Genomic Dissection of Travel-Associated Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates Originating from the Philippines: a One-Off Occurrence or a Threat to Effective Treatment of Typhoid Fever?

One unreported case of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was identified, whole-genome sequence typed, among other analyses, and compared to other available genomes of S. Typhi. The reported strain was similar to a previously published strain harboring bla_SHV-12 from the Philippines and likely part of an undetected outbreak, the first of ESBL-producing S. Typhi.     

伤寒减毒活疫苗Ty21a免疫后小鼠小肠微皱褶细胞数量变化的观测

本文拟建立一种分离滤泡相关上皮 (FAE )的稳定方法 ,并对微皱褶细胞 (M细胞 )的可诱导性作初步探讨。将BALB/c小鼠随机分为 2组 ,每组 11或 2 2只 ,以小鼠灌胃免疫为模型 ,采用Percoll非连续密度梯度离心法提取小鼠小肠Payer结中的FAE ,经荧光标记的凝集素 (UEA1 FITC )染色后用流式细胞仪检测 ,SAS统计软件分析。结果表明伤寒沙门菌Ty2 1a免疫组与PBS对照组之间 ,有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。说明伤寒沙门菌Ty2 1a可诱导微皱褶细胞 (M细胞 )数量的增加     

Vi抗原影响产肠毒素大肠杆菌菌毛 在人伤寒沙门菌表面的装配

目的 观察人伤寒沙门菌Vi抗原对大肠杆菌菌毛抗原装配的影响。方法 利用体内、外同源重组系统,构建了VipR基因缺失突变的人伤寒沙门菌菌株,导致其Vi抗原的表达较相应野生菌株偏低。用包含产肠毒素大肠杆菌菌毛抗原基因的表达质料分别转化Vi表达弱化菌株和相应野生菌株,对两者表达的菌毛抗原进行含量分析。结果 产肠毒素大肠杆菌CS3、CFA－I在VipR突变体菌株表面的含量,均比在相应野生菌株表面的含量高。结论 Vi抗原的表达弱化可能有利于菌毛抗原在人伤寒沙门菌表面的装配。本研究结果对于产肠毒素大肠杆菌基因工程疫苗的构建有指导意义。     

DNA疫苗的运送载体——减毒霍乱沙门氏菌

霍乱沙门氏菌是人兽共患病原菌,遗传背景清楚,利用它作为载体表达外源抗原基因已得到较广泛的研究并取得了一定的效果。本文从沙门氏菌的侵入途径、减毒重组菌对基因疫苗的呈递及诱发免疫应答的机制、作为载体的优势以及免疫存在的问题等方面就减毒霍乱沙门氏菌作为运送DNA疫苗的载体作简要概述。     

Typhoid fever due to a Salmonella typhi strain of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones

Objective: To report a case of typhoid fever contracted in Portugal in 1994 due to a Salmonella typhi isolate which had reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone (MIC 1 mg/L of ciprofloxacin) and high level resistance to nalidixic acid (MIC ≥56 mg/L).
Methods: Molecular studies of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones comprised complementation tests with a wild-type allele and sequencing directly from PCR products of the gyrA gene.
Results: Complementation tests and DNA sequencing showed that a mutation occurred in the gyrA gene of this clinical isolate, resulting in a substitution of phenylalanine for serine at position 83 of GyrA.
Conclusions: Because quinolones may be regarded as a treatment of choice in typhoid fever, it seems important now to recommend cautious use of these drugs as first-line therapy and possibly use of nalidixic acid resistance as a marker for detection of 'first-step' resistance to fluoroquinolones in S. typhi.     

In vitro effects of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone on Salmonella typhi within human monocyte-derived macrophages

The main objective of this in vitro study was to assess the effects of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in killing Salmonella typhi in infected human macrophages. Human monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood of human volunteers were cultured in vitro for macrophage differentiation, and subsequently infected with S. typhi strains (a clinical isolate and a standard strain TA-42) at a cell ratio of 10 : 1. MICs of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were determined by broth microdilution, and the antibiotics were included in the culture medium at one and five times their MIC values. Samples of cell culture medium taken at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h of incubation were cultured for growth of S. typhi on nutrient agar. Gentamicin (10 mg/L) was included in each well except for the control wells, in order to prevent growth of extracellular S. typhi . Both antibiotics showed good in vitro antibacterial effects against S. typhi strains. There were no statistically significant differences between the extracellular and intracellular effects of antibiotics with regard to elimination of the bacteria. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are highly effective against extracellular bacterial growth. The results of our in vitro experiments suggest that cefotaxime and ceftriaxone might also be used clinically against susceptible intracellular pathogens such as S. typhi .     

单核细胞—巨噬细胞对伤寒沙门氏菌应答的特性

目的：探讨了人类单核细胞－巨噬细胞对伤寒沙门氏菌应答的特性。方法：采用体外培养的THP－1细胞和PMA诱导分化的THP－1细胞,测定其内在化和杀伤伤寒沙门氏菌的活性,以及以伤寒沙门氏菌诱导的上述两种细胞产生TNF－α和IL－12的情况。结果PMA诱导的THP－1细胞可分化成巨噬细胞;THP－1细胞和PMA诱导分化的THP－1细胞的内在化,杀伤寒沙门氏菌的能力及其产生细胞因子的能力显著不同。结论人类巨噬细胞的可能是机体抗御伤寒沙门氏菌感染的重要细胞。     

Development of an anti-Salmonella typhi Vi ELISA: assessment of immunocompetence in healthy donors

We have developed a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to study the vaccination responses to Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi (S. typhi Vi) vaccine. Purified S. typhi Vi polysaccharide was biotinylated and bound to streptavidin coated microtitre plates. Reproducibility was determined across a range of IgG antibody levels: mean interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were <11.9% for non-vaccinated sera with low levels and <11.1% for sera with very high levels of anti-S. typhi Vi IgG. Specificity was assessed by inhibition studies using salmonella antigen. We have developed the ELISA based on normal adult serum responses to test immunization with S. typhi Vi vaccine. We also report here anti-S. typhi Vi IgG levels in a group of healthy preschool children. In non-vaccinated adult sera (n = 104), the median value of anti-S. typhi Vi IgG, expressed in S. typhi Vi arbitrary units (AU/ml), was 5.3 AU/ml and in non-vaccinated sera from children (n = 44) the median value was 1.4 AU/ml. The data from immunization of healthy volunteers (n = 23) show that geometric mean levels of anti-S. typhi Vi IgG were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) for post-vaccination subjects (39.2 AU/ml) compared to paired prevaccination (3.9 AU/ml) values. A total of 21/23 vaccine recipients had <8 AU/ml S. typhi Vi IgG in their sera prior to vaccination and of these 20/21 (95%) exhibited threefold increases and 14/21 (67%) fourfold increases in their S. typhi Vi IgG following vaccination. Based on the data in this study, we propose a threefold increase in anti-S. typhi Vi IgG post-vaccination to be considered a positive vaccination response. The ability to demonstrate clearly an antibody rise in response to immunization with S. typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine suggests that this is likely to be a useful vaccine for the assessment of B cell function in patients with suspected immune deficiency.     

Vi capsular polysaccharide: Synthesis,virulence, and application

Vi capsular polysaccharide, a linear homopolymer of α-1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosaminuronate, is characteristically produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The Vi capsule covers the surface of the producing bacteria and serves as an virulence factor via inhibition of complement-mediated killing and promoting resistance against phagocytosis. Furthermore, Vi also represents a predominant protective antigen and plays a key role in the development of vaccines against typhoid fever. Herein, we reviewed the latest advances associated with the Vi polysaccharide, from its synthesis and transport within bacterial cells, mechanisms involved in virulence, immunological characteristics, and applications in vaccine, as well as its purification and detection methods.     

伤寒减毒活疫苗Ty21a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞差异表达的基因

以基因表达谱芯片对Ty2 1a免疫前后小鼠肠细胞 (包括肠粘膜上皮细胞和肠上皮间淋巴细胞 )基因表达的差异性进行研究比较。将 490条经抑制消减杂交法筛选出的与小鼠Ty2 1a免疫相关的cDNA制备成表达谱芯片 ;利用免疫前后小鼠肠细胞的mRNA通过逆转录方法 ,将Cy3和Cy5两种荧光分别标记到两种组织的cDNA上 ,制备成cDNA探针 ,并与表达谱芯片进行杂交及扫描 ,单点重复 2次实验 ,通过计算机数据处理判定基因是否在上述两种细胞群中有表达差异。筛选出差异表达基因共 98条 ,其中 92条为表达上调基因 ,6条为表达降低基因。提示 ,基因表达谱芯片技术是高通量进行基因表达模式研究的方法 ,可同时定量研究大量的基因表达水平 ,从而鉴定可能参与免疫的基因。     

Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi infections in Korea for recent 9 years: trends of antimicrobial resistance

The aim of this study is to characterize the epidemiological features of typhoid fever, categorized as class 1 notifiable disease in Korea and to analyze the recent change of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi isolated nationwide. We retrospectively analyzed the 1,692 culture-proven cases from 1992 to 2000, using the data of the Korean National Institute of Health. The overall incidence of culture-proven typhoid fever was 0.41 per 100,000 population. It occurred all over the country, but the southeastern part of Korean peninsula had the higher incidence rate than other areas. There were several outbreaks suspected, of which two outbreaks were confirmed. The resistance rate against chloramphenicol showed mild increase, but the ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, or nalidixic acid resistance remained at the similar levels for the past 9 yr. There were 21 (1.3%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains isolated since 1992, and the number of those has increased. Two strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were first identified in Korea.