基于功能性近红外光谱技术的吞咽相关任务大脑皮质功能偏侧化研究

摘要 目的：采用功能性近红外光谱技术（fNIRS）研究吞咽相关任务时大脑皮质激活及偏侧化情况。 方法：纳入22名健康成年被试,在fNIRS采集过程中执行咀嚼及舌尖滑动任务,对任务激活脑区进行分析,并计算不同脑区的偏侧化指数。 结果：在执行咀嚼任务时,左侧初级运动皮层（primary motor cortex,PMC）、左侧初级躯体感觉皮层（primary somatosensory cortex, PSC）、左侧运动前区/运动辅助区（pre-motor and supplementary motor cortex,pSMC）、左侧缘上回（supramarginal gyrus, SMG）,右侧背外侧前额叶（dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC）、右侧额叶眼动区（frontal eye fields, FEF）、右侧颞上回（superior temporal gyrus,STG）及颞中回（middle temporal gyrus,MTG）、右侧额极区（frontopolar area, FPA）及右侧额下回三角区（pars triangularis, PTG）脑区明显激活。舌尖滑动任务则表现为双侧PMC、双侧PSC、双侧pSMC及左侧SMG脑区明显激活。同时在全脑及PMC、pSMC、PSC等脑区的激活呈现偏侧化模式。咀嚼任务主要表现为局部脑区的左侧偏侧化激活,舌尖滑动任务表现为局部脑区的右侧偏侧化激活。全脑左右半球间的偏侧化变异性较大,且与利手无关。 结论：fNIRS可应用于吞咽相关的脑功能研究。PMC、pSMC、PSC、SMG、STG、MTG、PTG等脑区与吞咽特定过程的神经调控有关,并表现为偏侧化激活模式,并且随着吞咽活动的进行,相关脑区的激活可能存在从左侧逐渐向右侧偏侧化的转变。     

功能性近红外光谱技术在慢性疼痛致前额叶变化中的应用进展

疼痛是人体的五大生命体征之一,其发生率较高。疼痛被国际疼痛协会(International Association for the Study of Pain,IASP)定义为实际或者潜在组织损伤所引起的一种不愉快的感觉或情感体验。长期疼痛导致病人睡眠紊乱、精神不振等后果,甚至严重影响病人的生命与生活质量。     

前额叶在老年人吞咽中作用的任务态功能磁共振研究

目的 通过任务态功能性磁共振（fMRI）技术观察老年人的吞咽活动和认知网络,分析两者关系。 方法 选取13名健康老年人,年龄61～82岁,蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评分≥26分,吞咽造影检查（VFSS）显示吞咽时无渗漏、误吸,行吞咽和认知任务态fMRI,分析两任务的激活脑区。 结果 吞咽和认知任务存在共同的激活脑区,即双侧小脑、枕叶、中央前回、中央后回、额中回、下顶叶等。吞咽任务中右侧前额叶正激活,左侧前额叶大部分为负激活,而认知任务中双侧前额叶均为正激活,且吞咽任务感觉区的激活范围大于运动区。 结论 老年人吞咽活动中右侧前额叶更具优势,右侧前额叶为吞咽和认知活动共同的神经节点。     

基于功能性近红外光谱的孤独症谱系障碍儿童可视音乐任务下大脑前额叶激活程度的研究

目的：基于功能性近红外光谱（functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS）探讨可视音乐任务对孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）儿童的大脑前额叶激活程度的影响。方法：本研究纳入18例孤独症谱系障碍儿童（ASD组）和18例正常儿童（TD组）,使用22通道fNIRS系统测量两组儿童大脑前额叶静息态和可视音乐任务中儿童大脑前额叶的HbO情况。数据处理和分析通过NIRS-KIT处理软件包和其他内部自定义的MatlabR2013b实现。结果：ASD儿童被激活的通道数比TD儿童少;TD儿童rDLPFC、rFPC、mFPC、lDLPFC、lFPC区域任务态HbO的β值的平均值大于静息态的（P<0.05）,而ASD儿童仅表现为lDLPFC区域任务态HbO的β值的平均值大于静息态的（P<0.05）;TD组儿童的rFPC、lDLPFC、lFPC区域的HbO改变量大于ASD组（P<0.05）。结论：ASD儿童大脑前额叶存在功能激活的弱化,可视音乐任务的即时效应可以使ASD儿童大脑前额叶lDLPFC区域HbO激活...     

功能性近红外光谱成像技术评估脑卒中患者上肢运动功能康复:任务态范式

功能性近红外光谱成像技术(fNIRS)是新兴的脑功能影像技术,通过检测大脑皮质血氧活动水平变化间接反映神经活动强度,适用于脑卒中康复评定与康复干预治疗领域的临床实践,但相关临床应用尚无标准化试验范式与技术指标。本文从方法学角度梳理fNIRS用于评估脑卒中患者上肢运动功能康复的常用任务态范式与指标。     

吞咽中枢机制的功能近红外光谱成像研究进展

吞咽是一种复杂的运动,涉及多个大脑功能区,因此吞咽障碍治疗靶点的选择是临床工作中需要思考的关键问题。功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）技术在探究吞咽中枢机制方面具有独特的优势,但目前采用该技术进行吞咽障碍机制研究的报道偏少。本文将围绕不同吞咽任务、不同康复治疗方法吞咽相关大脑皮质的fNIRS表现进行综述,以期为吞咽障碍的临床精准化诊疗提供思路。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的健康青年人、老年人皮层脑网络静息态功能连接的特征研究

目的:采用功能性近红外光谱技术(fNIRS)探究青年人、老年人在静息状态下皮层脑网络功能连接的特征。方法:纳入30例青年受试者、30例老年受试者,采集8min fNIRS静息态数据。基于氧合血红蛋白(HbO2)、脱氧血红蛋白(HbR)在时间序列上的浓度,计算两组受试者的静息态功能连接强度,并在感觉运动网络(SEN)、背侧注意网络(DAN)、腹侧注意网络(VAN)、默认模式网络(DMN)、额顶网络(FPN)、视觉网络(VIS)层面比较同源、异源脑网络的组间差异。结果:基于HbO2的功能连接分析发现,老年组在SEN、DAN、DMN、FPN、VIS内的功能连接强度显著降低(P0.05),VAN内未见显著性差异。异源脑网络间的分析发现,与青年组相比,老年组除SEN-VAN、SEN-DMN间功能连接强度无显著差异外,其余脑网络间的功能连接强度均显著降低(P0.05)。基于HbR的功能连接分析发现,老年组在SEN、DAN、VAN、DMN、FPN内功能连接强度显著降低(P0.05),VIS未见显著性差异,异源脑网络间的功能连接均显著降低(P0.05)。结论:fNIRS适用于年龄相关的静息态功能连接研究。随着年龄的增长,老年组的同源、异源脑网络的功能连接强度均低于青年组。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的脑卒中患者下肢功能康复研究进展

<正>脑卒中是导致患者残疾和死亡的主要原因^[1]。患者因残疾无法独立生活,给家庭和社会带来巨大负担^[2-3]。脑功能检测技术可监测大脑活动期间的变化,为评估脑卒中康复治疗的效果提供帮助^[1]。相关的脑功能检测技术有脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)、功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)、正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission computed tomography,PET)、功能性近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)等^[4-5]。     

基于功能性近红外光谱成像技术探究舌三针对幕下脑卒中吞咽障碍患者皮质功能活动的影响

目的 采用功能性近红外光谱成像技术（fNIRS）探讨幕下脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的皮质功能状态与吞咽功能的相关性,并观察舌三针对该类患者皮质活动的影响。 方法 选取幕下脑卒中吞咽障碍患者30例,按照随机数字表法将其分为假针刺组和舌三针组,每组15例。采用fNIRS采集两组患者在静息态、针刺态(假针刺组为假针刺态)、电针态（假针刺组为假电针态）、针刺后静息态（假针刺组为假针刺后静息态）下的氧和血红蛋白（HbO2）的相对浓度变化（ΔHbO2）。采用改良Rankin量表（mRS）、渗漏误吸评分（PAS）、功能性经口摄食量表（FOIS）评估两组患者的整体功能残疾水平和吞咽功能。 结果 静息态下,两组患者的左侧初级运动皮质（r=0.550,P=0.002）、左侧背外侧前额叶皮质（r=0.585,P=0.001）和左侧前运动皮质（r=0.510,P=0.004）区域的平均ΔHbO2浓度与PAS评分呈中度正相关。针刺态下,舌三针组患者的右侧额下回（F=9.651,P=0.004）和左侧颞中回（F=3.343,P=0.029）区域的ΔHbO2浓度显著增加（P＜0.05）,左侧躯体感觉皮质（F=4.948,P=0.035）和左侧初级运动皮质（F=4.742,P=0.038）区域的ΔHbO2浓度显著降低（P＜0.05）。 结论 舌三针可促使幕下脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的大脑皮质活动发生变化,这可能是改善吞咽障碍的潜在机制。     

应用28通道近红外光谱分析恢复过程中老年期抑郁症患者前额叶的激活特征

目的：认知功能障碍是老年期抑郁症的可逆性症状，试验以认知功能研究为突破口，采用28通道的近红外光谱技术分析处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者在执行词语流畅性测验时前额叶的激活特点，探讨老年期抑郁症的发病机制。 方法：①分组：患者组为2006～03／12首都医科大学附属北京安定医院收治的12例处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者，入组时符合DSM-4有关重度和中度抑郁发作或复发的标准诊断，首次发病年龄≥60岁，均服用SSRIs类抗抑郁药物治疗。对照组为12例性别、年龄和教育程度与患者组相匹配的健康志愿者。所有受试者排除脑器质性病变：②试验方法：所有受试者接受近红外光谱测查，在28通道的CW5（TechEnInc．American）NIRS系统上完成。通过近红外光谱系统监测被试者在执行词语流畅性测验任务过程中，前额叶氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白浓度的变化，从而反映前额叶认知任务相关的激活效应。采用组块设计的词语流畅性测验作为认知激活任务，任务范式包括词语重复任务和词语流畅性任务两种试验。 结果：24例受试者均进入结果分析。①在健康老年人和处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者，词语流畅性测验能够激活双侧前额叶．未发现半球单侧化激活效应。②处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者在词语流畅性测验任务过程中，左侧前额叶激活效应较对照组减弱。③尽管在健康老年人和处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者，近红外光谱显示了不同的激活模式，但词语流畅性测验的成绩不存在显著性的组间差异（P〉0．05）。 结论：处于恢复过程中的老年期抑郁症患者存在词语流畅性测验相关的功能性左侧前额叶功能减退，微血管功能失调和多巴胺系统异常也许在老年期抑郁症的病理生理学机制中起重要作用。     

近红外功能成像观察三叉神经痛触发痛与前额叶氧合血红蛋白变化的相关性

目的采用近红外脑功能成像技术分析原发性三叉神经痛患者触发痛在微血管减压术前后的前额叶氧合血红蛋白变化,探讨前额叶皮层是否参与原发性三叉神经痛触发痛的调控。方法 6例原发性三叉神经痛患者前额叶接受45通道的近红外功能成像监测,前额叶氧合血红蛋白含量的变化反映触发痛任务相关的功能变化。采用多次重复事件相关设计作为任务,分析触发痛在微血管减压术前后的前额叶功能变化。结果 (1)术前疼痛侧刺激期相对静息期前额叶氧合血红蛋白的含量显著增高(P<0.05),双侧前额叶出现激活效应;术前正常侧刺激发现刺激期相对静息期前额叶氧合血红蛋白的含量显著降低(P<0.05),双侧前额叶出现抑制效应;(2)术后1周原疼痛侧和正常侧的静息期与刺激期之间均无统计学差异(P>0.05),均未见双侧前额叶激活或抑制效应。结论术前触发痛引起的双侧前额叶激活效应在微血管减压术后消失,推测前额叶可能参与原发性三叉神经痛中枢调控,其机制可能与中枢敏化现象有关。微血管减压术引起的外周神经和相邻组织的改变可能达到了去敏化效果。     

Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to detect the prefrontal cortical responses to deception under different motivations

In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was adopted to investigate the prefrontal cortical responses to deception under different motivations. By using a feigned memory impairment paradigm, 19 healthy adults were asked to deceive under the two different motivations: to obtain rewards and to avoid punishments. Results indicated that when deceiving for obtaining rewards, there was greater neural activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) than the control condition. When deceiving for avoiding punishments, there was greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) than the control condition. In addition, deceiving for avoiding punishments led to greater neural activation in the left MFG than when deceiving for obtaining rewards. Furthermore, the results showed a moderate hit rate in detecting deception under either motivation. These results demonstrated that deception with different motivations led to distinct responses in the prefrontal cortex. fNIRS could provide a useful technique for the detection of deception with strategy of feigning memory impairment under different motivations.OCIS codes: (170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging, (170.5380) Physiology, (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging     

Increased prefrontal cortex activity on near-infrared spectroscopy after interpersonal counseling in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

[Purpose] The number of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has been increasing. These patients show low activity in the prefrontal cortex, which can be improved by pharmacotherapy and neurofeedback training. This exploratory study aimed to examine whether the hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during an inhibition response in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendencies increased after interpersonal counseling. [Participants and Methods] Participants (n=5) received three interpersonal counseling sessions. Interpersonal counseling focuses on the patient’s current problems and devises specific coping strategies, and it can be performed by healthcare personnel such as physiotherapists. Prefrontal cortex activity during a suppression reaction task was measured by using near-infrared spectroscopy at baseline and post-interpersonal counseling. The outcome was a difference in the oxyhemoglobin level from baseline to post-interpersonal counseling. [Results] The oxyhemoglobin level in the prefrontal cortex significantly increased post-interpersonal counseling. [Conclusion] These results suggested that interpersonal counseling could improve the hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex under inhibition in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendencies, suggesting that interpersonal counseling may be effective for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.     

Auditory cortex activation is modulated by emotion: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study

Visual emotional stimuli evoke enhanced activation in early visual cortex areas which may help organisms to quickly detect biologically salient cues and initiate appropriate approach or avoidance behavior. Functional neuroimaging evidence for the modulation of other sensory modalities by emotion is scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test whether sensory facilitation by emotional cues can also be found in the auditory domain. We recorded auditory brain activation with functional near-infrared-spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive and silent neuroimaging technique, while participants were listening to standardized pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral sounds selected from the International Affective Digitized Sound System (IADS). Pleasant and unpleasant sounds led to increased auditory cortex activation as compared to neutral sounds. This is the first study to suggest that the enhanced activation of sensory areas in response to complex emotional stimuli is apparently not restricted to the visual domain but is also evident in the auditory domain.     

Test-retest assessment of independent component analysis-derived resting-state functional connectivity based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Recent studies of resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) have emerged as a hot topic and revealed that resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is an inherent characteristic of the resting brain. However, it is currently unclear if fNIRS-based RSFC is test-retest reliable. In this study, we utilized independent component analysis (ICA) as an effective RSFC detection tool to address the reliability question. Sixteen subjects participated in two resting-state fNIRS recording sessions held 1week (6.88±1.09 days) apart. Then, RSFC in the sensorimotor regions was extracted using ICA. Test-retest reliability was assessed for intra- and inter-sessions, at both individual and group levels, and for different hemoglobin concentration signals. Our results clearly demonstrated that map-wise reliability was excellent at the group level (with Pearson's r coefficients up to 0.88) and generally fair at the individual level. Cluster-wise reliability was better at the group level (having reproducibility indices of up to 0.97 for the size and up to 0.80 for the location of the detected RSFC) and was weaker but still fair at the individual level (0.56 and 0.46 for intra- and inter-session reliabilities, respectively). Cluster-wise intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) also exhibited fair-to-good reliability (with single-measure ICC up to 0.56), while channel-wise single-measure ICCs indicated lower reliability. We conclude that fNIRS-based, ICA-derived RSFC is an essential and reliable biomarker at the individual and group levels if interpreted in map- and cluster-wise manners. Our results also suggested that channel-wise individual-level RSFC results should be interpreted with caution if no optode co-registration procedure had been conducted and indicated that "cluster" should be treated as a minimal analytical unit in further RSFC studies using fNIRS.     

A regulation role of the prefrontal cortex in the fist-edge-palm task: evidence from functional connectivity analysis

The Fist-Edge-Palm (FEP) task is a motor sequencing task that is widely used in neurological examination. Deficits in this task are believed to reflect impairment in the frontal lobe regions. However, two recent functional brain imaging studies of the FEP task using conventional subtraction analysis failed to demonstrate FEP-induced activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which contradicts existing neuropsychological literature. In this study, psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was used to reanalyze our previous neuroimaging dataset from 10 healthy subjects in order to evaluate the changes of functional connectivity between the sensorimotor cortex and the prefrontal regions during the performances of the FEP task relative to simple motor control tasks. The PPI analysis revealed significantly increased functional connectivity between bilateral sensorimotor cortex and the right inferior and middle frontal cortex during the performance of the FEP task compared with the control tasks. However, regional signal changes showed no significant activation differences in these prefrontal regions. These results provide evidence supporting the involvement of the frontal lobe in the performance of the FEP task, and suggest a role of regulation, rather than direct participation, of the prefrontal cortex in the execution of complex motor sequence tasks such as the FEP task.     

Dichotic listening reveals functional specificity in prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study

The present study used fMRI to investigate the relationship between stimulus presentation mode and attentional instruction in a free-report dichotic listening (DL) task with consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. Binaural and dichotic CV syllables were randomly presented to the subjects during four different instructional conditions: a passive listening instruction and three active instructions where subjects listened to both ears, right ear and left ear, respectively. The results showed that dichotic presentations activated areas in the superior temporal gyrus, middle and inferior frontal gyrus and the cingulate cortex to a larger extent than binaural presentations. Moreover, the results showed that increase of activation in these areas was differentially dependent on presentation mode and attentional instruction. Thus, it seems that speech perception, as studied with the DL procedure, involves a cortical network extending beyond primary speech perception areas in the brain, also including prefrontal cortex.     

Stress-induced reduction in reward-related prefrontal cortex function

Acute psychological stress can trigger normal and abnormal motivated behaviors such as reward seeking, habitual behavior, and drug craving. Animal research suggests that such effects may result from actions of catecholamines and glucocorticoids that converge in brain regions that regulate motivated behaviors and incentive processing. At present, however, little is known about the acute effects of stress on these circuits in humans. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), twenty-seven healthy young women performed a modified version of the monetary incentive delay (MID) task, which is known to robustly engage ventral striatal and medial prefrontal regions. To induce psychological stress, strongly aversive movie clips (versus neutral movie clips) were shown with the instruction to imagine being an eyewitness. Physiological (cortisol levels, heart rate frequency, and heart rate variability) and subjective measurements confirmed successful induction of moderate levels of acute psychological stress. Brain imaging data revealed that stress induction resulted in a significant decrease in reward-related responses in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) without affecting ventral striatal responses. Our results thus show that acute psychological stress induces regionally specific changes in functioning of incentive processing circuits. This regional specificity is in line with animal data showing inverted U-shaped relations between levels of stress-related neuromodulators and functioning of the PFC, a structure that is believed to be critical for coordinating behavior in accordance with higher order internal goals. Our findings thus suggest that stress-related increases in habitual and reward-seeking behaviors may be triggered primarily by an impairment of such PFC-dependent cognitive control mechanisms.     

Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activity in an FMRI study of trial-to-trial adjustments on the Simon task

People alter their task performance on a trial-to-trial basis, for example after an incongruent trial on tasks involving response conflict. Previous research has found that these adjustments are most robust in the Simon task. One explanation for behavioral adjustments is the conflict-monitoring hypothesis, which posits that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) responds to conflict and that this serves as a signal to recruit other brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to minimize conflict and improve performance. However, another independently supported explanation for behavioral adjustments on the Simon task is the feature integration view, which can account for behavioral adjustments as the result of stimulus repetitions and alternations. Hence, by itself, evidence for behavioral adjustments on the Simon task does not clearly provide evidence for the conflict-monitoring hypothesis. However, the conflict-monitoring hypothesis does predict that behavioral adjustments on the Simon task should involve ACC conflict activity and PFC post-conflict activity. In the current study, consistent with the conflict-monitoring hypothesis, behavioral adjustments in performance on the Simon task were predicted by ACC conflict-related activity. In addition, subsequent behavioral adjustments were associated with PFC activity, with previous trial ACC conflict-related activity predicting greater PFC activity on subsequent trials. These results provide additional evidence that behavioral adjustments on the Simon task are due in part to ACC conflict monitoring and the subsequent recruitment of PFC to minimize conflict.