliable tool in the detection of early changes in the postmenopausal ovary, but further evaluation in a large population is necessary to assess the usefulness of TVS as a routine screening tool for early ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-nine postmenopausal women with unilateral simple cysts (diameter less than or equal to 5 cm) were identified. All exhibited benign histopathologic changes. We conclude that small (less than 5 cm) postmenopausal cysts have a low incidence of malignancy and could be followed by TVS without immediate surgical intervention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Grid Analysis Improves Reliability in Follicle Counts Made by Ultrasonography in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Poor reliability has been reported when counting the total number of follicles in polycystic ovaries using conventional two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound viewing methods. In the current study, we report good reliability in follicle counts when observers imposed a programmable grid system over the viewing window. Four observers estimated total follicle counts in 45 ovarian ultrasound scans by compartmentalizing the ovary into 9 to 12 grid sections and performing focused follicle counts per section. The mean number of follicles counted per ovary was 44.6 ± 2.3. The level of inter-observer agreement when making follicle counts was 0.82 and total follicle counts did not differ among observers. The level of intra-observer agreement was 0.93 which further corroborated the utility of this method for making dependable follicle counts. In summary, the ability to obtain reproducible follicle counts will help to establish reliable diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology. (E-mail: MEL245@cornell.edu)     

多囊卵巢综合征经腔三维能量多普勒超声参数及血管化指标特征的分析

目的 探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)经腔三维能量多普勒超声特征.方法 运用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流显像及三维能量多普勒超声对75例PCOS患者、63例正常者进行观察,测量卵巢平均直径、最大切面卵泡数、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、卵巢容积(V总)、间质容积(V间质)、卵泡容积(V卵泡)、平均灰度值(MG)、血管化指数(VI)、血流指数(FI)和血管化-血流指数(VFI).结果 PCOS卵巢平均直径,卵泡数、V总、V间质、V卵泡、VI和VFI大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).PCOS卵巢PI、RI小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 PCOS患者具有多囊卵巢超声影像学特征性的改变,三维能量多普勒超声可以精确测量卵巢容积,定量评估卵巢间质血流,VI和VFI可作为辅助诊断PCOS的新指标.