烧伤后鼻部及邻位组织缺损畸形的修复

目的 了解烧伤后鼻及邻位组织缺损的最佳修复方法 及效果. 方法 1999年1月-2008年12月,笔者单位采用额部扩张皮瓣、上臂带蒂皮瓣、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣及鼻唇沟皮瓣,修复烧伤后鼻部及邻位组织缺损畸形患者12例,其中全鼻缺损4例,鼻部分缺损8例.12例患者巾鼻缺损伴面颊部瘢痕3例,伴额部瘢痕5例,伴上唇外翻及上唇大部分缺损共5例.皮瓣面积3.0cm × 1.5 cm～10.0 cm×8.0 cm. 结果 采用额部扩张皮瓣修复5例、上臂带带皮瓣修复3例、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣修复1例、鼻唇沟皮瓣修复3例.12例皮瓣全部成活.随访1～7年,患者鼻的功能及外形均明显改善. 结论 额部皮瓣为修复烧伤后鼻缺损的首选皮瓣.面部严重烧伤,瘢痕明显,不能选择局部皮瓣或邻位皮瓣时,可考虑应用上臂带蒂皮瓣、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣等修复.     

髂腰皮瓣修复小儿耻骨上和腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的：总结髂腰皮瓣修复小儿耻骨上和腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩畸形的体会。方法：6例小儿发生烧伤后耻骨上和腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩畸形，采用对侧髂腰皮瓣转移修复局部瘢痕松解后的创面。结果：瘢痕挛缩畸形和器官牵拉得以矫正，供瓣区直接缝合，后期随访畸形和牵拉无复发。结论：髂腰皮瓣是修复小儿耻骨上和腹股沟区瘢痕挛缩畸形的好方法，简便而且易于实施。     

额部烧伤后瘢痕扩张鼻再造术

目的 探讨全面部烧伤鼻缺损选择修复的额部皮瓣鼻再造,修复后鼻外形、颜色和质地与烧伤面部匹配的状况.方法 选择全面部烧伤、额部遗留平整萎缩性瘢痕或接受过皮肤移植手术但额肌仍完整保留的患者,应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣再造全鼻.手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部瘢痕瓣扩张术;Ⅱ期行扩张额部组织瓣转移全鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣蒂修整术.结果 切取的扩张额部瘢痕皮瓣宽为7.0～7.8 cm,蒂长9.0～11.0 cm.其中2例患者再造鼻的单侧鼻翼和1例患者的鼻小柱皮肤部分坏死,经换药后痊愈.术后随访3～36个月,再造鼻颜色、质地、形态与烧伤面部相配,所有患者均对再造鼻外形效果满意.结论 应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻缺损,其皮肤颜色、质地与烧伤面部外形匹配,并在无支架埋置的状况下.鼻外形维持效果良好.     

运用额部阶梯状皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻部畸形

目的探讨烧伤后鼻部畸形的修复方法。方法选择烧伤后鼻部有多个亚单位存在瘢痕挛缩或缺损的患者,其额部皮肤正常或留有浅表瘢痕。依照鼻部美学亚单位分布或整个鼻部单元,切除鼻部挛缩的瘢痕及部分正常皮肤,以使创面规则完整、移位的鼻翼及外翻的鼻黏膜复位。松解、切除鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨之间的瘢痕,以显现鼻翼沟。而鼻尖亚单位区的瘢痕则给予部分保留。若有衬里缺损,可翻转瘢痕瓣或周围正常皮肤制作衬里。以一侧滑车上动脉在眶上的皮支为蒂,形成额部正中或旁正中三叶状皮瓣。分离时,皮瓣大部在额肌表面掀起,近蒂部时达额肌下,呈阶梯状。皮瓣分离后,带蒂转移修复鼻部创面,供区移植皮片。3周后断蒂、修整。结果本组12例,术中均发现滑车上动脉在眶上1.5-2.0cm水平出现皮支走行于皮下。术后皮瓣均成活,随访3-12个月,鼻外形逼真,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤相近,瘢痕不明显,通气良好。其中5例额部供区移植皮片后皮片色素沉着显著,3个月后行扩张皮瓣修复。结论以滑车上动脉眶上皮支为蒂的额部阶梯状皮瓣是修复烧伤后鼻畸形的一个良好选择。     

鼻背部皮瓣旋转推进法在面斜裂鼻畸形修复中的应用

目的：探讨鼻背部皮瓣在面斜裂鼻畸形修复中的应用。方法：应用鼻背部皮瓣旋转向下推进纠正单侧面斜裂鼻畸形。结果：应用鼻背皮瓣旋转推进修复单侧面斜裂鼻畸形,术后鼻畸形基本矫正,无并发症发生。结论：鼻背旋转推进皮瓣安全,易操作,是修复面斜裂鼻畸形的有效方法。     

扩张后前臂任意型皮瓣修复全鼻瘢痕畸形

目的 探讨额部无可供扩张的皮肤时,全鼻瘢痕畸形修复的方法.方法 借用全鼻再造术的原则,采用扩张后前臂任意型皮瓣带蒂转移修复烧伤后全鼻瘢痕畸形.扩张器均置在前臂屈侧,置入扩张器切口可根据转移时选择蒂部的不同,选择在近侧、远侧或侧方.扩张完成后,扩大鼻孔、矫正外翻鼻翼,将鼻作为一个解剖单元松解,据面部轮廓大小设计修复鼻的大小.可将鼻背瘢痕及扩张皮瓣包膜作为衬垫鼻背的材料.供区直接拉拢缝合,3周后断蒂.结果 15例,近端蒂3例,远端蒂11例,侧方蒂1例,皮瓣均成活良好,外观佳.远端蒂组为逆行皮瓣,但血运可靠,与近端蒂组及侧方蒂组比较,具有供区缝合容易、制动体位舒适、皮瓣蒂长、活动度大,可提供较多组织修复缺损等优点.结论 额部无可供扩张皮肤时,应用前臂任意型皮瓣扩张后行全鼻瘢痕畸形修复术,是一个可供选择的方法.     

应用肩胛皮瓣游离移植修复小儿颈部烧伤瘢痕挛缩

目的：介绍应用肩胛皮瓣游离移植修复小儿颈部烧伤瘢痕挛缩畸形的体会。方法：自1993年来，用吻合血管的肩胛皮瓣游离移植，治疗2－10岁儿童的颌颈胸部烧伤后瘢痕挛缩畸形15例。结果：全部皮瓣均100％成活，其中8例在术后6－18个月复诊。患儿的皮瓣与周围组织颜色近似，无皮瓣臃肿，对颌颈部的发育无影响，结论：用肩皮瓣游离移植血管吻合术修复儿童颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形是一个较理想的方法。     

额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损

目的：探讨应用扩张额部皮瓣行半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损的效果。方法：2008年6月～2010年12月,收治部分鼻缺损患者5例,男1例,女4例,均采用额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复。手术分3期进行：Ⅰ期行额部额肌下扩张器置入术皮肤扩张;Ⅱ期行额部扩张皮瓣转移半鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣断蒂修整术。结果：术后患者均愈合良好,无明显并发症发生。5例患者均获随访,随访时间6月～1年。再造鼻形态满意,颜色、质地与周围皮肤较为匹配,额部供区无明显瘢痕及畸形。结论：额部扩张皮瓣法行半鼻再造术修复鼻缺损,手术方法简单可靠,术后效果满意。     

皮肤软组织扩张术在烧伤外科的应用

目的 总结采用皮肤软组织扩张术的方法修复大面积严重烧伤后畸形及颅骨深度电烧伤新鲜创面的临床效果。方法 １９９８年以来,应用皮肤软组织扩张术８３例１６０个扩张器,对大面积严重烧伤后畸形、全鼻缺损患者,于前额烧伤后植皮皮下及额肌下行组织扩张术,设计带血管蒂的软组织扩张后烧伤植皮岛状皮瓣,切取肋软骨为支架,完全全鼻再造。对颅骨深度电烧伤,应用软组织扩张术将新鲜颅骨深度烧伤创面修复与后期烧伤后头皮瘢痕秃发     

局部皮瓣与皮片移植分区修复儿童颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的：探讨儿童严重颈部烧伤瘢痕畸形的手术治疗。方法：对2～11岁的颈部瘢痕畸形患者采用局部皮瓣转移与皮片移植相结合的方法，分区修复。结果：采用上述手术方法修复Ⅲ～Ⅳ度颈部瘢痕24例，其中随访23例，随访时间为6个月～2年，2例颈部后仰活动轻微受限，2例颈部瘢痕较为明显，3例所植皮片轻度挛缩，患者有紧缩感，但不影响功能。结论：对儿童严重颈部瘢痕畸形，局部皮瓣转移与皮片移植相结合分区修复为较好的手术方法。     

Revision of the cleft lip nose

Secondary or revision rhinoplasty for the cleft nasal deformity represents one of the most challenging problems in rhinoplasty surgery. The secondary nasal deformity of the unilateral cleft lip involves a retrodisplaced dome of the ipsilateral nasal tip, hooding of the alar rim, a secondary alar-columellar web, and other deficiencies. This article discusses techniques to achieve the best possible outcome for patients with cleft nasal deformities. We emphasize the importance of early intervention by way of primary cleft rhinoplasty and highlight the typical challenges presented in delayed (secondary) or revision cleft rhinoplasty. We describe how the sliding flap cheilorhinoplasty effectively corrects these deformities using a laterally based chondrocutaneous flap via an open rhinoplasty approach. Columellar struts and shield grafts are some of the techniques combined with this approach to produce optimal results.     

Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity in Orientals using a refined reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty.

A total of 45 patients with cleft lip nasal deformities were operated on between September 1997 and December 1999. We reviewed 35 of them. Out of these, 31 patients had unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities and four patients had bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. The age range of the patients was from 3 years to 56 years. A reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty was used in 20 patients with mild to moderate unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. An open rhinoplasty incision combined with the reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty was used in 11 patients with severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. A bilateral reverse-U incision and a trans-columellar incision were used in the four patients with bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. After advancement of the mucochondrial flap, alar transfixion sutures were used to ensure firm contact between the nasal skin and the redraped reverse-U flap. A composite graft for columellar lengthening was used in six cases of severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity and the four cases of bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Ancillary procedures included correction of a lateral displacement of the alar base, lip scar revision, a cartilage graft for tip augmentation, iliac bone grafting for correction of hypoplasia of the maxilla or for an alveolar cleft and corrective rhinoplasty. A self-made nasal retainer was applied for 6 months in all patients to maintain the corrected contour of the nostril. The follow-up period ranged from 11 months to 26 months, with an average of 18 months. The final results were evaluated based on the degree of symmetry of the nostrils, the redraping of the alar-columellar web and the exposure of the nostrils. Good results were obtained in 29 patients where alar-columellar web deformities were either absent or minimal and a satisfactory symmetry of the nostrils was achieved. Four patients had fair results and two patients had poor results. In conclusion, we suggest that the reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty is a useful method for achieving symmetry of the nostrils in cleft lip nasal deformities in Orientals. In addition, this technique provides ample advancement and repositioning of the mucochondrial flap and simultaneous correction of the nasal vestibular web.     

鼻部不同部位缺损的修复

目的：探讨鼻部分或全部缺损的手术修复。方法：根据鼻部不同范围的缺损选择不同的方式进行修复，包括邻近皮瓣、岛状皮瓣、复合组织游离移植等。结果：31例鼻部缺损组织瓣修复中鼻唇沟皮瓣13例，邻近滑行皮瓣8例，额部岛状皮瓣5例，耳廓复合组织游离移植5例均成活。术后鼻外形均满意。结论：鼻缺损修复方式较多，应根据缺损的部位，范围选择不同的修复方式。     

The remucosalizing alar cartilage flap: a reconstructive option for repairing nasal septal perforations

The objective of this study is to assess the results of repairing septal perforations with a vascularized pedicled alar cartilage island flap. Using the external rhinoplasty approach, a vascularized flap of alar cartilage, harvested as a cephalic trim and pedicled on the ascending columellar branches of the superior labial artery was raised. Bilateral mucoperichondrial septal flaps were elevated and the alar flap was transposed and secured within the defect and bilaterally overlaid with temporalis fascia. Silastic sheets were placed and remained in situ until the grafts were revascularized from the peripheries of the defect as well as centrally from the alar flap. The revascularized temporalis fascia acted as a scaffold for nasal remucosalization. The alar flap also increased the long-term structural robustness of the repair. Between 1999 and 2003, 14 patients with septal perforations ranging from 10 to 31 mm underwent septal reconstruction using this technique. There were nine males and five females. The flap was successfully raised in all cases and long-term closure was maintained in 12 patients (86%). The alar cartilage flap is an effective technique for repairing septal perforations in selected patients. It provides vascularized tissue which nourishes the grafts during remucosalization, and a cartilaginous framework, which affords long-term structural support to the repair. It also obviates the need to transpose nasal mucosa and create a secondary defect. The rhinoplasty approach furthermore permits additional nasal deformities to be corrected at the same time. Presented at the British Association of Plastic Surgeons Summer Scientific Meeting, Sheffield, UK (12 July 2006).     

远位扩张皮瓣及临床应用

目的：探讨与总结采用远位扩张皮瓣用于整形外科修复的经验与效果。方法：对临床应用的102例进行回顾性的资料分析与随诊。结果：由于病变缺损附近正常皮肤不足而采用远位扩张皮瓣修复的方法均获得了较满意的效果。从方法上看既可以采用直接带蒂皮瓣或岛状瓣移转，也可以通过中间站间接移转，还可以施行吻合血管的游离皮瓣移转。结论：远位扩张皮瓣有较多的优点，适应证的范围也较广泛，具有进一步推广应用的前景。     

自体真皮瓣在隆鼻手术中的应用

目的 探讨自体真皮瓣游离移植结合多种材料在隆鼻手术中的应用。方法 2014年1月至2015年1月,根据患者鼻部的情况,对31例隆鼻患者采取自体真皮瓣结合硅胶假体、耳甲腔软骨综合隆鼻,并观察临床效果。结果本组患者术后真皮成活良好,鼻部外形自然、满意。随访6~12个月,除1例术后并发感染,经积极抗炎治疗有效,其余患者无并发症产生。结论 自体真皮瓣结合硅胶假体、耳甲腔软骨等综合隆鼻,可降低假体外露等并发症的发生率,术后鼻部外形自然,效果良好。     

应用瘢痕组织瓣修复单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形

目的：探讨上唇瘢痕组织瓣在单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形矫治术中的应用。方法：应用Millard术式原理，不切除上唇瘢痕，而是用以形成两型瘢痕组织瓣，用来矫治不同情况的鼻畸形。结果：1985年起应用本法共矫治单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形51例，皮瓣全部成活，效果良好。结论：本法增加了可供利用的组织量，适用于矫治可供利用的组织量不足时的单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形。     

Structural grafting in rhinoplasty

Many surgeons consider cosmetic rhinoplasty to be one of the most challenging facial plastic surgical procedures. Open-structure rhinoplasty allows for visualization of bony-cartilaginous deformities, preservation of nasal structural integrity, and precise nasal reshaping. The ultimate, external appearance of the nose is the sum of the interaction of the bony-cartilaginous skeleton and the skin soft-tissue envelope. This article describes the use of autologous, structural cartilage grafts in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Emphasis is placed on the use of septal, auricular, and costal cartilage grafts to provide for a structurally sound skeletal framework and thereby a predictable postoperative result. Deformities of the middle and lower third of the nose are specifically addressed.     

鼻再造术中衬里组织的修复方法

目的探讨鼻再造术中衬里组织的修复方法。方法根据局部组织条件,应用局部翻转皮瓣、口腔黏膜瓣、鼻唇沟皮瓣和预构皮瓣等方法,对24例鼻缺损患者的鼻衬里进行了修复,并转移额部皮瓣和移植自体肋软骨行鼻再造术。术后通过6-34个月的随访,以了解鼻腔衬里组织的情况,如挛缩、破溃等,评价各方法的疗效。结果本组17例采用局部翻转皮肤、瘢痕作为鼻腔衬里,1例采用口腔黏膜瓣,5例采用局部皮瓣,1例采用预构皮瓣重建衬里。再造鼻额部皮瓣及衬里皮瓣均存活,外形逼真,仅瘢痕瓣通气不良。结论在鼻再造术中,正确评估鼻部缺损范围、程度及鼻周残留组织量,选择适当的衬里修复手术方案,可收到良好的手术效果。预构皮瓣可以很好地修复复杂鼻缺损的衬里。