自发性低颅内压综合征20例分析

目的探讨自发性低颅内压综合征(SIH)的临床表现、脑脊液、影像学的改变,诊治及预后,提高对本病的认识。方法对20例自发性低颅内压综合征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 20例患者均有体位性头痛,卧位时缓解或消失,腰穿压力均<0.588 kPa(60 mm H2O),其中8例呈血性CSF,蛋白增高。6例白细胞升高。17例行头CT检查正常,1例硬膜下积液,1例硬膜下血肿,1例脑室变小。MRI检查7例显示弥漫性硬脑膜增厚强化。结论 SIH患者以体位性头痛为主要症状,脑脊液压力<60 mm H2O。治疗以补充生理盐水为主,疗效不佳时可给予激素及鞘内注入生理盐水。一般预后良好。认识自发性低颅内压综合征的临床表现、脑脊液、影像学的改变至关重要。注意与颅内高压、蛛网膜下腔出血,原发性、肥厚性硬脑膜炎等鉴别。     

Total transferrin in cerebrospinal fluid is a novel biomarker for spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Patients with SIH experience postural headaches, nausea, etc., due to CSF hypovolemia. Imaging studies and clinical examinations, such as radioisotope (RI) scintigraphy, are useful for diagnosing SIH. However, 20-30% of patients do not show typical morphology and clinical test results. We previously reported that CSF contains transferrin (Tf) isoforms: “brain-type” Tf derived from the choroid plexus and “serum-type” Tf derived from blood. We showed that both isoforms increased in the CSF of patients with SIH by Western blotting. In the present study, we demonstrate that conventional ELISA for quantifying total Tf is useful for diagnosing SIH more accurately than Western blotting. In addition, SIH with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) was also accurately diagnosed. Total Tf in the CSF can serve as a useful biomarker for diagnosing SIH with or without CSDH.     

Rapid resolution of subdural hematoma after targeted epidural blood patch treatment in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Background Subdural hematoma （SDH） is a common complication of spontaneous intracranial hypotension （SIH）.To date,the management of SDH caused by SIH remains controversial.In this paper,we reviewed the clinical course of SDH in patients with SIH,and discuss the underlying mechanism and attributing factors for rapid resolution of subdural hematomas after epidural blood patch （EBP） surgery.Methods We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of seventy-eight SIH patients diagnosed and treated with targeted EBP in our neurology center.Patients who received early CT/MRI follow-up after EBP operation were included.Results A series of four cases of SIH complicated with SDHs were evaluated.Early follow-up neuroimages of these patients revealed that SDHs could be partially or totally absorbed just two to four days after targeted epidural blood patch treatment.Conclusion Targeted epidural blood patch can result in rapid hematoma regression and good recovery in some patients with a combination of SDH and SIH.     

原发性低颅压综合征三例神经影像学报告

报告３例原发性低颅压综合征患者的头ＭＲＩ及１例脊髓池造影结果，为国内首次报道。头ＭＲＩ表现强化扫描时幕上硬脑膜及小脑幕呈弥漫性对称性增强。其原因是：１．，由于低颅压时硬脑膜微血管扩张后钆在微血管及间质的聚集。２．局部脑组织移位，中脑导水管位置下移，基底池狭窄等。３．脑室狭小。     

原发性低颅压的诊治和护理

目的探讨原发性低颅压的诊治和护理策略。方法应用同位素脑池造影和脊髓造影后CT薄层扫描确定脑脊液漏口的位置,然后在相应阶段进行硬膜外血液修补治疗,并进行随诊观察。结果同位素脑池造影没有发现脑脊液漏的直接征象,但放射性核素过早在膀胱内出现,并难以升达枕大孔和基底池到达脑部,显示有脑脊液漏的间接征象;脊髓造影后进行CT薄层扫描显示脑脊液漏发生在T4阶段,17ml自体血注人病人的硬膜外腔,3d后病人症状缓解,临床治愈。结论同位素脑池造影能够提供脊髓脑脊液漏的间接证据,脊髓造影后CT薄层扫描能够准确的确定脑脊液的漏口位置,硬膜外血液修补是治疗该病最为有效的方法。     

原发性低颅压综合征的临床及影像学特点

目的:探讨原发性低颅压综合征的临床特点和影像学改变。方法:回顾性分析10例原发性低颅压综合征(SIH)患者的临床表现、脑脊液检查及影像资料。结果:10例患者体位性头痛的发生率为100%,可伴有头晕、恶心、呕吐、耳鸣、复视、颈抵抗、行走不稳;腰穿脑脊液(CSF)压力均低于70 mmH2O,50%患者蛋白升高,40%白细胞升高,20%红细胞升高。影像学检查可见硬脑膜增厚、弥漫性强化、硬膜下积液和硬膜下血肿等表现。经补液治疗后均痊愈。结论:体位性头痛是原发性低颅压综合征的特征性改变,腰椎穿刺及头颅MR I检查具有诊断价值;本病误诊率较高,经治疗后预后良好。     

自发性低颅压综合征的临床表现及影像学特点

目的 分析自发性低颅压综合征(SIH)的临床表现及影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析12例临床诊断明确的SIH患者的临床表现及影像资料.结果 12例患者均有直立性头痛,11例伴有恶心、呕吐,7例头晕,1例耳鸣,1例复视,1例反复癫痫大发作,1例颈项强直.腰椎穿刺结果提示12例患者脑脊液压力均低于60 mm H2O,10例蛋白质增高,2例白细胞计数升高,2例红细胞计数升高.6例行颅脑CT平扫,1例见脑室变窄、硬膜下积液.12例患者均行颅脑MRI检查,6例示硬脑膜弥漫性强化,1例小脑幕强化、上矢状窦扩张,1例硬膜下积液,2例脑下垂,2例垂体增大,2例脑池变窄.结论 直立性头痛是SIH最典型的临床症状,硬脑膜弥漫性强化是最常见的影像学表现,脑脊液容量减低是SIH临床及影像学的病理生理基础.     

67例原发性低颅压综合征临床、脑脊液和影像学特点

目的：探讨原发性低颅压综合征（spontaneous intracranial hypotension,SIH）的临床、脑脊液（CSF）和影像学特点,以提高该病的诊断。方法：对67例SIH患者的临床特点和脑脊液、影像学检查等客观资料进行总结,并结合文献对其临床特点、发病机制、诊断及鉴别诊断进行分析。结果：本组患者均为急性、亚急性起病,均有体位性头痛,以枕部胀痛最为常见,可伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕、耳鸣、行走不稳、复视、颈肩部疼痛等,查体可有颈强直,脑神经麻痹等体征。CSF压力均〈70 mm H2O（1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa）,可有糖及蛋白含量升高、白细胞轻度增高,并可出现血性CSF。影像学特点可见脑结构下移并可见硬膜下血肿或积液,MRI增强显示硬脑膜增厚并弥漫性强化。给予大量补液及对症支持治疗,效果良好。结论：SIH临床表现复杂多变,体位性头痛是SIH特征性症状,结合腰穿和影像学检查有助于该病的诊治。     

Delayed gadolinium enhancement in epidural space of the cervicothoracic spine in a patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) due to a spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak is a rare but increasing cause of postural headache. Its extravasated epidural fluid collection tends to be non-enhanced or mildly enhanced on enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The mild enhancement of the epidural fluid in SIH is usually attributed to fenestrated neovascularization provoked by an inflammatory component, such as blood, of the fluid collection. In this report, we present a case of SIH with a prominent delayed enhancement of the spinal epidural fluid collection on MR imaging. Subsequent vertebral angiography revealed that this delayed enhancement was related to contrast extravasation from a torn anterior meningeal branch of the right vertebral artery. Therefore, we suggest that contrast extravasation from a torn meningeal vessel may be a possible cause of the enhancement in the spinal epidural fluid of SIH.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a patient with reversible pachymeningeal enhancement and brain descent

A 56-year-old woman presented with severe orthostatic headache in association with nausea and vomiting. Lumbar puncture for the patient revealed significantly low cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSF) and the clinical diagnosis of intracranial hypotension syndrome was made. An initial gadolinium-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed diffuse meningeal enhancement as well as brain sagging. No definite CSF leakage was found using radionuclide cisternography. Her headaches abated with proper usage of analgesics, strict bed rest, and intravenous hydration. Follow-up neuroimaging studies showed partially resolved meningeal enhancement 2 months after treatment and complete resolution 6 months after treatment. The temporal changes found on MRI suggest that the pachymeningeal enhancement is reversible in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Moreover, proliferation of meninges is likely to be responsible for this type of delayed resolution phenomenon.     

Continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage by spinal puncture for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after pituitary adenoma surgery

Objective： Cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） rhinorrhea may be a serious complication after neurosurgery. Some of them can be treated conservatively by continuous CSF drainage with a lumbar subarachnoid catheter. On the other hand, spinal puncture may result in headache by CSF leakage. Methods： Present a 17-year-old female who suffered from CSF rhinorrhea after pituitary surgery was treated by making use of spinal puncture after failed catheter drainage. Results： The patient was successfully treated by this way. Conclusion： Spinal puncture by 16-gauge Touhy needle seems to be a possible way to substitute the traditional continuous lumbar subarachnoid catheter to drain the CSF in patients with rhinorrhea.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: case reports and literature review

The clinical syndrome of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) was first proposed in 1938 and describes a headache syndrome virtually identical to the headaches, which may follow dural puncture. Orthostatic headache, low cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure, and diffuse meningeal enhancement on post-contrast T1-weighted MRI brain studies are the major features of this increasingly recognised syndrome. We describe a case series of patients diagnosed with SIH, their treatment and outcome, and a review of the literature. We propose that this is an important cause of new daily persistent headaches, which is usually relatively easy to diagnose, and if recognised early, is eminently treatable.     

自发性低颅压综合征的临床及影像学特点分析

回顾性分析17例临床诊断明确的自发性低颅压综合征(SIH)患者的临床表现及影像资料。直立性头痛是最常见的临床表现,11例伴有恶心、呕吐,1例耳鸣,2例颈项强直。腰椎穿刺结果提示全部患者脑脊液压力均低于8 kPa,10例蛋白质增高,7例白细胞计数升高,7例红细胞计数升高。全部患者均行颅脑磁共振检查,硬脑膜弥漫性强化是最常见的脑MRI表现,脊髓MRI可见硬膜外静脉丛充血扩张。提示直立性头痛和MRI的特征性表现是SIH诊断的关键,硬脑膜弥漫性强化是最常见的早期影像学表现,随疾病发展渐渐出现脑下垂和硬膜下水瘤。     

氨茶碱治疗剖宫产术后不典型头痛1例

 硬脊膜穿破后头痛（postdural puncture headache,PDPH）是产科椎管内麻醉后常见并发症之一。通常认为是硬脊膜穿破后脑脊液漏导致颅内压降低而产生。典型的PDPH具有明显的体位特征。硬脊膜穿破后也可并发颅内硬膜下血肿等严重并发症,此时头痛的特征就变得不典型。本文报道1例在硬膜外阻滞下行剖宫产术后出现PDPH的病例,头痛的症状之后变得不典型,CT提示双侧额颞部硬膜下血肿,经氨茶碱治疗头痛明显缓解,且未再复发。     

自发性低颅压头痛患者26例预后因素分析

目的 探讨自发性低颅压头痛患者的临床特点及预后影响因素。方法 收集海军军医大学（第二军医大学）长海医院2010年至2017年诊治的符合国际头痛分类第3版（ICHD-3）自发性低颅压诊断标准的患者资料,分析患者年龄、性别、病程等一般临床特征以及脑脊液压力特征和影像学特征与自发性低颅压头痛预后的关系。结果 共纳入低颅压头痛患者26例,73.08%（19/26）患者治愈,26.92%（7/26）患者症状缓解。年龄、性别、病程、疼痛程度、头痛性质等临床特征及脑脊液压力对该病预后无影响。头颅磁共振成像提示硬脑膜强化、硬膜下积液、脑组织下垂等低颅压表现的13例患者中有12例（63.16%）治愈,1例（14.29%）缓解,差异有统计学意义（P=0.027）。结论 自发性低颅压头痛预后较好,影像学检查可以协助诊断,对疾病的预后有重要提示作用。     

微创手术治疗外伤性亚急性颅内血肿伴剧烈头痛的效果观察

目的探讨微创手术治疗外伤性亚急性颅内血肿减轻头痛的效果。方法对39例血肿量在8~30ml,GCS评分14~15分的外伤性亚急性颅内血肿患者应用颅骨钻孔颅内血肿清除、置管引流术及YL-1型微创颅内碎吸引流针锥颅引流术治疗,观察效果。结果所有患者经微创手术治疗后,次日即感觉剧烈头痛减轻,可以正常进食睡眠;无需继续服止痛药者37例,其余2例于3~7d内停用止痛药;无死亡病例。出院后患者门诊随诊复查2~3个月,基本无头痛或仅有轻微头晕。结论微创手术治疗亚急性颅内血肿能迅速有效减轻患者头痛,促进神经恢复,缩短住院时间,减少患者痛苦。     

非靶向硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法治疗自发性低颅压头痛的临床观察

目的 通常的硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法操作过程复杂,危险性很高,且不能完全开展,本研究采用非靶向硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法治疗低颅压头痛,对该方法的治疗机制及应用价值等方面进行讨论报告,并对非靶向硬膜外血贴的治疗机制和应用价值等进行讨论。 方法 6例自发性颅内低压患者(男性2例,女性4例,年龄44～70岁),符合2004年国际头痛分类第2版诊断标准,采用非靶向硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法治疗,选择在腰椎1～2水平椎间隙进行穿刺,行硬膜外置管,将新鲜自体静脉血迅速通过硬膜外置管缓慢注入硬膜外间隙,并对所有患者进行随诊。 结果 6例患者经非靶向硬膜外自体静脉血补片治疗后均痊愈。其中有4例患者治疗1次后痊愈,1例患者治疗2次后痊愈,1例患者在原注射治疗处的下一椎间隙处行硬膜外自体静脉血补片治疗,头痛症状仍未得到完全缓解,后又在相同位置进行2次硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法治疗,术后观察3～9个月均无复发。 结论 非靶向硬膜外自体静脉血补片疗法是一种安全、有效的自发性颅内低压治疗手段,该方法不仅操作简单,而且危险性小且无需影像学漏点定位,亦有不错的治疗效果,因此可得到较好的开展。      

靶向硬膜外血贴治疗自发性颅内低压价值探讨

目的 报告脊髓脑脊液漏点精确定位后靶向硬膜外血贴治疗自发性颅内低压的经验,并对靶向硬膜外血贴的治疗机制和价值等进行讨论.方法 6例自发性颅内低压患者(男女各3例,年龄33～66岁),符合2004年国际头痛分类第2版诊断标准.CT脊髓造影6例均发现脊髓脑脊液漏点.根据CT脊髓造影发现的脑脊液漏点位置选择穿刺部位,透视下注射混合碘造影剂的自体静脉血.结果 6例患者经靶向硬膜外血贴治疗后获得临床痊愈.2例注射过程中出现局部神经根刺激症状,3例治疗后出现暂时性背痛和腰痛.术后观察3至9个月均无复发.结论 CT脊髓造影漏点精确定位后,靶向硬膜外血贴疗法是一种安全、有效的自发性颅内低压治疗手段.     

急性硬膜下血肿189例手术分析

为探讨严重脑外伤急性硬膜下血肿（ＳＤＨ）及时手术的预后影响因素,回顾性分析了近十年经手术治疗的１８９例急性硬膜下血肿,结果：预后妨好８３例（４３．９％）重残１３例（６．９％）植物生存７例（３．７％）死亡８６例（４５．５％）对预后有影响的因素有ＧＣＳ,瞳孔反应,低血压或／和低氧血症,合并脑肿胀,双侧硬膜下血肿及年龄超过６０岁者,表明原发性脑损伤程度和继发性缺血缺氧,脑水肿,脑肿胀,颅高压是影响急性硬     

针灸治疗穿刺后头痛：两个病例报告

Post -dural puncture headache (PDPH) , recognized as one of the most frequently observed complications of spinal anesthesia, occurs due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage from a defect in the dura mater formed because of a trauma. Generally, the pain is bilateral frontal, retroorbital, or occipital, which radiates toward the neck. Most characteristic feature of PDPH is its postural nature. It aggravates by sitting or standing, whereas it declines or it is completely resolved by lying down. Generally, PDPH occurs within the 72 h after the procedure, and if it''s untreated, it may last for several weeks.