Evidence for Mas-mediated bradykinin potentiation by the angiotensin-(1-7) nonpeptide mimic AVE 0991 in normotensive rats

We evaluated the effect of the nonpeptide mimic of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), AVE 0991, on the hypotensive effect of bradykinin (BK). Increasing doses of intra-arterial or intravenous BK were administered before and 30 minutes after the beginning of AVE 0991 infusion. The effect of AVE 0991 on plasma Ang-converting enzyme activity was tested using Hip-His-Leu as the substrate. The interaction of AVE 0991 with Ang-converting enzyme in vivo was tested by determining its effect on the pressor action of Ang I or Ang II. AVE 0991 produced a significant and similar potentiation of intra-arterial or intravenous bradykinin. AVE 0991 did not inhibit plasma Ang-converting enzyme activity in vitro or the pressor effect of Ang I in vivo. N(W)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or D-Ala(7)-Ang-(1-7) administration abolished the BK potentiating effect of AVE 0991. We further examined the BK-potentiating effect of AVE 0991, evaluating its effect on NO production in rabbit endothelial cells. The NO release was measured using the 4-amino-5-methylamino-2'-7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate. A synergistic effect of AVE 0991 and BK on NO release was observed. These results suggest that AVE 0991 potentiates bradykinin through an Ang-converting enzyme-independent, NO-dependent receptor Mas-mediated mechanism. This effect may contribute to the improvement of endothelial function by AVE 0991 in vivo.     

血管紧张素-(1-7)特异性受体激动剂AVE 0991的研究进展

AVE0991是一个新合成的血管紧张素-(1-7)[Angiotensin-(1-7),简写Ang-(1-7)]的非肽类似物,与Ang-(1-7)有类似的生物学作用,目前仍处于动物实验阶段。本文综述了目前国内外多篇关于AVE0991的研究报道。在体外AVE0991具有促进内皮细胞释放一氧化氮的作用。在体内AVE0991对心血管及肾脏有明显的保护作用,如扩张血管、调节血压,减轻心肌梗死导致的收缩压下降、心率减慢,抑制梗死所致的血管收缩,减少心肌缺血再灌注后心力衰竭的发生,调节水钠平衡、减轻肾小球硬化,减少尿蛋白等,并对糖尿病的靶器官损害有保护作用。     

Nonpeptide AVE 0991 is an angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas agonist in the mouse kidney

It has been described recently that the nonpeptide AVE 0991 (AVE) mimics the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] in bovine endothelial cells. In this study, we tested the possibility that AVE is an agonist of the Ang-(1-7) receptor Mas, in vitro and in vivo. In water-loaded C57BL/6 mice, AVE (0.58 nmol/g body weight) produced a significant reduction in urinary volume (0.06+/-0.03 mL/60 min [n=9] versus 0.27+/-0.05 [n=9]; P<0.01), associated with an increase in urinary osmolality. The Ang-(1-7) antagonist A-779 completely blocked the antidiuretic effect of AVE. As observed previously for Ang-(1-7), the antidiuretic effect of AVE after water load was blunted in Mas-knockout mice (0.37+/-0.10 mL/60 min [n=9] versus 0.27+/-0.03 mL/60 min [n=11] AVE-treated mice). In vitro receptor autoradiography in C57BL/6 mice showed that the specific binding of 125I-Ang-(1-7) to mouse kidney slices was displaced by AVE, whereas no effects were observed in the binding of 125I-angiotensin II or 125I-angiotensin IV. Furthermore, AVE displaced the binding of 125I-Ang-(1-7) in Mas-transfected monkey kidney cells (COS) cells (IC50=4.75x10(-8) mol/L) and of rhodamine-Ang-(1-7) in Mas-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. It also produced NO release in Mas-transfected CHO cells blocked by A-779 but not by angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) and AT2 antagonists. Contrasting with these data, the antidiuretic effect of AVE was totally blocked by AT2 antagonists and partially blocked (approximately 60%) by AT1 antagonists. The binding data, the results obtained in Mas-knockout mice and in Mas-transfected cells, show that AVE is a Mas receptor agonist. Our data also suggest the involvement of AT2/AT1-related mechanisms, including functional antagonism, oligomerization or cross-talk, in the renal responses to AVE.     

Impairment of cardiac function and remodeling induced by myocardial infarction in rats are attenuated by the nonpeptide angiotensin-(1-7) analog AVE 0991

Aims: We evaluated effects of the nonpeptide angiotensin (ANG)‐(1–7) analog AVE 0991 (AVE) on cardiac function and remodeling as well as transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1)/tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) expression in myocardial infarction rat models. Methods and Results: Sprague–Dawley rats underwent either sham surgery or coronary ligation. They were divided into four groups: sham, control, AVE, and AVE + A‐779 [[D‐Ala⁷]‐ANG‐(1–7), a selective antagonist for the ANG‐(1–7)] group. After 4 weeks of treatment, the AVE group displayed a significant elevation in left ventricular fractional shorting (LVFS) (25.5 ± 7.3% vs. 18.4 ± 3.3%, P < 0.05) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (44.8 ± 7.6% vs. 32.7 ± 6.5%, P < 0.05) when compared to the control group, but no effects on the left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic diameters (LVDd and LVDs, respectively) were observed. In addition, we found that the myocyte diameter (18 ± 2 μm vs. 22 ± 4 μm, P < 0.05), infarct size (42.6 ± 3.6% vs. 50.9 ± 4.4%, P < 0.001) and collagen volume fraction (CVF) (16.4 ± 2.2% vs. 25.3 ± 3.2%, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the AVE group when compared to the control group. There were no differences in LVFS, LVEF, myocyte diameter, and infarct size between the control and AVE+A‐779 groups. AVE also markedly attenuated the increased mRNA expression of collagen I (P < 0.001) and collagen III (P < 0.001) and inhibited the overexpression of TGF‐β1 (P < 0.05) and TNF‐α (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: AVE could improve cardiac function and attenuate ventricular remodeling in MI rat models. It may involve the inhibition of inflammatory factors TGF‐β1/TNF‐α overexpression and the action on the specific receptor Mas of ANG‐(1–7).     

血管紧张素-(1-7)与血管紧张素Ⅱ在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 :探讨血管紧张素 (1 7) [Ang (1 7) ]与血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )在心肌缺血 再灌注损伤中的作用。方法 :离体大鼠心脏置于Langendorff装置上 ,采用主动脉逆灌法 ,结扎左冠状动脉前降支 15min后 ,剪断丝线再灌流 30min ,造成心肌缺血 再灌注损伤模型。在缺血期和再灌注期分别用含有Ang (1 7)或AngⅡ的缓冲液灌注 ,浓度均为 1.0nmol L ,观察它们对再灌注期室性心律失常、左室收缩压 (LVSP)及冠状动脉流量的影响。结果 :AngⅡ明显增加再灌注期室性心律失常程度记分 ,不利于再灌注期冠状动脉流量和LVSP的恢复 ;而Ang (1 7)可减少再灌注期室性心律失常程度记分 ,促进再灌注期冠状动脉流量的恢复 ,并能预防再灌注期LVSP进一步下降。一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L 硝基精氨酸甲酯可阻断Ang (1 7)对再灌注期冠状动脉流量的影响 ,但不能改变其对再灌注期心律失常及LVSP的影响。结论 :外源性Ang (1 7)在心肌缺血 再灌注损伤中的作用不同于AngⅡ ,能减少缺血再灌注损伤。它对再灌注期冠状动脉流量的影响可能与一氧化氮的合成与释放有关     

血管紧张素—（1—7）在内皮素诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖反应中的作用

目的：探讨血管紧张素－（1－7）[Ang-(1-7)]在内皮素－1（-1)诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖反应中的作用。方法：在ET－1诱导培养的SD大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞模型中,应用Ang-(1-7)通过,测定^3H-胸腺嘧啶（^3H-TdR)掺入的方法,观察血管平滑肌细胞增殖情况。结果Ang-(1-7)呈剂量性抑制ET－1诱导血管平滑肌细胞的DNA民,其作用受体不是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1（AT1）或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体2（AT2）,而是通过一种特殊受体介导。结论：Ang-(1-7)能抑制T－1诱导的血管平滑肌增殖。     

Vasodilator action of angiotensin-(1-7) on isolated rabbit afferent arterioles

Recent studies have shown that angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]), which is generated endogenously from both Ang I and II, is a bioactive component of the renin-angiotensin system and may play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. However, little is known about its role in regulating the reactivity of the afferent arteriole or the mechanism(s) involved. We hypothesized that Ang-(1-7), acting on specific receptors, participates in the control of afferent arteriole tone. We first examined the direct effect of Ang-(1-7) on rabbit afferent arterioles microperfused in vitro, and we tested whether endothelium-derived relaxing factor/NO and cyclooxygenase products are involved in its actions. To assess the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7), afferent arterioles were preconstricted with norepinephrine, and increasing concentrations of Ang-(1-7) were added to the lumen. We found that 10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L Ang-(1-7) produced dose-dependent vasodilatation, increasing luminal diameter from 8.9+/-1.0 to 16.3+/-1.1 microm (P<0.006). Indomethacin had no effect on Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NO synthesis inhibitor, abolished the dilatation induced by Ang-(1-7). We attempted to determine which angiotensin receptor subtype is involved in this process. We found that 10(-6) mol/L [d-Ala7]-Ang-(1-7), a potent and selective Ang-(1-7) antagonist, abolished the dilatation induced by Ang-(1-7). An angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (L158809) and an angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist (PD 123319) at 10(-6) mol/L had no effect on Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. Our results show that Ang-(1-7) causes afferent arteriole dilatation. This effect may be due to production of NO, but not the action of cyclooxygenase products. Ang-(1-7) has a receptor-mediated vasodilator effect on the rabbit afferent arteriole. This effect may be mediated by Ang-(1-7) receptors, because angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptor antagonists could not block Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. Thus, our data suggest that Ang-(1-7)opposes the action of Ang II and plays an important role in the regulation of renal hemodynamics.     

Contribution of angiotensin-(1-7) to cardiovascular physiology and pathology

Increased understanding of the contribution of angiotensin peptides to the physiologic control of arterial pressure and cardiovascular regulation has been made possible with the introduction of agents that either inhibit the activity of angiotensins forming enzymes or block the action of the peptides at their specific receptor subtypes. This review highlights some of the lessons that have been learned from the study of the actions of angiotensin-(1-7) and its interrelationship with other vasodilator mechanisms that modulate the control systems that determine blood pressure and tissue perfusion. The studies suggest that the reninangiotensin system acts as a humoral mechanism for blood pressure control through the generation of several distinct forms of angiotensin peptides that may bind to diverse receptor subtypes.     

Sodium status and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: effects on plasma angiotensin-(1-7) in healthy man

OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors provide effective intervention for cardiovascular and renal disease. Changes in angiotensin-(1-7) have been proposed to be involved in the mechanism of action of ACE inhibition (ACEi). In particular, an altered balance between angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) might be involved. A shift in sodium status modifies the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the effects of ACEi, but its effects on angiotensin-(1-7) are unknown. We therefore studied the effect of a shift in sodium intake on angiotensin-(1-7), during placebo and ACEi. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 17 healthy men. The subjects were studied for two 2-week periods: 20 mg/day enalapril and placebo. The first week of each period they used a 50 mmol Na+ diet [low sodium (LS)], the second week a 200 mmol Na+ diet. Angiotensin levels and blood pressure were measured at the end of each week. RESULTS: During placebo, LS intake elicited a three-fold rise in ang-(1-7) that paralleled the rise in other components of the renin-angiotensin system. During ACEi LS did not affect angiotensin II, but did induce a clear-cut rise in angiotensin-(1-7)--to the extent that angiotensin-(1-7) was highest during combination of ACEi and LS. Consequently, during ACEi LS shifted the balance between angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II towards angiotensin-(1-7). CONCLUSION: The sodium status modifies levels of angiotensin-(1-7). During ACEi angiotensin-(1-7) is still subject to stimulation by sodium restriction, and provides opportunity for therapeutic manipulation. Exploration of this opportunity in patient populations may lead to strategies to improve therapeutic benefits of ACEi.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ和血管紧张素1-7对内皮细胞释放组织纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂-1的影响

目的 :研究血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )和血管紧张素 1 7[Ang ( 1 7) ]对内皮细胞分泌组织纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 1(PAI 1)的影响。方法 :培养内皮细胞株 (ECV30 4 ) ,分为AngⅡ和Ang ( 1 7)刺激组 ,培养基中AngⅡ和Ang ( 1 7)加至终浓度为 5、10、2 5、5 0、10 0nmol/L ,2 4h后测定上清液中的t PA和PAI 1的含量。结果 :内皮细胞在AngⅡ终浓度为 5 0、10 0nmol/L组刺激 2 4h后 ,其分泌的PAI 1含量较对照组有明显升高 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。而Ang ( 1 7)在同样浓度组却显著降低PAI 1(P <0 .0 5 ) ,AngⅡ和Ang ( 1 7)两组t PA含量差异无统计学意义 ( P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :AngⅡ对内皮细胞株分泌的PAI 1有显著的升高作用 ,而Ang ( 1 7)对PAI 1作用相反。两者对t PA均无显著影响。提示AngⅡ和Ang ( 1 7)对纤溶系统的调节有一定作用     

An oral formulation of angiotensin-(1-7) produces cardioprotective effects in infarcted and isoproterenol-treated rats

In this study we evaluated the cardiac effects of a pharmaceutical formulation developed by including angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), in normal, infarcted, and isoproterenol-treated rats. Myocardial infarction was produced by left coronary artery occlusion. Isoproterenol (2 mg/kg, IP) was administered daily for 7 days. Oral administration of HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) started immediately before infarction or associated with the first dose of isoproterenol. After 7 days of treatment, the rats were euthanized, and the Langendorff technique was used to analyze cardiac function. In addition, heart function was chronically (15, 30, 50 days) analyzed by echocardiography. Cardiac sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson trichrome to evaluate cardiac hypertrophy and damage, respectively. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that oral HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) administration significantly increased Ang-(1-7) on plasma whereas with the free peptide it was without effect. Oral administration of HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) (30 μg/kg) significantly reduced the deleterious effects induced by myocardial infarction on systolic and diastolic tension, ±dT/dt, perfusion pressure, and heart rate. Strikingly, a 50% reduction of the infarcted area was observed in HPβCD/Ang-(1-7)-treated rats. Furthermore, HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) attenuated the heart function impairment and cardiac remodeling induced by isoproterenol. In infarcted rats chronically treated with HPβCD/Ang-(1-7), the reduction of ejection fraction and fractional shorting and the increase in systolic and diastolic left ventricular volumes observed in infarcted rats were attenuated. Altogether, these findings further confirm the cardioprotective effects of Ang-(1-7). More importantly, our data indicate that the HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) is a feasible formulation for oral administration of Ang-(1-7), which can be used as a cardioprotective drug.     

Increased angiotensin-(1-7) in hypophysial-portal plasma of conscious sheep.

Studies were undertaken to characterize angiotensin peptides in hypophysial-portal blood of conscious sheep and to determine whether the median eminence (ME) secretes angiotensin peptides into the hypophysial-portal circulation. Simultaneous measurements of angiotensin peptides in jugular and hypophysial-portal plasma were performed in 6 sheep. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected and data for hypophysial-portal plasma were corrected for CSF contamination. Angiotensin peptides were also measured in extracts of sheep ME. In a separate group of 4 sheep, simultaneous measurements of angiotensin peptides in arterial and jugular plasma were performed. Using high performance liquid chromatography-based radioimmunoassays, 8 angiotensin peptides were measured: Ang-(1-7), Ang II, Ang-(1-9), Ang I, Ang-(2-7), Ang III, Ang-(2-9), and Ang-(2-10). Renin, angiotensinogen and prolyl endopeptidase were also measured. No differences in angiotensin peptide levels in arterial and jugular plasma were observed. Angiotensin peptide levels in hypophysial-portal plasma were similar to those in jugular plasma, except for Ang-(1-7), the levels of which were 5-fold higher in hypophysial-portal plasma, and Ang I, for which the levels in hypophysial-portal plasma were 46% of the jugular levels. Renin and angiotensinogen levels were similar in arterial, jugular, and hypophysial-portal plasma. Angiotensin peptide contents of sheep ME were less than 16 fmol/ME. However, the prolyl endopeptidase content of sheep ME was 430-fold higher than plasma levels. The low levels of angiotensin peptides in sheep ME indicate that it does not secrete these peptides into the hypophysial-portal circulation. Rather, the high level of prolyl endopeptidase in ME is consistent with region-specific metabolism of Ang I delivered to the ME by arterial blood, generating increased levels of Ang-(1-7) in hypophysial portal plasma. The increased levels of Ang-(1-7) in hypophysial-portal plasma may play a role in regulation of pituitary function.     

Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of vascular growth by angiotensin-(1-7)

Angiotensin (Ang) peptides play a critical role in regulating vascular reactivity and structure. We showed that Ang-(1-7) reduced smooth muscle growth after vascular injury and attenuated the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This study investigated the molecular mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of Ang-(1-7) in cultured rat aortic VSMCs. Ang-(1-7) caused a dose-dependent release of prostacyclin from VSMCs, with a maximal release of 277.9+/-25.2% of basal values (P<0.05) by 100 nmol/L Ang-(1-7). The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin significantly attenuated growth inhibition by Ang-(1-7). In contrast, neither a lipoxygenase inhibitor nor a cytochrome p450 epoxygenase inhibitor prevented the antiproliferative effects of Ang-(1-7). These results suggest that Ang-(1-7) inhibits vascular growth by releasing prostacyclin. Ang-(1-7) caused a dose-dependent release of cAMP, which might result from prostacyclin-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate attenuated the Ang-(1-7)-mediated inhibition of serum-stimulated thymidine incorporation. Finally, Ang-(1-7) inhibited Ang II stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activities (ERK1/2). Incubation of VSMCs with concentrations of Ang-(1-7) up to 1 micromol/L had no effect on ERK1/2 activation. However, preincubation with increasing concentrations of Ang-(1-7) caused a dose-dependent reduction in Ang II-stimulated ERK1/2 activities. Ang-(1-7) (1 micromol/L) reduced 100 nmol/L Ang II-stimulated ERK1 and ERK2 activation by 42.3+/-6.2% and 41.2+/-4.2%, respectively (P<0.01). These results suggest that Ang-(1-7) inhibits vascular growth through the release of prostacyclin, through the prostacyclin-mediated production of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and by attenuation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.     

血管紧张素-(1-7)对心肌细胞L-型钙通道的影响

目的 :研究血管紧张素 (1 7) [Ang (1 7) ]对正常豚鼠心室肌细胞L 型钙离子通道的影响 ,旨在探讨Ang (1 7)发挥降压作用的离子通道及分子基础。 方法 :应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术。结果 :Ang (1 7)可使ICa L呈浓度依赖性增加 ,选择性AngⅠ型 (AT1)受体拮抗剂缬沙坦或非选择性AT1受体拮抗剂Sarthran(Sar)均可消除Ang (1 7)增加ICa L的作用。结论 :Ang (1 7)通过AT1受体增加ICa L,其降压作用不是通过抑制钙离子内流而实现的。     

Baroreflex improvement in shr after ace inhibition involves angiotensin-(1-7)

ACE inhibitors are extensively used in the treatment of hypertension mainly because of their efficiency in reducing blood pressure levels and decreasing vascular and cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, ACE inhibitors improve baroreceptor reflex control. Chronic inhibition of ACE produces (in addition to decreased angiotensin II levels) a severe increase in angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] levels in several species. We have previously shown that Ang-(1-7) produces a facilitation of the baroreflex control of heart rate. In this study, we evaluated the participation of endogenous Ang-(1-7) in the improvement of baroreflex sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats after central infusion of ramiprilat, an ACE inhibitor. Reflex changes in heart rate were elicited, in conscious rats, by bolus injections of phenylephrine (baroreflex bradycardia) before and after intracerebroventricular infusion of (1) saline (8 microL/h), 4 hours (n=5); (2) ramiprilat (14 microg/h), 4 hours (n=6); (3) ramiprilat for 2 hours, followed by ramiprilat combined with A-779 (4 microg/h), a selective Ang-(1-7) antagonist, for an additional 2 hours (n=6); and (4) A-779 for 2 hours, followed by A-779 combined with ramiprilat for an additional 2 hours (n=5). Intracerebroventricular infusion of ramiprilat produced an important increase ( approximately 40%) in baroreflex sensitivity (evaluated as the ratio between changes in heart rate and changes in mean arterial pressure) that was completely reversed by A-779. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular infusion of A-779 prevented the improvement of the baroreflex sensitivity produced by ramiprilat. Intracerebroventricular infusion of saline or A-779 alone did not significantly alter the baroreflex sensitivity. These results suggest that endogenous Ang-(1-7) is involved in the improvement of baroreflex sensitivity observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats during central ACE inhibition.     

Antithrombotic effect of captopril and losartan is mediated by angiotensin-(1-7)

It is well established that renin-angiotensin system blockers exert NO/prostacyclin-dependent antithrombotic effects. Because some beneficial effects of these drugs are mediated by angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), in the present study we examined if their antithrombotic action could be mediated by Ang-(1-7). Intravenous infusion of Ang-(1-7) (1, 10, or 100 pmol/kg per minute for 2 hours) into rats developing venous thrombosis caused 50% to 70% reduction of the thrombus weight. This effect was dose-dependently reversed by cotreatment with A-779 (selective Ang-[1-7] receptor antagonist) or EXP 3174 (angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist) but not by PD 123,319 (angiotensin type 2 receptor antagonist). Similarly, the antithrombotic effects of captopril (ACE inhibitor) and losartan (angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker) were attenuated by A-779 in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of Ang-(1-7) was completely abolished by concomitant administration of NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and prostacyclin synthesis inhibitor (indomethacin), as has been shown previously for captopril and losartan. Thus, the antithrombotic effect of renin-angiotensin system blockers involves Ang-(1-7)-evoked release of NO and prostacyclin.     

血管紧张素-(1-7)对腹主动脉缩窄大鼠的抗心肌肥厚效应

目的　探讨血管紧张素 (1 7)能否预防和减轻腹主动脉缩窄所诱导的大鼠心肌肥厚。方法　 45只大鼠随机分为假手术组、腹主动脉缩窄组、腹主动脉缩窄 +血管紧张素 (1 7)治疗组 ,每组 15只。在腹主动脉缩窄术后 1d开始 ,腹主动脉缩窄血管紧张素 (1 7)治疗组大鼠经置入式微量泵持续颈静脉给予血管紧张素 (1 7) ,给药剂量 2 5μg·kg- 1 ·h- 1 ,假手术组及腹主动脉缩窄组经微量泵只给予同量的生理盐水 ,4周后检测颈动脉血压、心率、血浆和心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度、左心室重量指数和心肌胶原容积分数。结果　腹主动脉缩窄可导致颈动脉血压升高、心率加快、心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度升高、左心室重量指数和心肌胶原容积分数增加 ;血管紧张素 (1 7)不改变腹主动脉缩窄所诱导增高的血压、心率和心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度 ,但能明显减轻腹主动脉缩窄所诱导增高的左心室重量指数和心肌胶原容积分数。结论　外源性血管紧张素 (1 7)能减轻腹主动脉缩窄所诱导的大鼠心肌肥厚。其机制不是通过改变血流动力学或心肌血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度所致 ,可能与它抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ的细胞内信号转导有关。     

Low sodium diet inhibits the local counter-regulator effect of angiotensin-(1-7) on angiotensin II

OBJECTIVE: The heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] has been identified as a versatile, endogenous inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). As the therapeutic response to exogenous RAS inhibitors, such as AT1 receptor antagonists, is altered by changes in salt intake, we investigated the effect of a low, normal and high sodium diet on the antagonism of Ang II by Ang-(1-7). The role of angiotensin receptor subtypes and the endothelium was assessed. METHODS: Male Wistar rats received a normal sodium (0.3% NaCl), high sodium (2.0% NaCl) or low sodium (0.05% NaCl) diet for 10 days. Vascular responses were assessed ex vivo in thoracic aortic rings in the presence of the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor N-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) to avoid aspecific vasodilator effects of Ang-(1-7). RESULTS: After a normal or high salt diet, Ang-(1-7) significantly decreased maximal Ang II-induced vascular constrictions by 40-50%. After a low salt diet this non-competitive antagonism disappeared. The AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 and the Ang-(1-7) receptor antagonist A779 attenuated the effect of Ang-(1-7) found in rats fed with a normal or high sodium diet. Further, removal of endothelium and pretreatment with the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin (10 mol/l) abolished the non-competitive antagonism by Ang-(1-7). CONCLUSION: Ang-(1-7) elicits a specific, endothelium-dependent and non-competitive antagonism of Ang II, which involves AT2 and Ang-(1-7) receptors but is independent of NO production. This non-competitive antagonism of Ang-(1-7) is abolished by a low sodium intake in normotensive rats, suggesting that it serves as a negative feedback towards Ang II in response to an altered sodium intake.     

血管紧张素-（1-7）改善急性心肌缺血/再灌注损伤家兔内皮功能及其超声评价

目的探讨血管紧张素（Ang）-（1-7）对急性心肌缺血/再灌损伤（ischemic-reperfusion injury,IRI）家兔内皮功能的影响。方法建立家兔急性心肌IRI模型,将45只新西兰大白兔随机分为假手术组、IRI模型对照组及Ang-（1-7）组。分别于缺血/再灌注前后检测各组静脉血中一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）的含量。超声测量各组家兔肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能EDD（%）的变化。结果模型对照组NO的含量及EDD（%）值较假手术组明显降低（P<0.05）,ET-1的含量明显增高;Ang-（1-7）组NO含量及EDD（%）值较模型对照组明显升高（P<0.05）,ET-1含量较对照组明显下降（P<0.05）。NO的含量与EDD（%）值有良好的相关性。结论Ang-（1-7）预处理可以改善急性IRI期家兔内皮功能,肱动脉EDD是一种评价IRI家兔内皮功能的良好指标。