用髂骨修复唇腭裂患者齿槽裂的临床研究

目的　评价用髂骨修复唇腭裂患者齿槽裂的临床效果。方法　对 10 2例唇腭裂患者的齿槽裂应用髂骨植骨修复 ,术后随访 6个月以上。对其植骨后的临床效果进行评价。结果　所有患者的手术均顺利完成 ,术后 6个月植骨结果为 :优 4 1例(4 0 .2 % ) ,良 4 6例 (4 5 .1% ) ,差 15例 (14 .7% ) ,临床成功率为 85 .3% ,其中以 8～ 11岁组的成功率最高 (93.1% )。结论　用髂骨修复唇腭裂患者齿槽裂是一种有效的治疗方法     

牙槽突裂植骨术研究进展

本文阐述了牙槽突裂植入骨的来源,认为自体骨如髂骨仍是最佳材料。有研究应用重组人骨形成蛋白、小牛骨粉及生物胶原膜、组织工程成骨材料修复牙槽突裂取得一定效果。术前适当的正畸治疗对于部分牙槽突裂患者相当重要,术后正畸也必不可少。影响牙槽突裂移植骨成活率的原因较多,包括适应证的选择、手术时机及手术技巧等。应用三维CT评价牙槽突裂植骨较以往的牙片可以获得更全面的信息。     

髂骨块状骨植骨术修复恒牙列牙槽突裂的短期临床观察

目的探讨牙槽突裂髂骨块状骨植骨术的临床可行性和可靠性。方法回顾分析15例行"牙槽突裂髂骨块状骨植骨术"的恒牙列牙槽突裂患者,随访6个月以上,收集临床资料,并进行影像学分析。结果所有患者均能定期复诊,术后13例患者创口愈合良好,2例因创口裂开导致植骨失败。影像学资料显示术后6个月植骨区间隙消失,骨桥形成,且植骨区无明显吸收。已有2例患者完成正畸及种植治疗。术后3个月所有患者均可正常行走,无明显行动障碍。结论牙槽突裂髂骨块状骨植骨术短期临床效果满意,移植骨吸收少,长期效果还需进一步研究。     

替牙期牙槽突裂患者行块状髂骨植骨术的初步疗效分析

探究替牙期单侧牙槽突裂患者行块状髂骨移植术的疗效情况。     

Management of alveolar clefts

The management of alveolar clefts has changed through the years as medical knowledge has improved. An alveolar cleft is the result of abnormal primary palate formation during weeks 4 to 12 of gestation. The rationale for its closure includes 1) stabilizing the maxillary arch, 2) permitting support for tooth eruption, 3) eliminating oronasal fistulae, and 4) providing improved esthetic results. Methods for closure of the alveolar cleft have been solidified during the last century with the use of bone grafting. Secondary bone grafting is now the preferred method of treatment, because early grafting has proven detrimental to midfacial growth. Various materials for bone grafting have been proposed, including iliac crest, cranium, tibia, rib, and mandibular symphysis. Regardless of the timing and materials used, the main principles in approaching alveolar clefts have been well described. They include 1) appropriate flap design, 2) wide exposure, 3) nasal floor reconstruction, 4) closure of oronasal fistula, 5) packing bony defect with cancellous bone, and 6) coverage of bone graft with gingival mucoperiosteal flaps. Certain alveolar clefts are difficult to manage by grafting alone, and orthodontic preparation may be required. Complications of alveolar bone grafts include donor site morbidity as well as graft exposure and loss.     

Is alveolar cleft reconstruction still controversial? (Review of literature)

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is a frequent congenital malformation that manifests in several varieties including unilateral or bilateral and complete or incomplete. Alveolar cleft reconstruction remains controversial with regard to timing, graft materials, surgical techniques, and methods of evaluation. Many studies have been conducted addressing these points to develop an acceptable universal protocol for managing CL/P. The primary goal of alveolar cleft reconstruction in CL/P patients is to provide a bony bridge at the cleft site that allows maxillary arch continuity, oronasal fistula repair, eruption of the permanent dentition into the newly formed bone, enhances nasal symmetry through providing alar base support, orthodontic movement and placement of osseointegrated implants when indicated. Other goals include improving speech, improvement of periodontal conditions, establishing better oral hygiene, and limiting growth disturbances. In order to rehabilitate oral function in CL/P patients alveolar bone grafting is necessary. Secondary bone grafting is the most widely accepted method for treating alveolar clefts. Autogenous bone graft is the primary source for reconstructing alveolar cleft defects and is currently the preferred grafting material.     

Retrospective analysis of secondary alveolar cleft grafts using iliac of chin bone

The osseous closure of alveolar clefts is an integral component of a comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and palate and has assumed an essential position in the reconstruction of cleft deformity. Our study consists of 35 patients aged between 7 and 11 years who received secondary bone grafting of their cleft alveolus over a 30 month period from July 1999 to December 2003. There were 22 (62.9%) males and 13 (37.1%) females. In 25 cases, bone graft was harvested from the iliac crest and in 10 others, from the mandibular symphysis. A total number of 41 osteoplasties was performed in the 35 patients. Twenty osteoplasties maintained an alveolar height up to 75% and approximately that number showed resorption varying between 50% and 75%. There was no case of complete resorption of graft. There were no serious periodontal pockets found. In all cases, the wound healed well, and there was no complication. Our experience demonstrates that secondary alveolar bone grafting is an efficacious method of rehabilitating patients with alveolar clefts.     

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目的    探讨可吸收性胶原生物膜应用于齿槽裂植骨修复的临床效果。方法    选择2006—2009年在广东省口腔医院口腔颌面外科就诊的单侧齿槽裂患者108例,年龄9 ~ 13岁,随机分为2组。对照组60例单纯应用髂骨松质骨行植骨修复,试验组48例应用髂骨松质骨加可吸收胶原生物膜覆盖行植骨修复。术后1周及3、6、12个月行X线检查。结果    试验组植骨成活率和临床成功率（97.9%、79.2%）高于对照组（86.7%、58.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论    自体髂骨加可吸收胶原生物膜联合应用于齿槽裂植骨修复中,可有效提高植骨成功率,为后续治疗提供更好保障,值得临床推广。     

Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in alveolar bone grafting.

PURPOSE: In this study, we performed alveolar bone grafting with autologous iliac cancellous bone incorporation with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and evaluated its efficacy in osteoregeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven alveolar cleft patients with adult dentition (average age, 16.1 years) underwent iliac bone grafting with PRP. Quantitative evaluation of regenerated bone was made with 3-dimensional computed tomography scans and compared with controls. RESULTS: The average of the volume ratio of regenerated bone to alveolar cleft in cases with PRP was higher than in controls (P <.05). There were no complications from the blood draw or PRP. CONCLUSION: PRP was a safe and cost-effective source for growth factors and was easy to extract. It could enhance the osteogenesis of alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients and may useful for subsequent orthodontic therapy.     

颏部骨移植修复牙槽裂的临床研究

１６例单侧唇腭裂伴牙槽裂和１例双侧唇腭裂伴牙槽裂患者，用下颌正中联合区骨移植修得牙槽裂，术后随访时间平均１８个月，术后６个月，咬合Ｘ线片证明移植骨完全愈合，再造牙槽突的形态满意且无牙周并发症，手术后６个月Ｘ线片见供区愈合，下颌骨正中联合骨移植有并发症少，住院时间短，手术时间短而且可避免供区瘢痕等优点，本研究结果表明下颌正中联合区骨可用作为整复牙槽裂的供区。     

牙槽突裂植骨前后上颌扩弓对上颌牙槽骨位移影响的三维有限元分析

目的 模拟比较牙槽突裂植骨前后上颌扩弓对上颌牙槽骨位移影响。方法 在已建立的植骨前上颌骨有限元模型上,采用ANSYS软件模拟牙槽突裂植骨,形成植骨后上颌骨模型。在2组模型上分别施加相同上颌扩弓力,观察比较牙槽骨区域三维方向位移形变情况。结果 三维方向位移量比较,植骨前扩弓组均显著大于植骨后扩弓组（P<0.05）。水平向位移：植骨前扩弓,由前向后牙槽骨区域位移量逐渐降低;植骨后扩弓,由前向后牙槽骨区域位移量逐渐升高;植骨前后扩弓健侧牙槽骨位移量均显著大于患侧（P<0.05）。垂直向位移：植骨前后扩弓,牙槽骨前内侧均向下移动,牙槽骨后外侧均向上移动。矢状向位移：植骨前扩弓,牙槽骨前内侧向前移动,后外侧向后移动,植骨后扩弓移动趋势相反。结论 单侧完全性唇腭裂患者植骨前扩弓三维方向移动均较植骨后明显,植骨前扩弓建议扩弓器适当向后移动,植骨后扩弓建议扩弓器适当向前移动并配合前牵引治疗,同时治疗中需警惕不对称扩弓及前牙开的发生。     

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唇腭裂患者常伴有的牙槽突裂不仅影响患者的面容,而且影响患者牙齿正常萌出及颌骨发育。自体髂骨松质骨移植是牙槽突裂修复的首选方法。本文从骨移植愈合机制、正常牙槽骨的生物学特性、手术时机、手术操作、骨诱导因子等几个方面内容结合作者临床体会,试图对术后移植骨吸收的原因及对策进行分析,以期对临床治疗有所裨益,提高手术修复效果。     

Reconstruction of the alveolar cleft: can growth factor-aided tissue engineering replace autologous bone grafting? A literature review and systematic review of results obtained with bone morphogenetic protein-2

The alveolar cleft in patients with clefts of lip, alveolus and palate (CLAP) is usually reconstructed with an autologous bone graft. Harvesting of autologous bone grafts is associated with more or less donor site morbidity. Donor site morbidity could be eliminated if bone is fabricated by growth factor-aided tissue engineering. The objective of this review was to provide an oversight on the current state of the art in growth factor-aided tissue engineering with regard to reconstruction of the alveolar cleft in CLAP. Medline, Embase and Central databases were searched for articles on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), bone morphogenetic protein 7, transforming growth factor beta, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-rich plasma for the reconstruction of the alveolar cleft in CLAP. Two-hundred ninety-one unique search results were found. Three articles met our selection criteria. These three selected articles compared BMP-2-aided bone tissue engineering with iliac crest bone grafting by clinical and radiographic examinations. Bone quantity appeared comparable between the two methods in patients treated during the stage of mixed dentition, whereas bone quantity appeared superior in the BMP-2 group in skeletally mature patients. Favourable results with BMP-2-aided bone tissue engineering have been reported for the reconstruction of the alveolar cleft in CLAP. More studies are necessary to assess the quality of bone. Advantages are shortening of the operation time, absence of donor site morbidity, shorter hospital stay and reduction of overall cost.     

Changes in the volume and density of calvarial split bone grafts after alveolar ridge augmentation

OBJECTIVES: One main problem occurring after bone grafting is resorption, leading to insufficient bone volume and quality, and may subsequently cause dental implant failure. Comparison of graft volume and bone density of iliac crest and calvarial transplants determined by animal studies demonstrates significantly lower resorption of bone grafts harvested from the skull. This paper is the first clinical study evaluating bone volume and density changes of calvarial split bone grafts after alveolar ridge reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bone volume and density were determined using CT scans and the software program Dicom Works in a total of 51 calvarial grafts after alveolar ridge augmentation in 15 patients. CT scans were taken in all 15 patients immediately after grafting (T0) and before implantation after a postoperative period of 6 months (T1). In five patients (26 calvarial grafts), a 1-year follow-up was performed (T2). RESULTS: A mean volume reduction of 16.2% at T1 (15 patients) and 19.2% at T2 (five patients) was observed. Bone density was high--about 1000 Hounsfield units--and did not change during the 1-year period. At the time of implantation, 41 transplants were classified as quality 1 bone and 10 as quality 2-3 bone. Grafting area and the technique used for grafting (inlay or onlay graft) did not affect the postoperative bone volume reduction. Generalized osteoporosis did not increase the resorption rate of calvarial transplants. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, calvarial split bone grafts are a promising alternative for alveolar ridge reconstruction in dental implantology.     

组织工程骨修复牙槽突裂的研究进展

牙槽突裂是伴发于唇腭裂的一种常见的先天性发育缺陷性疾病.为消除牙槽突裂患者的口鼻瘘,使裂隙区以及裂隙两侧的牙齿能正常萌出并能获得良好的牙周附着,这类患者常常需要作二期骨移植.传统的取自患者自身新鲜骨的骨移植修复,虽能较好地修复牙槽突裂,但也存在着诸多弊端:受供区取骨量的限制和骨移植后随着患者的生长和植骨区植入骨的吸收,...     

Bone graft healing in alveolar osteoplasty in patients with unilateral lip, alveolar process, and palate clefts

Secondary osteoplasty by means of autogenic spongy bone grafting is the most common procedure used in the reconstruction of the continuity of the maxillary alveolar process. The aim of the study was to analyze retrospectively the effect of certain factors on the course of the bone graft healing process in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolar process, and palate. The investigations involved 62 children aged 8 to 14 years (mean age, 11 years) with unilateral complete cleft of the lip, alveolar process, and palate operated on at the Clinic of Plastic Surgery in Polanica Zdrój from November 2007 to April 2009. All the procedures consisted in the reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar process by means of autogenic spongy bone grafting from the iliac bone. The analysis was performed on the basis of computed tomography scans presenting maxillary alveolar processes in the horizontal cross-sectional planes performed on the second or third postoperative day and after 6 months. They were used as the basis for the measurement of the volume and density (condensation) of the bone graft, the surface of its adhesion to the maxillary alveolar bone, and the volume and density of the healed bone. The following correlation coefficients were determined: between the adhesion surface of the bone to the alveolar bone and the volume of the healed bone, between the adhesion surface of the bone to the alveolar bone and the density of the healed bone, and between the density of the graft and the volume of the healed bone. Increasing the surface of the graft adhesion to the bone ridges of the alveolar cleft contributes to increased volume of the healed bone and slows down the increase in its density (on 6-month follow-up). Crushing of the bone graft increases its resorption and reduces volume of the healed bone.     

Evaluating the efficacy of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 in the treatment of alveolar clefts with autologous bone grafting using computer-aided engineering techniques

Recent studies have indicated the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) to be a viable adjunctive to alveolar cleft reconstruction owing to its osteoinductive capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rhBMP-2 in the treatment of alveolar cleft with autologous bone grafts by precise volumetric analysis. Twenty-six patients (aged 8-14) with unilateral alveolar clefts were enrolled in this comparative study. Patients were divided into two groups: the iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) was placed at the side of the cleft in the control group (ICBG group), and rhBMP-2 was mixed with the ICBG in the rhBMP-2 group (BMP group). Helical computed tomographic images were obtained preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. The datasets were reconstructed as three-dimensional (3D) images using Mimics software and processed using Geomagic Wrap. The newly formed bone of the alveolar cleft was segmented by identifying the differences between preoperative and postoperative 3D images. In the ICBG group, the volume of newly formed bone ranged from 0.25 to 0.88 cm³, and the mean (SD) bone formation percentage was 42.01% (15.57%). In the BMP group, the volume of newly formed bone ranged from 0.34 to 1.09 cm³, and the bone formation mean (SD) percentage was 55.79% (11.84%). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the postoperative percentage of bone formation (p = 0.022). Thus, rhBMP-2 combined with an autologous bone graft is a promising technique to improve the results of secondary alveolar bone grafting.     

牙槽嵴裂手术修复技术改进的临床探讨

目的:探讨改良牙槽突裂修复术的临床疗效.方法:对2008-2016年收治的41例牙槽突裂患者,从手术切口、植骨床制备、取骨、植骨方法等多方面进行改进,总结临床效果.结果:手术成功率为92.8％;术后随访6～12个月,无明显供骨区并发症.结论:微创制取的条块状髂骨松质骨块成骨效果好,手术创伤小.植骨床应用“Z”瓣,可提高成骨效果,降低术后植骨区并发症.     

Segment distraction to reduce a wide alveolar cleft before alveolar bone grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a method for reduction of wide alveolar clefts prior to bone grafting. This method aims to facilitate bone grafting and achieve adequate soft tissue coverage of the graft with attached gingiva. CASE REPORT: Treatment of a patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate with a severe alveolar defect on the left side is illustrated. Distraction osteogenesis was used to mesialize the left segment so that the alveolar cleft was reduced to a minimum. After a 10-week retention period, bone grafting of the reduced alveolar defect was successfully performed. After consolidation of the bone graft, the alveolar cleft was found to have an osseous closure with adequate soft tissue coverage. CONCLUSION: In patients with a wide alveolar cleft, soft tissue coverage with keratinized mucosa can be more readily assured by reducing the alveolar cleft by callus distraction to mesialize the lateral segment prior to bone grafting.