Pathologic evaluation of damage to bronchial artery, bronchial wall, and pulmonary parenchyma after bronchial artery embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate for massive hemoptysis

Histologic evidence of safety after bronchial arterial embolization (BAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) should be assured. The present report describes a 78-year-old man with massive hemoptysis from lung cancer who underwent surgical lobectomy 23 days after hemostasis had been achieved via BAE with NBCA. Pathologic examination revealed that NBCA filled the lumen of bronchial branch arteries 143-1,094 μm in diameter from the lobar bronchus to subsegmental bronchus but was not seen in the lumen of the pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein. NBCA induced occlusion of bronchial branch arteries but no necrosis of the bronchial wall or pulmonary parenchyma.     

Embolization of percutaneous transhepatic portal venous access tract with N-butyl cyanoacrylate

Objective:

To evaluate the safety and feasibility of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (N-BCA) embolization of percutaneous transhepatic portal venous access tract and to establish an appropriate technique.

Methods:

40 consecutive patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal venous intervention for various reasons. Embolization of percutaneous transhepatic portal venous access tract was performed after the procedure in all of the patients using N-BCA and Lipiodol® (Lipiodol Ultra Fluide; Laboratoire Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) mixture. Immediate ultrasonography and fluoroscopy were performed to evaluate perihepatic haematoma formation and unintended embolization of more than one segmental portal vein. Follow-up CT was performed, and haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were checked to evaluate the presence of bleeding.

Results:

Immediate haemostasis was achieved in all of the patients, without development of perihepatic haematoma or unintended embolization of more than one segmental portal vein. Complete embolization of percutaneous access tract was confirmed in 39 out of 40 patients by CT. Seven patients showed decreased haemoglobin and haematocrit levels. Other complications included mild pain at the site of embolization and mild fever, which resolved after conservative management. 16 patients died during the follow-up period owing to progression of the underlying disease.

Conclusion:

Embolization of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein access tract with N-BCA is feasible and technically safe. With the appropriate technique, N-BCA can be safely used as an alternate embolic material since it is easy to use and inexpensive compared with other embolic materials.

Advances in knowledge:

This is the first study to investigate the efficacy of N-BCA for percutaneous transhepatic portal venous access tract embolization.Percutaneous transhepatic approach for portal venous intervention is used in various procedures, such as portal vein angioplasty, partial portal vein embolization before hemihepatectomy, variceal embolization for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and pancreatic islet cell transplantation.^1–6 After performing these procedures, life-threatening bleeding may occur from transhepatic tracts and, as a result, lead to morbidity and mortality. According to the literature, various embolic materials, including gelatin sponge particles, biological tissue adhesives, coils and plugs, have been utilized to prevent bleeding from the tracts.^7–13 Among these materials, gelatin sponge particles and coils are the two most commonly used embolic materials. However, most of these embolic materials have one or more drawbacks, such as incomplete tract embolization when using gelatin sponge particles, which may be the cause of delayed bleeding, and longer procedure time when using coils or plugs.^14,15 On the contrary, N-butyl cyanoacrylate (N-BCA) is a permanent, fast-acting and inexpensive embolic material, which is associated with a low possibility of rebleeding or migration. There are several reports on embolization of percutaneous biopsy tracts or biliary access tracts with N-BCA.^16–21 However, to the best of our knowledge, none of the studies has evaluated the outcome of embolization of portal venous access tracts with N-BCA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of N-BCA embolization of percutaneous transhepatic portal venous access tracts.     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血

目的 评价支气动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的疗效及影响因素。方法 对32例急性或顽固性大咯血（咯血量大于300ml）患者单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞支气管动脉止血。原发疾病包括肺结核18例，支气管扩张9例，肺癌5例。全部病例于栓塞治疗后经随访6-48个月。结果 31例（97%）即时止血，2例（6%）近期（2-3周）内复发，6例（18.7%）中远期（2月以上）复发，1例12h后急性大咯血窒息死亡。结论 单纯用明胶海绵栓塞支气管动脉治疗急性或顽固性大咯血疗效满意。近期复发与侧支循环有关，中远期复发可能与原发病及明胶海绵的吸收有关。     

大咯血行支气管动脉栓塞的栓塞材料研究进展

支气管动脉栓塞术（BAE）是将栓塞材料定向注入支气管动脉,封闭责任血管,达到迅速止血的效果,现已成为针对大咯血内科保守治疗无效时的首选治疗手段,目前临床上所使用的栓塞材料种类繁多,可以适应不同的部位、不同的病因、不同的病变基础,种类包括机械栓塞材料弹簧圈、液体栓塞材料氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（NBCA）、广泛应用的明胶海绵（GSA）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）颗粒以及逐渐推广的各型微球。该文旨在对栓塞材料的种类、特性、应用范围以及各自的优缺点做一综述。     

选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗急性大咯血

目的评价选择性支气管动脉栓塞(SBAE)治疗急性大咯血的疗效。方法34例急性大咯血病人,实行SBAE治疗。结果追踪观摩8～16个月,除2例再发大咯血外,未见严重并发症和胸、肋间、咽喉痛及吞咽困难等明显副反应。结论SBAE是目前较好的急性大咯血治疗方法。     

Anomalous origin of bronchial arteries: potential pitfall of embolotherapy for hemoptysis

Bronchial artery embolization was performed in two patients with anomalous origins of the bronchial artery. In one patient, the anomalous bronchial artery originated from the convex surface of the aortic arch between the origins of the brachiocephalic and left carotid arteries, while in the other, it originated from the internal mammary artery. Anomalous bronchial arteries represent a potential pitfall during bronchial artery embolization. Radiologists involved in embolotherapy for hemoptysis should therefore be alerted to the possible presence of anomalous bronchial arteries, especially when significant bronchial artery supply to areas of abnormal pulmonary parenchyma is not demonstrated at a catheter search or aortography of the descending aorta. In these instances, arch aortography should be performed to identify anomalous origins of the bronchial arteries or other nonbronchial systemic collateral vessels.     

支气管扩张大咯血DSA特点及栓塞治疗

目的探讨支气管扩张(支扩)大咯血病变动脉DSA表现特点及栓塞治疗疗效。方法35例支扩大咯血患者,参考胸片、CT等影像资料行选择性支气管动脉及其他目标血管DSA检查,根据造影表现行病变动脉栓塞治疗,栓塞材料为PVA和(或)明胶海绵颗粒(条),术后随访疗效。结果①DSA表现:病变血管单独为支气管动脉占74.3%,合并非支气管体循环动脉22.9%,单独为非支气管动脉2.9%,异常动脉数量为1～5(平均1.8)支/例。显示出血直接征象25.7%,间接征象100%。②栓塞情况及疗效:栓塞34例共61支病变血管;应用微导管16例。1例3d内栓塞2次无效,3个月内复发4例,3个月后复发2例,栓塞治疗总有效率为85.3%,复发率为20.6%,无脊髓损伤等严重并发症。结论支扩大咯血DSA检查阳性率高,参考造影特点行选择性病变动脉栓塞治疗安全性好,疗效确切。     

Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization for massive hemoptysis

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to investigate the utility of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization in patients with massive hemoptysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of all patients with hemoptysis who had presented at either of two local hospitals, one county hospital and one community hospital, between 1988 and 2000 and who had undergone fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial arteriography. All data were abstracted using a standardized coding form, and radiographs were independently reviewed by two of the authors. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified; one patient was excluded because of missing radiographs. The remaining 28 patients consisted of 19 men and nine women, with an average age of 54.6 years (age range, 16-91 years). The clinically determined diagnoses of their symptoms were tuberculous bronchiectasis (n = 14; 50.0%); bronchogenic carcinoma (n = 4; 14.3%); active tuberculosis (n = 2; 7.1%); nontuberculous bronchiectasis (n = 2; 7.1%); active coccidioidomycosis, pancreaticobronchial fistula, arteriovenous malformation, and tetralogy of fallot (n =1 each; 3.6% each); and unknown cause (n = 2; 7.1%). The bleeding site determined through bronchoscopy was consistent with that determined through radiographs in 23 patients (82.1%); all had either unilateral disease (n = 15), bilateral disease with unilateral cavities (n = 5), or a preponderance of disease on one side (n = 3). Bronchoscopy was an essential tool in determining the bleeding site in only three patients (10.7%), all of whom had bronchiectasis without localizing features visible on chest radiographs. In the remaining two patients (7.1%), bronchoscopic findings were indeterminate, but radiographs were helpful. CONCLUSION: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy before bronchial artery embolization is unnecessary in patients with hemoptysis of known causation if the site of bleeding can be determined from radiographs and no bronchoscopic airways management is needed.     

支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用

目的探讨支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中应用的策略及临床效果。方法80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CT血管造影（CTA）检查,在介入手术中寻找所有的出血动脉,并逐一进行栓塞治疗。68例患者栓塞治疗1周后复查支气管动脉CTA检查。对支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用效果进行回顾性总结评价。结果80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CTA检查,共找到107支病变的出血动脉,介入手术中共找到118支出血动脉并成功栓塞治疗。术前支气管动脉CTA检查诊断的准确率为90．68％（107/118）。68例患者栓塞后治疗支气管动脉CTA检查显示所有已栓塞的支气管动脉栓塞效果良好。结论介入栓塞治疗前支气管动脉CTA检查可以为支气管动脉栓塞治疗中寻找出血动脉提供准确的定位作用。栓塞治疗后行支气管动脉CTA检查有利于对栓塞疗效的准确判定。     

超选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的临床评价

目的探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的临床应用价值。方法对42例大咯血患者的支气管动脉造影和支气管动脉栓塞治疗进行回顾性总结评价。结果42例患者中介入栓塞治疗后显效35例(83.3%),有效7例(16.7%)。结论支气管动脉栓塞是治疗急性大咯血的有效方法,而超选择性插管栓塞治疗更安全有效,可作为临床首选的治疗方法。