食管癌术前CT检查的临床价值

目的:探讨食管癌术前CT检查的临床价值.方法:对60例经病理证实的食管癌患者术前CT表现和术后病理结果进行比较,重点分析肿瘤对周围组织、器官的侵犯及淋巴结转移.结果:CT能准确显示食管癌病变对邻近组织、器官的侵犯及淋巴结转移情况.术前判断食管癌有无外侵的准确性为90%-95%;术前判断淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为35.1%、78.7%、65.7%.按Moss分期标准共分4期:Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期47例,Ⅲ期10例,Ⅳ期0例.其中手术切除54例,手术探查6例.结论:食管癌术前行CT检查对判断肿瘤手术可切除性有重要临床价值,可减少不必要的外科手术.     

MRI在十二指肠乳头腺癌术前TNM分期中的价值

目的 探讨MRI对十二指肠乳头腺癌患者术前TNM分期的临床应用价值。方法 选取本院经手术病理证实为十二指肠乳头腺癌的48例患者术前进行TNM分期，并与术后病理结果相对照。结果 48例十二指肠乳头腺癌患者，MRI对肿瘤浸润深度T分期的总体诊断准确率为83.3%;对淋巴结转移情况N分期的总体诊断准确率为81.3%;对远处转移M分期的总体诊断准确率为95.8%。MRI对十二指肠乳头腺癌术前T、N分期与术后病理分期一致性较好(K=0.731,K=0.650),MRI对M分期与术后病理分期一致性很好(K=0.850)。结论 MRI检查可以较准确的判断肿瘤的浸润深度、淋巴结转移及远处转移情况，对于十二指肠乳头腺癌术前TNM分期具有一定优势。     

食管癌纵隔淋巴结转移CT与病理诊断的对照研究

目的：通过对比食管癌纵隔淋巴结转移的CT与病理诊断,探讨CT检出食管癌转移淋巴结的最小直径,为术前准备分期和制订放射治疗靶区提供指导。方法：选择110例食管癌患者,术前1周行CT检查确定纵隔淋巴结转移位置、淋巴结最小直径和数目,并与术后病理结果比较。结果：胸腔内转移淋巴结最小直径为8 mm、锁骨上窝转移淋巴结为5 mm、气管食管沟转移淋巴结为6 mm时,与淋巴结直径10 mm相比,敏感性显著提高。结论：食管癌患者CT扫描发现转移的淋巴结的最小直径可<10 mm。     

贲门癌CT分期与病理对照研究

目的探讨贲门癌术前CT分期的准确性及手术评估的最佳检查方法。方法将94例贲门癌术前的CT图像分别进行TNM分期,并分别与术后病理分期进行对照。结果贲门癌术前T、N、TNM分期的准确性依次为75.8%、71.3%、73.7%,手术评估的准确性为78.9%。结论CT检查明显提高贲门癌术前分期的准确性,为贲门癌制定治疗方案的重要检查方法。     

胃癌16层螺旋CT术前分期与术后病理对比研究

目的:通过研究16层螺旋CT对胃癌述前TNM分期的诊断与手术病理比较,探索其在确定胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值。材料和方法:研究对象为72例不同年龄、临床症状及辅助检查疑诊胃癌患者,行常规16层CT平扫加增强三期薄层扫描,扫描后数据经过图形工作站进行二维、三维容积重建处理,多方位显示胃癌病变的部位、范围、大小、侵犯胃壁程度及侵犯周围组织器官的范围,周围各组淋巴结大小及范围,按照国际统一的TMN分期法进行TNM的CT术前分期,并与手术后病理TNM分期对照。结果:16层CT检查结果与手术后病理对照,T分期的准确性94.4%,能够显示黏膜和黏膜下层、肌层、浆膜层侵犯程度;N分期:N0准确性100%、N1准确性90.5%、N2准确性100%。CT多期增强可区别血管与淋巴结,可显示5mm直径的淋巴结影,特别是动脉期及门静脉期扫描特异性较高,有显著差异,淋巴结检出水平明显提高,但直径小于10mm淋巴结敏感性减低;M分期准确性达100%,清晰显示肺转移、肝转移、腹膜后及肠系膜淋巴结转移程度及大小。16层CT对胃癌诊断的敏感性95%,特异性80%,准确性92%,阳性预测值98%。结论:16层CT常规平扫加三期增强扫描合并图像后处理分析,可提高胃癌TNM分期的准确性,是胃癌术前准确分期的可靠方法,对合理制定手术前计划有较高价值。     

MR T_2WI和增强CT对原发直肠癌术前T分期的诊断效能研究

目的探讨直肠癌患者术前采用MR T_2WI和增强CT检查对术前T分期的临床诊断意义。方法对我院收治的114例原发性直肠癌患者进行研究,按随机数字表法分为两组各57例。其中57例患者术前给予MR T_2WI检查作为MR组,另57例患者术前给予增强CT检查作为CT组。观察两组患者T分期情况,分析两种检查方式对不同分期原发直肠癌的诊断作用,探讨MR和CT对原发性直肠癌的诊断价值。结果 MR诊断原发直肠癌TNM分期与病理诊断TNM分期对比无差异,P0.05。CT诊断原发直肠癌TNM分期与病理诊断TNM分期对比无差异,P0.05。MR对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断阳性率与病理诊断无差异,P0.05。CT对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断阳性率与病理诊断无差异,P0.05。MR对原发直肠癌TNM分期诊断的阳性预测值上明显高于CT诊断,P0.05;而在敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值及准确率上并无差异,P0.05。结论 MR T_2WI对原发直肠癌患者术前TNM分期的诊断效能优于增强CT,尤其在对阳性的预测上较好,值得临床应用及推广。     

MSCT结合胃镜对胃癌术前分期与术后病理对照研究

目的通过多层螺旋CT（MSCT）结合胃镜对胃癌进行术前TNM分期，并与术后病理TNM分期对比，探讨MSCT结合胃镜在指导胃癌治疗中的价值。方法对200例胃癌患者术前行MSCT检查，多角度多平面观察病变的位置、范围、大小、胃壁浸润程度和胃周侵犯、邻近淋巴结和远处脏器转移等情况，结合胃镜检查，进行术前TNM分期，并与术后病理TNM分期进行对比分析。结果MSCT结合胃镜做出的术前TNM分期与术后病理TNM分期对比，符合率为95％，差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论MSCT与胃镜结合，能在治疗前明确胃癌的分期，对临床指导患者治疗手段、手术方式的选择有重要意义，并对患者的预后做出有效的评估。     

多层螺旋CT和彩超对食管癌腹部淋巴结转移术前评估价值的比较

目的比较多层螺旋CT和彩超对食管癌腹部淋巴结转移的术前评估价值。方法对105例术后病理证实腹部淋巴结转移的食管癌病例进行回顾性分析,对比术前多层螺旋CT增强扫描与腹部彩超对贲门旁、胃左动脉干周围和胃小弯、肝总动脉旁等部位淋巴结转移检测的准确率和漏诊率的差异。结果多层螺旋CT增强扫描和腹部彩超对食管癌腹部淋巴结转移检测的总体准确率、漏诊率分别为84.8%（89/105）vs 63.8%（67/105）及15.2%（16/105）vs 36.2%（38/105）,多层螺旋CT增强扫描对食管癌腹部淋巴结转移检测的总体准确率显著优于彩超检查（P〈0.05）,漏诊率显著低于彩超检查（P〈0.05）。结论就食管癌腹部淋巴结转移术前检测而言,多层螺旋CT增强扫描显著优于彩超检查,为首选检查方法。     

16层螺旋CT及TopoⅡ表达分析在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描及回旋酶（topoⅡ）表达相结合在直肠癌术前分期诊断中的意义。方法：应用螺旋CT增强扫描对111例直肠癌进行术前分期;对111例直肠切除标本组织进行topoⅡ表达分析,与手术及术后病理对照;探讨二者在直肠癌术前分期中的价值。结果：螺旋CT扫描对直肠癌T分期准确度为79.3%,N分期准确度86.5%,M分期准确度90.9%,综合判断CT对直肠癌TNM分期总准确度为89.2%。直肠癌组织中topoⅡ表达阳性率85.6%。直肠癌病理分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期者其癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于Ⅰ期;伴有淋巴结转移者直肠癌组织的topoⅡ表达阳性率明显高于淋巴结转移阴性者。结论：16层螺旋CT扫描及topoⅡ检测都有利于直肠癌术前分期的判断,topoⅡ检测弥补了CT对于N分期判断准确度低的缺点,两者结合有利于提高分期诊断的准确率。     

高分辨力MRI在直肠癌TNM分期评估中的应用

目的 :探讨高分辨力MRI在直肠癌TNM分期评估中的应用价值。方法:选取经术后病理证实的直肠癌患者60例,术前行MRI检查判断分期,并与术后病理对比。结果:高分辨力MRI对直肠癌患者T1~2期敏感度为69.2%(9/13),T3及T4期敏感度分别为86.9%(20/23)及95.8%(23/24),淋巴结转移的敏感度为93.3%(42/45),与病理结果具有较高的一致性。结论:高分辨力MRI可明确显示直肠癌的位置、大小、周围组织受侵犯情况及有无淋巴结转移,在直肠癌TNM分期的诊断中具有一定的临床价值。     

Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma by transrectal echography combined with pelvic computerized tomography

The accurate staging of rectal carcinoma is very important for treatment planning. The histological data obtained from the surgical specimens of 22 patients with rectal carcinoma were compared with pre- and postoperative endorectal US findings and with preoperative CT results. According to an adapted version of the Astler and Coller classification, the different degrees of tumor spread into the rectal wall were represented as follows: stage A: 1 patient; stage B1: 5 patients; stage B2: 6 patients; stage C1: 1 patient; stage C2: 8 patients and stage D: 1 patient. Preoperative staging, based on the overall results of CT and US, was in agreement with histology in 19 of 22 cases. Individual analysis of US and CT results, in comparison with histological data, showed US staging accuracy to be 77.3% (17/22 patients). US accuracy in demonstrating tumor spread into the rectal wall (stages A, B1, C1) was 100% (7/7 patients); US was 70% accurate in lymph node detection (7/10 patients) and 93.3% accurate in demonstrating perirectal infiltration (14/15 patients). CT diagnostic accuracy was 66.7% (10/15 patients) in the evaluation of perirectal lymph nodes, but tumor spread into the rectal wall (stages A and B1) could not be evaluated. While admitting the primary role of US in the staging of rectal carcinoma, according to our results a combination of US and CT yields a more accurate preoperative diagnostic picture.     

Esophageal carcinoma: CT findings

Preoperative CT scans of 33 patients with esophageal cancer were reviewed to assess staging accuracy and define the role of CT in patients being considered for transhiatal blunt esophagectomy. Surgical and pathological verification was obtained in all cases. Only 13 tumors were staged correctly according to the TNM classification. In addition, CT was not useful in assessing resectability because of its low accuracy in evaluating aortic invasion and the fact that few patients had tracheobronchial or aortic invasion or hepatic metastases at presentation.     

Imaging techniques in the staging of carcinoma of the esophagus

Forty-four patients affected with thoracic esophageal carcinoma underwent preoperative CT to evaluate the value of this method in both staging and assessing the resectability of esophageal tumors. The authors compared the CT findings with intraoperative macroscopic ones, pathologic, and bronchoscopic results in mid-high neoplasms. CT staging criteria were drawn from a careful review of literature and from personal experience. Thirty-nine patients were submitted to surgery, and esophagectomy was possible in 34 of them. CT diagnostic accuracy was higher in proximal esophageal tumors than in sub-bronchial ones; as for the surgical choice, CT provided fundamental guidelines, especially if the choice was a blunt esophagectomy where it is important to exclude tumoral involvement of the airways (accuracy: 82.6%) or of the aorta (accuracy: 89.7%). CT staging accuracy was limited by the low sensitivity of the method in detecting lymphatic (local: 66.6%, distant: 64.2%) and hepatic metastases. Combined thoraco-abdominal CT, tracheobronchoscopy and liver US, besides MR imaging and endoscopic US, allow a better preoperative evaluation of esophageal carcinomas.     

Endoscopic ultrasound and Computed Tomography in the diagnosis, locoregional staging and assessment of vascular infiltration of pancreatic carcinoma

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of colour-Doppler Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS), in the detection, loco-regional staging and assessment of vascular infiltration in pancreatic carcinoma, and to compare the results with those obtained by Computed Tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 57 patients with diagnosed or suspected pancreatic carcinoma was retrospectively analysed. All patients underwent EUS and thin-slice (< 5 mm) spiral dynamic CT. The final diagnosis (carcinoma in 37 patients and benign lesion in 20) was obtained by laparotomy in 21 patients, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in 17, and follow-up in 19. RESULTS: The specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy were respectively 45% and 92% for EUS and 45% and 89% for CT, with an accuracy of 75% for EUS (p <0.05) and 74% for CT (p = 0.07). The specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of loco-regional nodal metastases were both 100% for EUS. The specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of vascular infiltration were 100% and 94% for EUS and 100% and 44% for CT, giving a diagnostic accuracy of 97% for EUS vs 74% for CT (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EUS proved to be more sensitive and specific than CT in the loco-regional staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Its diagnostic accuracy is especially high in assessing vascular infiltration and loco-regional nodal metastases. CT still remains the examination of choice for staging pancreatic carcinoma and for assessing its resectability as it affords a panoramic view and ability to rule out distant metastases. Candidates to resection should all be examined by EUS, as, due to its high accuracy in loco-regional staging and assessing vascular infiltration, it might allow a large proportion of patients to be spared the operation.     

CT evaluation of patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy for cancer

Preoperative CT of 50 patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma was reviewed and compared with the surgical and histopathologic findings. Computed tomography was highly accurate in identifying those cases in which blunt esophagectomy was impossible owing to involvement of the airways or the aorta by the tumor. Preoperative detection of such involvement is important, because tumors of the upper thoracic esophagus are poorly visualized at transhiatal esophagectomy, and sharp or forced blunt dissection may result in accidental laceration of the trachea, mainstem bronchi, or aorta. In contrast, CT was of little value for guiding surgical management of tumors located in the middle thoracic and lower esophagus. Using the staging criteria of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), the staging accuracy of CT was limited by its low sensitivity in detecting abdominal lymph node metastases.     

多层螺旋CT扫描在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术或常规结肠镜活检病理证实的40例结直肠癌的多层螺旋CT表现,并与病理结果对照。结果:病理证实结直肠癌40例(其中盲肠癌6例,升结肠癌3例,横结肠癌3例,降结肠癌5例,乙状结肠癌1例,直肠癌22例),多层螺旋CT检出了全部结直肠癌,敏感性为100%,总的分期准确率为80%(32/40),B期分期准确率为83.3%(15/18),C期分期准确率为66.7%(8/12),肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为95%(36/34)和50%(2/4),淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性分别为60%(12/20)和90%(9/10)。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)可以有效地显示结直肠癌的部位、大小和形态、确定中晚期结直肠癌的侵犯范围、远处转移及淋巴结转移等,从而更准确地诊断并进行术前分期,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Esophagogram and CT vs endoscopic and surgical specimens in the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: Aim of our study was to assess the accuracy of diagnostic imaging in establishing site, morphology and size of the neoplasm comparing surgical specimens or endoscopic examination with esophagograms and CT in patients with esophageal cancer. CT accuracy in defining TNM staging was also evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1993 to 2000 we examined 39 patients with esophageal cancer: 30 males (77%) and 9 females (23%), age range 41-85 years. All patients underwent esophagogram, digestive endoscopy, and chest and abdominal CT. In 22 patients who underwent surgery, we evaluated the correlation between diagnostic imaging and surgical specimens. Patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of discrepancy between pathological and radiological measurements: =/<1 cm (considered as no discrepancy); 1 to 3 cm; > 3 cm. RESULTS: Esophagogram identified neoplasm in 38 patients out of 39, while CT identified neoplasm in all patients. Location and morphology of the neoplasm established at endoscopy were confirmed in all patients. Lesion length measured at esophagogram corresponded to length of surgical specimens in 13 of the 22 surgically treated patients (59%). In this group there was a dominance of polypoid and stenotic tumor forms. In the remaining 9 cases there was a dominance of ulcerative tumor forms. CT measurement corresponded in 7 patients (32%) with a dominance of polypoid and stenotic tumor forms. T staging performed with CT corresponded to surgical specimens in 12 patients (54%, T3-T4). N staging correlated in 19 patients (86%). CT identified distant metastases in 6 patients (27%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study proves a high sensitivity of esophagogram and CT in the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma. Esophagogram presented a higher accuracy in establishing tumor length (59% of cases, as compared to CT 32%). Tumor morphology influenced the accuracy of the esophagogram, and highest accuracy was obtained in polypoid and stenotic tumors. T staging performed with CT corresponded to surgical specimens in advanced stages (T3-T4), while accuracy was poorer in smaller superficial lesions (T1-T2) due to the inability of CT to differentiate the layers of the esophageal wall. N understaging in 14% of cases did not modify surgical management. CT presented a high sensitivity in the identification of loco-regional lymph nodes and identified distant metastases in 6 patients. In conclusion, these techniques are accurate and non-invasive and their role in establishing the correct management is therefore important.     

Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT: preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrence

CT was performed prior to surgery in 103 patients with colorectal carcinoma to assess its value in staging the tumor. Preoperative IBD scans had sensitivities and specificities of 72.7% and 98.9% in detection of liver metastases, 25.9% and 96% in detection of lymph node metastases, and 61.2% and 80.6% in detection of local extension. Compared with the Duke's classification, CT correctly staged only 47.5% of patients: 16.6% were upstaged, and 83.3% were downstaged. Recurrent tumors developed in 11 of 67 patients followed for more than 24 months. CT depicted recurrence in six patients scanned prior to 12 months. Routine scans obtained at 12 months depicted unsuspected tumor recurrence in three of four patients with proved recurrent disease (one patient with pulmonary metastases did not undergo CT). This study indicates that because of the poor accuracy of CT in preoperative local staging of colorectal carcinoma, it has virtually no useful clinical role in this regard. However, preoperative CT evaluation of the liver can be useful. Routine postoperative CT, combined with fine-needle aspiration biopsy, is useful for detection of recurrent tumor.     

56例肾细胞癌CT分期与手术病理对照研究

目的 :探讨肾细胞癌术前 CT分期的方法 ,提高肾细胞癌 CT分期的准确率。方法 :5 6例肾细胞癌均经手术病理证实 ,用盲法根据 CT征象判断肾包膜、肾静脉和下腔静脉、区域淋巴结及邻近器官组织的侵犯情况 ,并按 Robson分期法进行 CT分期 ,将手术病理结果与 CT分期进行对照研究。结果 :CT判断肾包膜侵犯的敏感性为 82 % ,特异性为 85 % ;静脉侵犯的敏感性 80 % ,特异性 93% ;区域淋巴结转移敏感性 91% ,特异性 88% ;邻近器官组织侵犯敏感性 86 % ,特异性 97%。 CT分期与手术病理分期总体符合率为 91%。结论 :CT是肾细胞癌术前分期的有效方法。采用薄层、动态扫描、仔细观察 CT征象 ,结合 MRI及超声检查 ,能提高肾细胞癌术前 CT分期的准确率     

CT及18F-FDGPET/CT诊断食管癌术前淋巴结转移及N分期对比研究

目的 研究CT及18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET/CT术前诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及确定N分期的价值.资料与方法 连续随机选择经食管镜或胃镜证实、拟行手术治疗、能够耐受手术的47例食管癌患者,术前1周内行CT及18F-FDG PET/CT检查,以术后病理为“金标准”,比较CT及18F-FDG PET/CT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及N分期的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值.结果 31例存在淋巴结转移,共切除并分离淋巴结387枚(209组),其中65枚(46组)发现转移.CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为53.8％、92.8％、86.3％、60.3％和90.9％;18F-FDG PET/CT分别为89.2％、93.8％、93.0％、74.4％和97.7％.PET/CT诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性、准确性及阴性预测值均显著高于CT,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),特异性及阳性预测值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CT及18F-FDG PET/CT确定淋巴结分期的准确率分别为74.5％和91.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).伴淋巴结转移的食管癌原发灶最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)为( 14.899±3.770),而无淋巴结转移者为(9.427±2.854).结论 18F-FDGPET/CT术前诊断食管癌淋巴结转移及确定N分期优于CT;食管癌原发灶SUVmax在一定程度上可以反映淋巴结转移情况.