升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤手术治疗经验，以期进一步提高手术疗效。方法：自2000年7月至2002年5月应用深低温停循环（DHCA）和上腔静脉逆行脑灌注（RCP）技术手术治疗升主动脉和弓部动脉瘤20例，其中急症手术5例。施行全弓置换术2例，全弓置换和象鼻手术3例，半弓置换术15例。同期行Bentall手术8例，升主动脉置换术或同时行主动脉瓣置换术12例，冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。结果：术后早期死亡1例，短时间浅昏迷1例，呼吸功能不全2例，肾功能不全2例，无晚期死亡。结论：DHCA和RCP技术是手术治疗升主动脉和弓部瘤的安全、有效方法，急性A型夹层动脉瘤的手术方式取决于内膜破裂口的位置；正确掌握DHCA和RCP技术，手术方式和手术技术、围术期处理是提高手术疗效的关键因素。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科手术方法和疗效

目的探讨Stanfond A型主动脉夹层的手术方法，评价其疗效。方法回顾分析手术治疗108例Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床资料，其中急诊手术53例，择期手术55例；深低温停循环（DHCA）下手术85例。手术包括升主动脉和半弓部置换或全弓置换（附加降主动脉支架人工血管置入术）以及“象鼻”手术；同期行弓部或降主动脉近端破口修补术、Bentall手术、主动脉瓣置换手术、Cabrol或改良Cabrol手术、主动脉瓣悬吊成形术、二尖瓣成形或二尖瓣置换术、三尖瓣环缩成形术和冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果住院死亡7例（6．5％），其中急诊手术死亡4例（7．5％），择期手术死亡3例（5．4％）。101例出院，96例随访1个月-13．3年，平均（3．2±1．3）年，晚期死亡2例，再次手术3例。结论Stanford A型的手术方法依病变部位不同而不同，准确掌握手术适应证，完善手术技术，加强术后处理，可以取得更好的手术效果。     

胸主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的总结胸主动脉夹层(AD)的外科治疗经验。方法1993年至2003年4月手术治疗A型AD40例，B型20例，其中急性夹层16例。A型采用中度低温体外循环13例，深低温停循环(DHCA)和上腔静脉逆灌(RCP)27例；行升主动脉置换24例，升主动脉和半弓置换11例，升主动脉、全弓和象鼻手术5例；同期行Bentall手术18例，主动脉瓣置换8例，冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。B型采用左心转流7例，股一股转流2例，DHCA 11例；行近端降主动脉置换14例，全胸降主动脉置换或伴肋间动脉移植6例。结果全组术后死亡率10％(急性夹层18．8％，慢性夹层6．8％)，近3年降至4．4％。术后并发呼吸功能不全8例，二次开胸止血3例，延迟性心包压塞和腹腔内出血各2例，声音嘶哑3例。结论正确掌握手术指征、手术技巧和术中脑保护是手术治疗AD的关键。A型夹层的手术范围应依据内膜破裂口位置决定。     

不同手术方式治疗急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层——单中心5年临床经验

目的 总结不同手术方式治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验。 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年11月于中国医科大学附属第一医院因急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层而实施外科治疗的197例患者的临床资料。男131例、女66例,年龄 （51.2±13.9） 岁。所有患者经磁共振成像 （MRI） 或主动脉CT血管造影（CTA）确诊。根据主动脉根部病变情况,进行单纯升主动脉置换、Bentall、Wheat、Cabrol或David手术。主动脉弓部进行全主动脉弓置换、半弓置换或简化全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术。 结果 近端单纯升主动脉置换113例（57.4%）,Bentall手术67例（34.0%）,Wheat手术13例（6.6%）,Cabrol手术1例（0.5%）,David手术3例（1.5%）。全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术82例（41.6%）,半弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术77例（39.1%）,简化全主动脉弓置换＋降主动脉支架象鼻手术41例（20.8%）。二次开胸止血1例（0.5%）,无永久性神经系统并发症发生,手术30 d死亡率为4.1%（8/197）;随访时间3～52（15.9±11.4）个月,随访率65.0%;1例马方综合征患者术后8个月死于腹主动脉瘤破裂。 结论 根据病变情况,选择适当的外科治疗策略,急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗效果满意。     

四分支人工血管置换术治疗主动脉弓部疾病

目的总结应用深低温停循环(DHCA)、顺行选择性脑灌注(ASCP)四分支人工血管置换术治疗主动脉弓部疾病的方法和经验。方法2004年9~12月,日本群马心血管病中心心血管外科应用四分支人工血管置换治疗主动脉弓部疾病12例,其中主动脉瘤7例(4例为升主动脉瘤累及主动脉弓部、3例为主动脉峡部瘤),主动脉夹层动脉瘤5例(DeBakey型1例、DeBakey型3例、DeBakey型1例)。在深低温停循环下应用球囊灌注管对3个头臂动脉行选择性脑灌注,用四分支人工血管行主动脉弓置换;其中Bentall手术加主动脉弓部/右半弓置换各1例,全弓部置换3例,右半弓置换3例,弓降部置换4例;12例手术中2例行象鼻手术。结果全组12例患者恢复良好,无脑部及其它系统并发症发生。手术时间5.5±1.7h,术中深低温停循环时间42.2±12.9min;术中4例未输血;术后住院时间22.3±7.2d。结论顺行选择性脑灌注对脑保护安全可靠,应用四分支人工血管置换术治疗主动脉弓部疾病可缩短深低温停循环的时间,降低弓部置换手术的复杂程度。     

升主动脉置换+弓部覆膜支架三开窗手术治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的早期临床结果

目的 评价升主动脉置换+弓部覆膜支架三开窗手术用于治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床应用价值和手术效果。方法 回顾性分析2016—2020年在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院接受升主动脉置换+弓部覆膜支架三开窗手术治疗24例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,其中男17例、女7例,年龄45～72岁。患者夹层均未累及弓上三分支动脉,所有患者均采用非深低温体外循环下行升主动脉人工血管置换,保留弓部及弓上三分支,个体化覆膜支架开窗植入术。结果 所有患者手术成功率为100.0%,无术中并发症,术后1个月无内漏迹象。住院时间为（10±5）d。术后随访中支架通畅,无移位,保留的主动脉弓分支动脉通畅,降主动脉真腔扩大。结论 应用升主动脉置换+弓部覆膜支架三开窗手术治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层,可以在避免深低温停循环、缺血-再灌注损伤、头颈上肢缺血缺氧、手术时间过长等传统杂交手术方式弊端的同时,极大地简化手术方式、节省手术时间、降低死亡率和并发症发生率,具有非常理想的近期临床疗效,远期临床效果需要长期随访和大样本研究的验证。     

深低温停循环上腔静脉逆行灌注在主动脉瘤手术中的应用

１９９２．９－１９９３．７在深低温停循环连续上腔静脉逆行灌注下行升主动脉瘤及主动脉夹层动脉瘤手术１２例。病变侵及主动脉右弓，主动脉弓或弓降部。包括Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ手术，高位右弓峡替换１０例；主动脉升，弓，降部替换，头臂动脉移植１例；大动脉炎，升主动脉全长狭窄行长补片成形术１例。病人全部存活。ＤＨＣＡ逆行灌注时间２７－８１ｍｉｎ，病人均于术后４小时内清醒，无神经系统并发症，测定入脑血和出脑血氧含量及乳     

主动脉瘤40例治疗体会

目的介绍外科与腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉瘤的体会。方法手术与腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉瘤40例,手术治疗30例,Bentall术9例,Bentall 部分弓置换3例,主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换6例,主动脉瘤切除补片修补4例,升主动脉 部分弓置换、主动脉瓣二尖瓣置换 升主动脉折叠缝合术各2例,主动脉瓣置换 升主动脉置换、主动脉瓣置换升主动脉折叠缝合术、主动脉瘤切除直接缝合、主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换 左全肺切除术各1例。腔内隔绝术治疗假性胸降主动脉瘤1例、假性腹主动脉瘤1例、夹层主动脉瘤ⅢA型1例、ⅢB型7例,经股动脉切口植入32~38mm覆膜支架。结果手术后因低心排出量综合征和出血各死亡1例,死亡率6.7%,无截瘫、偏瘫和感染。覆膜支架腔内隔绝术后1~2周内低热8例,无大出血、内漏和死亡。生存38例,随访1个月~5年,无死亡和远期并发症。结论升弓部主动脉瘤的手术治疗效果满意,覆膜支架腔内隔绝治疗DeBakeyⅢ型夹层主动脉瘤创伤小、并发症少、恢复快。     

主动脉弓部瘤及降主动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的总结主动脉弓部瘤及降主动脉瘤的外科治疗经验.方法13例主动脉弓部瘤及降主动脉瘤病人中男8例,女5例.年龄(62.6±8.3)岁.动脉瘤的最大直径为45～68?mm,平均(58.1±7.3)?mm.体外循环方式有完全体外循环、部分体外循环、选择性脑灌注(SCP)、深低温停循环(HCA)及逆行性脑灌注(RCP).6例弓部动脉瘤及3例急性StanfordA型夹层动脉瘤在HCA和SCP下行全弓部置换术;1例StanfordB型夹层动脉瘤在HCA和RCP下行血管置换;3例真性降主动脉瘤中,2例在部分体外循环下,1例在HCA下行血管置换,其中2例行肋间动脉重建.采用的外科吻合技术有开放吻合和阻断瘤体两侧进行吻合两种.结果本组无手术死亡及脊髓损伤.发生2例脑梗塞,无肾功能不全者.结论主动脉弓部瘤及降主动脉瘤手术时,体外循环方式的选择和适当的外科吻合技术是手术成功的两个最重要因素.     

再次及多次主动脉瘤手术的临床分析

目的：总结13例共27次主动脉瘤手术的经验。方法：全组13例中男8例,女5例,2次手术者12例,3次手术1例,再次手术距前次手术平均50个月（22d-233个月）,首次手术分别是：主动脉根部置换7例,慢性B型夹层行胸降主动脉人工血管置换3例,肾动脉下方腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换1例,急性A型夹层行主动脉瓣及升主动脉成形,川崎病行升主动脉人工血管置换和左冠状动脉前降支成形各1例,再次手术分别是因残余夹层扩大行全弓置换加ElephantTrunk1例,胸降主动脉置换2例,2例再发弓部夹层,1例行根部置换＋部分弓部置换,1例行升弓部置换;2例胸降主动脉瘤,1例胸腹主动脉瘤,1例B型夹层,常温阻断下行人工血管置换术,1例根部瘤在中低温体外循环下行根部置换术,川崎病再发无名动脉和弓部动脉瘤行无名动脉及部分弓置换1例,1例A型夹层升主动脉及主动脉瓣成形术后感染性假性动脉瘤形成,1例再发升主动脉瘤行升主动脉置换;1例根部置换再行弓降部置换术后,再发弓部动脉瘤,第3次手术行全弓置换,再手术时采用深低温停循环8例,常温阻断4例,中低温体外循环2例。结果：术后4例出现脑部并发症,1例肝功能异常,均治愈,无住院死亡。随访远期死亡3例,另有2例随访6个月和70个月,现待手术。结论：再次手术以再发或多发动脉瘤（包括主动脉夹层）为最常见原因,其次是残余夹层进一步发展,再次手术一定要积极,以免延误手术时机导致死亡。应根据再次手术的部位选择基本方法,累及弓部需深低温停循环并选择性脑灌注,远弓部和胸,腹主动脉可用常温阻断或股一股转流,如无法游离阻断则需要深低温停循环,累及根部则只需要一般体外循环,大出血和昏迷是再次手术最危险的并发症,尽早建立体外循环,低温和停循环期间的脑灌注可有效预防这类并发症。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的总结A型主动脉夹层的外科治疗经验。方法回顾分析手术治疗68例StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者的临床资料。其中急性主动脉夹层45例,慢性主动脉夹层23例。采用中低温体外循环53例,深低温停循环(DHCA)和上腔静脉逆行灌注脑保护11例,DHCA加选择性脑灌注4例。急诊手术39例(其中紧急手术19例),择期手术29例。术式为升主动脉置换术7例,升主动脉加右半弓置换术6例,升主动脉加全弓置换术3例,升主动脉加全弓置换加术中支架置入术4例,Bentall手术34例,改良的Wheat术12例,同时行主动脉瓣成形术2例、二尖瓣成形1例。结果全组死亡5例(7%),其中急诊手术3例,急诊手术病死率8%(3/39);择期手术2例,择期手术病死率7%(2/29)。共随访58例,随访率92%(58/63),随访时间(37±22)个月(5~77个月),死亡4例,累积1,3和5年的生存率分别是100%,95%和86%。结论StanfordA型夹层的手术方式应根据内膜破口位置决定,正确的手术指征、技巧和脑保护是手术成功的关键。     

支架"象鼻"术治疗DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨支架"象鼻"手术治疗DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤(AD)的方法和效果.方法 12例DeBakey Ⅰ型AD患者,平均年龄48.1岁.采用深低温停循环(DHCA),右腋动脉顺行灌注(SCP)脑保护,实施支架"象鼻"手术(即升主动脉和全弓置换及降主动脉腔内支架植入).结果 术后死亡1例,手术死亡率8.3%.术中体外循环时间(163.2±17.7)min,停循环时间(41.6±12.3)min.随访3～6个月,无死亡病例.结论 支架"象鼻"手术简单,停循环时间短,治疗DeBakey I型夹层主动脉瘤安全、有效.     

Cerebral protection during surgery for aortic arch aneurysms.

Surgical repair of aneurysms or dissections involving the transverse aortic arch and the distal aortic arch carries a considerable risk of cerebral complications. Currently, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest or DHCA with selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) and DHCA with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) are used as means to protect the central nervous system. DHCA alone is simple, but the safe time of DHCA is limited. RCP is an alternative technique for cerebral protection that can prolong the safe time of DHCA. SCP offers virtually unlimited time in isolating cerebral circulation. With the improvement of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) materials and myocardial preservation, DHCA with SCP is our current preference of an adjunct for cerebral protection, although possible increment of mortality and morbidity associated with a prolonged DHCA and CPB remains to be overcome.     

Aortic arch replacement with covered stent-graft as elephant trunk for a type A acute aortic dissection

We report a case of aortic arch replacement with a covered stent-graft as an "elephant trunk". A 54-year-old woman was diagnosed with Stanford type A aortic dissection. The initial intimal tear was located in the distal aortic arch. Under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion, the distal end of the arch graft, which was turned inside out and reinforced with a Z-stent, was inserted into the distal true lumen as an "elephant trunk". Distal anastomosis was performed between the aortic wall and the inverted external graft. Graft replacement of the aortic arch and ascending aorta was followed by proximal arch grafting. Coronary artery bypass grafting to RCA was performed concomitantly. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the distal false lumen became thrombosed. This procedure is effective for reliable distal anastomosis and prevention of blood leakage into the distal false lumen.     

升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗

目的总结升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗经验。方法101例升主动脉根部瘤患者（年龄14～72岁，平均年龄42．7岁）的主要病因为马方综合征（Marfan syndrome，58例），主动脉瓣环扩张症（34例），主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形（5例），大动脉炎（4例）；术前有主动脉瓣关闭不全96例，主动脉瓣狭窄4例，术前合并有A型夹层26例，急性左心衰竭（5例）。手术类型：Wheat手术4例，传统或改良Cabrol手术13例，David手术1例，Bentall手术83例。同期行主动脉半弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术16例，全弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术4例，二尖瓣置换术或成形术14例，冠状动脉旁路移植术8例。结果全组手术死亡率为6．9％（7／101），2000年后降至3．6％（3／83）；术后主要并发症为低心排血量10例，呼吸功能不全9例，肾功能不全9例。术后随访94例，随访期间死亡1例，5例马方综合征患者术后出现B型夹层。结论Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉根部瘤的首选手术方法，术前左心功能及手术技术是影响手术效果的关键因素。     

Open stent-graft repair for acute type A aortic dissection with an intimal tear in the descending aorta.

A 47-year-old man with acute retrograde aortic dissection (Stanford type A) was treated with total aortic arch replacement and endoluminal stent-grafting for an intimal tear in the descending aorta. A stent-graft was introduced into the descending aorta via the transected arch aorta and the entry of the dissecting aneurysm was closed. Open endovascular stent-grafting via the arch aorta is an alternative for repair of acute type A aortic dissection with an intimal tear in the descending aorta, in cases where direct closure of the intimal tear is difficult.     

Clinical application of retrograde cerebral perfusion for brain protection during surgery of ascending aortic aneurysm--a report of 50 cases

This study was designed to discuss the effects on the brain by different protective methods in ascending aortic aneurysm surgery retrospectively. Two hundred seventy-one surgeries of ascending aortic aneurysm have been done in the past 15 years. There were 65 patients with a dissecting aneurysm of the aortic arch or right arch. To protect the brain, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) combined with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) through superior vena cava (N = 50) and simple DHCA (N = 15) were used during the procedure. Blood samples for lactic acid level from the jugular vein were compared in both groups. Perfusion blood distribution and oxygen content difference between the perfused blood and returned blood were measured in 5 and 10 of RCP patients, respectively. The DHCA time was 35.86 +/- 18.81 min (10 approximately 63 min) and DHCA + RCP time was 45.5 +/- 17.21 min (16 approximately 81 min). The resuscitation time was 7.11 +/- 1.59 h (4.4 - 9.4 h) in DHCA versus 5.43 +/- 2.15 h (2 approximately 9 h) in RCP patients. The operation death rate was 3/15 in DHCA group and 1/50 in RCP patients. Central nervous complication occurred in 3/12 of DHCA patients and 1/49 of RCP patients (p < .01). The overall survival rate was 96% (RCP) versus 67% (DHCA); the central nervous system dysfunction was 20% in DHCA versus 2% in RCP (p < .001). The blood lactic acid level increased significantly after reperfusion in DHCA than that in RCP. The measurement of blood distribution indicated that approximately 2Q% of the perfused blood returned from arch vessels. The difference of oxygen content between perfused and returned blood showed that the oxygen uptake was adequate in RCP group. The application of RCP can prolong the safety duration of circulation arrest. Continuous cerebral perfusion may maintain the brain at a cooler temperature and flush out particulate and air emboli while open anastomosis of the aortic arch to the prosthesis can be safely performed. Therefore, RCP is a preferable method for brain protection in our clinical practices.     

Total arch replacement with elephant trunk procedure for retrograde dissection

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of type A dissection with the intimal tear in the descending aorta--retrograde dissection--has some challenging aspects because the standard approach through a median sternotomy for ascending aortic dissection is difficult in these cases in which the intimal tear is located in the descending aorta. METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2001, 12 (8.6%) consecutive patients aged 40 to 71 years underwent total arch replacement with an elephant trunk procedure through a median sternotomy for retrograde dissection of the ascending aorta (acute: 10, chronic: 2) among 139 patients with type A dissection. The intimal tear was located in the descending aorta in all patients. Dissection extended proximally to the aortic root in 7 patients and to the ascending aorta in 5, and extended distally to the abdominal aorta in 4 and to the common iliac artery in 8. RESULTS: Hospital mortality occurred in 1 patient (8%) owing to multiple organ failure after malperfusion of the renal arteries. Postoperatively the false lumen in the descending aorta was closed in all patients who survived but the false lumen in the abdominal aorta was patent in 9. The thoracic and abdominal aorta had slight dilatation in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that total arch replacement with an elephant trunk procedure through a median sternomy should be recommended in patients with type A dissection and the intimal tear in the descending aorta. This procedure induces thrombosis of the remaining false lumen in the distal aorta postoperatively.