表达Tie2的单核巨噬细胞在肿瘤微环境形成中的作用及机制研究进展

摘 要：表达Tie2的单核巨噬细胞（Tie2 expressing monocyte/macrophages,TEMs）是肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的重要亚群,存在于外周血、实体肿瘤等组织中。在肿瘤免疫抑制微环境中,TEMs能促进肿瘤生长、转移和复发,是肿瘤预后不良的新的指标,其作用机制主要通过促进血管生成、调节血管重塑、增加微血管密度、促进肿瘤微血管的形成;同时还可以抑制T细胞增殖、促进Treg的浸润、抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答。Ang-Tie2介导的Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K1信号通路是TEMs在肿瘤免疫微环境中促进肿瘤微血管生成的作用机制,对该细胞及相关通路的干预将成为新的肿瘤治疗靶点和策略。     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的研究进展

既往多认为,巨噬细胞是抗肿瘤免疫调节过程中的一种重要细胞群,可以直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,或者通过呈递肿瘤相关抗原诱导机体免疫应答从而清除肿瘤。但是近年来逐渐认识到,肿瘤间质中的巨噬细胞即肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAM)并非发挥抗肿瘤作用,而是参与了肿瘤发生、生长、侵袭和转移的过程,尤其是与肿瘤血管生成和淋巴管生成密切相关。因此,研究TAM在肿瘤进程中的功能状态和动态变化具有重要意义,TAM有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。1TAM的来源自从Rudolf Virchow首次发现肿瘤组织中有大量炎症细胞浸润后,有学者由此…     

结肠癌中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞与肿瘤浸润转移的关系

[目的]了解结肠癌组织中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的浸润情况,探讨其与结肠癌侵袭转移的相关性。[方法]采用免疫组化染色的方法,对69例结肠癌标本中巨噬细胞的浸润情况进行检测,同时行巨噬细胞、淋巴管计数,并对巨噬细胞数量与临床病理参数之间的关系进行统计分析。[结果]结肠癌组织中有大量的肿瘤相关巨噬细胞浸润。结肠癌巨噬细胞计数与Duke’s分期有相关性(P=0.023),分期偏晚者巨噬细胞计数高于分期偏早者。巨噬细胞计数在年龄、性别、肿瘤分化程度等方面不存在差异(P>0.05)。巨噬细胞数量也与淋巴管数量相关(r=0.432,P<0.01)。[结论]结肠癌肿瘤组织中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞与淋巴管生成及肿瘤的侵袭转移有关。     

Tie2受体在直肠癌组织中的表达与调控作用

目的：探讨Tie2在直肠癌中的表达及其与血管生成的关系。方法：利用免疫组化S—P法，对40例直肠癌组织中的Tie2受体表达进行研究。结果：Tie2受体定位于癌组织中内皮细胞胞浆及胞核，部分癌细胞胞浆也存在阳性表达，直肠癌组织中的Tie2表达阳性率明显高于正常直肠组织（P〈0．05），Tie2受体的表达与临床病理中的分化程度、浸润深度、Dukes分期无关（P〉0．05），而与淋巴转移相关（P〈0．05）。结论：Tie2受体在直肠癌肿瘤组织的生成、分化、生长过程中具有重要调控作用。     

内皮细胞特异分子-1与人类肿瘤关系的研究进展

人内皮细胞特异分子-1(endothelial cell specific molecule-1,ESM-1)是一种可溶性的蛋白聚糖,由一条硫酸皮肤素链和一个核心蛋白相连而成。其基因位于人第五号染色体5q11.2上,含3个外显子和2个内含子。它的表达受细胞因子、血管生长因子、转录因子等多种因素的复杂调控。内皮细胞特异分子-1与人类多种肿瘤关系密切,可以促进肿瘤形成、生长和转移。其相关机制主要有促进细胞增殖、引起免疫抑制、促进淋巴管和血管生成等。它在肿瘤的筛查、诊断、治疗、疗效检测、预后判断等应用方面有着巨大的潜力,值得做更加广泛和深入的研究。     

巨噬细胞与肿瘤血管生成的研究进展

浸润到肿瘤组织内的巨噬细胞即肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)。TAMs与肿瘤细胞共生,肿瘤细胞为TAMs提供存活因子,TAMs产生血管生成因子来响应肿瘤的微环境。本文综述了TAMs与血管生成的关系和在肿瘤发展过程中的作用,以及TAMs在肿瘤治疗中的作用。1巨噬细胞与肿瘤肿瘤一旦产生血管,就     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞与肿瘤关系的研究进展

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（ Tumor associate macrophages ,TAMs）是肿瘤的炎症微环境与肿瘤细胞间的重要信使。它是从血液中的单核细胞演变而来,主要通过集落刺激因子（ Colony -stimulating factor , CSF）趋化至肿瘤组织中。本文简述了TAMs通过影响血管生成和淋巴管生成,抑制免疫,调节基质,与干细胞相互作用等方面促进肿瘤的进展。分析表明靶向于TAMs的治疗策略是未来治疗肿瘤的一个新方向。     

表达Tie2的单核细胞在肿瘤研究中的进展

表达Tie2的单核细胞(TEM)仅存在于外周血及肿瘤组织中,在肿瘤血管生成中发挥重要作用.TEM能够被血管生成素2(Ang2)及缺氧化学信号募集进入肿瘤组织,分化成表达Tie2的巨噬细胞,通过旁分泌作用参与肿瘤血管生成.肝癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、恶性胶质瘤等肿瘤中检测到TEM水平升高,这对于肿瘤的诊断及预后判断有一定的提示作用.近年研究发现,TEM可用于抗肿瘤药物的靶向递送,能有效抑制肿瘤的生长和转移,同时TEM也是抗肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点.然而TEM在肿瘤微血管密度、临床分级及预后判断中的作用并不明确,目前针对TEM具体功能的探究引起了学者的广泛关注.     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞对肿瘤新生血管生成的作用及其机制的研究进展

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展以及血管生成中发挥着重要作用.TAM被认为是肿瘤微环境(TME)的主要成分,具有促进肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移和肿瘤新生血管生成的作用.肿瘤基质中TAM的浸润水平、极化状态与患者预后密切相关,是肿瘤免疫治疗的潜在靶点.此外,肿瘤的生长依赖肿瘤新生血管生成,了解TAM在血管生成中...     

Angiopoietin-1 and myeloma-induced angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by an increase of the bone marrow angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a critical factor in the regulation of physiological and pathological vessel formation that acts by binding to a specific receptor Tie2 expressed on endothelial cells. Recent evidences indicate that human MM cells produce Ang-1 and up-regulate its receptor Tie2 in bone marrow endothelial cells. An overexpression of Ang-1 has been also found in MM cells as compared to normal plasma cells. The correlation between Ang-1 expression and BM angiogenesis, demonstrated in MM patients, and the inhibitory effect of Tie2 blocking on MM-induced vessel formation suggest that Ang-1 production by MM cells is critically involved in the angiogenic process in MM. In this review we focalize our attention on Ang-1/Tie2 system and its role in MM-induced angiogenesis.     

Breast tumor cell soluble factors induce monocytes to produce angiogenic but not angiostatic CXC chemokines

Tumor cells are known to interact closely with nontumoral infiltrating cells in order to grow and proliferate. Monocyte-derived cells constitute a major component of the tumoral infiltrate and a high level of these cells has been associated with increased tumor growth and poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. For their growth and metastatic propagation, solid tumors are dependant on angiogenesis and accumulated evidences suggest that monocyte-derived cells could also play an important role in this phenomenon. However, the precise nature of proangiogenic factors secreted by these cells in breast carcinomas, and their direct influence on vessel formation, has not been determined. In the present study, we show that soluble factors secreted by breast tumor cells induce monocytes to produce a variety of proangiogenic CXC chemokines without secretion of angiostatic CXC chemokines. Using in vitro tubule formation in Matrigel, we demonstrated that the CXC chemokines secreted by MTSs (monocytes cultured with tumor cell supernatants) were able to induce microvessel formation. The profile of secreted CXC chemokines was characteristic for each tumor cell line or fresh tumor cells. This last result points out that a precise profiling of secreted proangiogenic factors inside the tumor, by tumor cells themselves or tumor-infiltrating monocyte-derived cells, is important for a precise targeting of therapeutic agents against neovascularization.     

Lymphatic and angiogenic characteristics in breast cancer: morphometric analysis and prognostic implications

Controversy exists regarding the topography of lymph vessels in breast cancer, their usefulness as prognostic factors, relationship with angiogenesis and whether active lymphangiogenesis occurs within the tumour. A series of 177 well-characterized breast cancers, with long term follow up, were stained with D2-40, CD31 and CD34. Distribution of lymphatics and lymph vessel density (LVD) were assessed in three areas, intratumoural, peripheral and peritumoural and correlated with clinicopathological criteria and patient prognosis. Microvessel density (MVD) was assessed and correlated with LVD. Double immunohistochemical staining with D2-40 and MIB-1 was carried out to assess the proliferative status of lymphatics and of the tumour emboli within. Peritumoural lymphatics were detected in all tumours whereas peripheral and intratumoural lymphatics were detected in 86 and 41% of specimens, respectively. Tumours with higher total LVD were significantly associated with the presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis and shorter overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, tumour grade, LN status and the presence of lymphovascular invasion, but not LVD, were independent poor prognostic factors. No association was found between LVD and MVD. Proliferating lymphatics were detected in 29% of specimens and were significantly associated with dense inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, lymphatics are located primarily in the peritumoural and peripheral areas in breast cancer and seem to play an important role in disease progression by being routes for tumour dissemination. The lack of correlation between lymphangiogenic and angiogenic characteristics suggests two distinct processes and the presence of active lymphangiogenesis, albeit in a small portion of specimens, may have important therapeutic implications.     

Role of tumor-derived proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 in the migration and differentiation of antigen-presenting cells in cervical carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Proinflammatory cytokines are important in modifying the activity, differentiation, and migration of antigen-presenting cells and may influence the survival of cancer patients. The study assessed whether GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12, produced by cervical cancer cells, are important for the activity, differentiation, and migration of antigen-presenting cells. METHODS: In 90 patients with cervical carcinoma the number of monocytes/tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), mature dendritic cells (DC), and Langerhans cells (LHC) was determined using immunohistochemistry. An RNA in situ hybridization technique was used to measure the expression level of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-12p35, and IL-12p40. RESULTS: TAM were detected intraepithelial as well as in the stroma of the tumor. LHC were only detected intraepithelial and mature DC only in the tumor stroma. The number of TAM correlated positively with the number of mature DC. The expression levels of GM-CSF and TNF-alpha correlated positively with the number of TAM and DC. TNF-alpha showed a negative correlation with the number of LHC. A significant correlation between the expression of functional IL-12 (IL-12p40) and stromal TAM was found. The expression of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-12p40 did not correlate significantly with disease-free survival. However, high IL-12p40 expression was associated with a favorable cumulative overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that GM-CSF as well as TNF-alpha, produced by cervical carcinoma cells, may play a role in the differentiation of monocytes into mature DC. Furthermore, TNF-alpha may influence the migration of LHC from the tumor.     

A phase 1b,open-label study of trebananib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with ovarian cancer receiving interval or primary debulking surgery

AimTo evaluate the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and tumour response of first-line trebananib plus paclitaxel and carboplatin followed by trebananib maintenance in high-risk or advanced ovarian cancer.MethodsIn this open-label phase 1b study, patients received intravenous (IV) trebananib 15 mg/kg administered weekly (QW) plus paclitaxel 175 mg/m² once every 3 weeks (Q3W) and carboplatin 6 mg/mL·min Q3W followed by trebananib 15 mg/kg QW monotherapy for 18 months. End-points were dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs; primary); treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), anti-trebananib antibodies, pharmacokinetics and tumour response (secondary).ResultsTwenty seven patients (interval debulking surgery [IDS], n = 13) were enrolled. No DLTs occurred. During the combination therapy phase, AEs (>50%) in patients with IDS were nausea, diarrhoea, fatigue, decreased appetite and thrombocytopenia. In patients with primary debulking surgery (PDS), they were nausea, diarrhoea, fatigue and localised oedema. Grade 4 AEs were neutropenia (IDS, PDS; all n = 3) and thrombocytopenia (IDS, PDS; all n = 1). No deaths occurred. Toxicity results pertaining to trebananib maintenance were immature. The treatment combination did not markedly affect the pharmacokinetics across agents. In patients with IDS (n = 14 after one patient was reassigned from PDS to IDS), 12 patients had a partial response (PR), two patients had stable disease. In patients with PDS (n = 4), three patients had a complete response, one patient had a PR.ConclusionsIn women with ovarian cancer receiving IDS or PDS, IV trebananib 15 mg/kg QW plus paclitaxel and carboplatin appears tolerable. Results suggest that the treatment combination followed by trebananib 15 mg/kg monotherapy is associated with antitumour activity.     

Transport and Golgi organisation protein 1 is a novel tumour progressive factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Transport and Golgi organisation protein 1 (TANGO), also known as MIA3, belongs to the melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) gene family. Although MIA acts as an oncogene, MIA2 and TANGO have a tumour-suppressive function in several malignancies; accordingly, the role and function of the MIA gene family in tumours remain controversial. Here the roles of TANGO were investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We analysed expression and function of TANGO in human OSCC cell lines. TANGO expression was also examined in 171 cases of primary OSCC by immunohistochemistry and statistically assessed the correlation between TANGO positivity and the clinicopathological parameters including vessel density. By TANGO knockdown in OSCC cells, the growth and invasion were repressed and apoptosis was induced. Activities of platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide (PDGFB) and Neuropilin2 were inhibited by TANGO knockdown. TANGO immunoreactivity was detected in 35.1% (60/171) cases of OSCC. TANGO expression was strongly associated with tumour progression, nodal metastasis, clinical stage and number of blood or lymph vessels in OSCC. Patients showing TANGO-expression fared significantly worse disease-free survival than cases without TANGO expression. These findings suggest that TANGO might promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by upregulation of PDGFB and Neuropilin2 in OSCC.     

喉鳞状细胞癌组织中MUC18的表达及其与微血管和淋巴管计数的关系

 目的：研究喉鳞状细胞癌组织中MUC18表达水平及微血管、淋巴管计数,探讨它们的临 床病理意义及在喉鳞状细胞癌中的相互关系。方法:EnVision免疫组织化学法检测62例喉鳞状细胞癌和38例癌旁组织中MUC18的表达,SP免疫组织化学法检测微血管和淋巴管的计数。结果:62例喉鳞状细胞癌MUC18表达阳性率及微血管、淋巴管计数明显高于癌旁组织、差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01）。喉高分化鳞状细胞癌、肿块最大径<2cm、无淋巴结转移及未侵犯周围组织器官病例MUC18表达阳性率及微血管、淋巴管计数明显低于喉低分化鳞状细胞癌、肿块最大径≥2cm、淋巴结转移及侵犯周围组织器官病例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01）;喉声门上型鳞状细胞癌MUC18阳性病例微血管和淋巴管计数明显高于声门型,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01）。结论:MUC18及微血管、淋巴管计数均可为反映喉鳞状细胞癌进展、转移、侵袭能力及预后的重要生物学标志物,MUC18能促进喉鳞状细胞癌癌组织中血管和淋巴管生成。