体外转流胆汁在恶性梗阻性黄疸中的应用

目的　探讨体外转流胆汁在治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸中的作用。方法　随机选择 2 8例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行胆汁外转流术 ,并与同期 2 5例行胆汁内引流术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者进行比较。结果　外转流组术后恢复时间、黄疸消退时间及肝功能恢复时间均较内引流组短 ;术后生存时间较内引流组长 ;术后并发症较内引流组少 ;经统计学处理差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　体外转流胆汁术 ,具有胆汁内引流及外引流术的优点 ,同时具备手术操作简单 ,术后恢复快 ,住院时间短 ,并发症少 ,术后可经T管注药化疗等优点 ,是一种简单而有效的减黄方法。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸患者血清内毒素和肿瘤坏死因子的检测

目的 探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸病人不同引流术式对血清内毒素（ET）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）水平的影响。方法 测量36例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人内外引流术的手术前术后血清ET和NTF水平。结果 胆肠吻合内引流术10d后ET和TNF较术前明显降低（P＜0．01），而外引流组则术前术后无显著变化（P＞0．05）。术前两组差异无显著性（P＞0．05），手术10d后内引流组显著低于外引流组（P＜0．01）。结论 尽管内外引流均可使黄疸减退，但内引流术能更有效地降低因清ET和TNF水平，因此，在肿瘤无法切除时应尽量采取内引流术。     

不同胆汁引流方式对梗阻性黄疸兔血清内毒素与免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨不同胆汁引流方式对梗阻性黄疸兔血清内毒素与免疫功能的影响。方法:将36只新西兰白兔随机均分为假手术组、外引流组、内引流组。外引流组与内引流组先建立可逆型梗阻性黄疸模型,7 d后解除梗阻,分别行胆汁外引流与内引流;假手术组按相同时间间隔行2次假手术。各组分别于造模前、造模后7 d、引流术后7 d采血,检测肝功能指标、血清内毒素水平、血中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的比例。结果:假手术组各时间点各项指标均无明显变化(均P0.05);造模后7 d,外引流组与内引流组血清胆红素、转氨酶、内毒素水平均较造模前明显升高,血CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例较造模前明显降低(均P0.05);行引流术7 d后,外引流组与内引流组肝功能指标、内毒素水平、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例均较造模后7 d明显恢复,但内引流组后两项指标的恢复程度均明显优于外引流组(均P0.05)。结论:胆汁内引流较胆汁外引流更有利于梗阻性黄疸内毒素清除与机体免疫功能快速恢复。     

胆汁回输对梗阻性黄疸患者血浆内毒素的影响

梗阻性黄疸患者内毒素血症发生率较高 ,本文旨在探讨胆汁回输对梗阻性黄疸患者血浆内毒素的影响。材料和方法1 一般资料 :1 997至 2 0 0 0年我们对 76例行胆道手术的患者测定血浆内毒素 ,并将患者随机分为 3组 :胆汁回输组 ,梗阻性黄疸患者行胆道外引流加胆汁回输 ,共 2 4例 ;     

经皮肝穿刺胆管内外引流术在恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸治疗中的意义

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管内、外引流术在恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸治疗中的意义。方法将我院2000年11月～2006年11月收治的96例恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸病人按胆汁引流途径分成外引流组(41例)和内引流组(55例)。分别于术前1d、术后1周检测肝功能、血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及细胞免疫功能指标,观察各指标术前、术后的变化,并与健康对照组进行比较。结果外、内引流组总胆红素(TBIL)分别由术前的(343.54±105.56)μmol/L、(321.19±110.50)μmol/L降为术后1周的(290.56±103.46)μmol/L、(283.72±104.95)μmol/L,两组总胆红素均较术前明显下降(P<0.05),两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。TNF-α在外、内引流组分别由术前的(108.58±19.95)μg/L、(109.98±16.24)μg/L降为术后的(104.32±19.59)μg/L、(83.92±13.43)μg/L,内引流组较术前显著改善(P<0.01)。内引流组病人术后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(TLS)CD4 、CD3 、CD4 /CD8 值较术前明显增高,术后CD8 则明显低于术前(P<0.05);而外引流组TNF-α及外周血CD4 、CD3 、CD8 、CD4 /CD8 值较术前无显著变化(P>0.05),两组间存在明显差异。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是治疗恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸有效的方法。恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸时病人全身免疫功能低下,行胆道内引流术后病人细胞免疫功能显著改善。     

胆汁回输对梗阻性黄疸患者红细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨梗阻性黄疸患者行胆道外引流术后胆汁回输对红细胞免疫功能的影响。方法将行胆道外引流的梗阻性黄疸患者分为胆汁回输组(n=24)和单纯外引流组(n=27)，并随机选择同期无黄疸的胆囊切除术患者(n=25)作为对照组。观察手术前、后红细胞C3b受体花环试验(C3bRRT)、红细胞免疫复合物花环试验(ICRT)、红细胞cab受体花环促进率(RFER)和红细胞cab受体花环抑制率(RFIR)的变化。结果术前，胆汁回输组及单纯引流组患者C3bRRT和RFER均明显低于对照组．ICRT及RFIR活性均明显高于对照组；术后第14天胆汁回输组C3bRRT明显高于单纯引流组(P＜0．05)。结论梗阻性黄疸患者红细胞免疫功能被抑制，在胆道外引流术后行胆汁回输有利于红细胞免疫功能的恢复。     

剖腹手术中置内支架治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸

12例晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸病人经剖腹手术中置放塑料内支架行胆道引流术 ,与同期行胆肠内引流术的 2 0例患者比较术后效果。所有病人均痊愈出院 ,两组病人术后退黄效果无差异 ,但内支架治疗组的术后并发症较少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,住院时间较短 (P <0 .0 5 )。剖腹手术中置内支架行胆道引流是治疗晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸的一种简便、有效、并发症少的姑息性手术方法。     

PTCD管-鼻胃管胆汁内引流病人的护理

经皮、经肝胆管引流 ( PTCD)是一种传统的胆汁外引流法 ,用于治疗梗阻性黄疸。 2 0 0 0年 2～ 7月 ,我院普外科在 PTCD基础上 ,对 6例恶性胆道梗阻的病人实施 PTCD管 -鼻胃管胆汁内引流术 ,以改善全身症状 ,为解决梗阻或最终的手术治疗做准备。现将护理报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料6例病人 ,男 2例、女 4例 ,年龄 56～ 73岁。胆总管癌 3例 ,壶腹部周围癌 1例 ,胰头癌 2例。病程最长 5个月 ,最短 2个月。 6例病人主要表现为阻塞性黄疸的症状。实验室检查均表现肝功能异常 (详见表 1 )。术前未作特殊检查和治疗。1 .2　方法PTC…     

胆汁回输治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

探讨回输胆汁方式在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床治疗中的价值。回顾性分析52例恶性梗阻性黄疸手术患者的临床资料,分为胆汁回输组和单纯引流组。两组患者术前均行PTC D治疗,比较围手术期肝功能、胆红素、肠功能恢复及并发症等方面的变化发现,两组患者术前肝功能指标均有好转,胆红素水平明显下降,回输组术后并发症发生率低,肠功能恢复快,住院时间短。术前经PTC D将胆汁引流后加温并回输至患者肠内,可促进恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术后肠功能恢复,减少术后并发症,缩短住院时间,提高患者生活质量。     

三种姑息减黄手术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床对比分析

目的：比较不同姑息减黄手术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析2007年1月—2012年1月期间收治的37例恶性梗阻性黄疸需姑息减黄患者临床资料,其中14例行经典Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术式（经典内引流组）,12例行改良胆肠襻式吻合术（改良内引流组）,11例行体外胆汁转流术（外引流组）。比较3组的减黄疗效、术中与术后指标及生存情况。 结果：3组术后总胆红素水平均较术前明显下降,但3种术式的减黄效果相近（P>0.05）。改良内引流组和外引流组较经典内引流组手术时间、术中出血量、肠功能恢复时间及术后住院时间均明显减少,外引流组的住院费用少于经典内引流组与改良内引流组,手术时间、出血量较改良内引流组更加减少（均P<0.05）。经典内引流组术后2例（14.2%）发生反流性胆管炎,而改良内引流组和外引流组无反流性胆管炎发生。3组术后中位生存期差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：改良胆肠襻式吻合术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效确切,术后器官功能恢复快,可以作为姑息减黄的首选术式,而体外胆汁转流术操作简单,创伤小、费用低,适于在基层医院推广。

     

Internal biliary drainage improves decreased number of gut mucosal T lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1 expression in jaundiced rats

BACKGROUND: Although the effect of preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice is controversial, bacterial or endotoxin translocation is one of the main postoperative problem in jaundiced patients. Failure in gut barrier functions causes bacterial translocation; homing and distribution of T lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria are important for gut mucosal immune defense. This study was performed to examine whether bile regulates the numbers of T lymphocyte subsets or the expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in experimental jaundice in rats with and without external and internal biliary drainage. METHODS: Four groups of Wistar rats were used: those that received a sham operation (SHAM), common bile duct ligation (CBDL), CBDL followed by external drainage (ED), and CBDL followed by internal drainage (ID). Numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1-positive cells in the lamina propria were counted immunohistochemically in the specimens of jejunum and ileum of each group. Bacterial translocation was examined by culturing from the mesenteric lymph node complex isolated from rats in each group. RESULTS: A significant decrease in numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1-positive cells in the lamina propria was seen in obstructive jaundice, although numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased in comparison with the sham-operated control. The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1 expression in the lamina propria did not recover to a normal level after external drainage, but did so after internal drainage. Frequencies of bacterial translocation were high in the CBDL and ED group. In contrast, bacterial translocation was not present in any animals in the SHAM group and was at a low percentage in the ID group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the number of T lymphocytes and MAdCAM-1 expression are associated with the presence of bile in the gastrointestinal tract and are inversely correlated with the frequency of bacterial translocation induced by CBD ligation. MAdCAM-1 expression maintained by the presence of bile may regulate T-lymphocyte homing to the lamina propria in obstructive jaundice.     

腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流五例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流治疗恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疽临床应用价值。方法 5例不能手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,其中3例胰头癌,2例壶腹部癌,均采用腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流术治疗。术后7~10d复查病人血生化指标。结果穿刺成功率为100%;术后7~10d总胆红素平均下降95.8μmol/L;未出现出血、胆汁性腹膜炎、胆漏等并发症。结论此方法创伤小,并发症少,操作简单,引流可靠有效,是晚期恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸较好的引流方法。     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影置放胆道支架治疗胆道恶性梗阻52例疗效观察

目的了解内镜治疗对于恶性胆道梗阻治疗的疗效。方法对于自2002年9月至2013年12月的52例恶性梗阻黄疸的患者行内镜治疗,其中6例为胆囊癌,20例为胆管癌,25例为胰头癌。结果所有病人均成功放置支架,黄疸水平较术前有显著下降,差异具有统计学意义。支架平均通畅时间为85.3天,平均生存时间为165.7天。结论对于恶性梗阻黄疸患者,胆道支架是一种安全及有效的方法。     

Effect of internal biliary drainage on plasma levels of endotoxin,cytokines, and C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive jaundice

Preoperative biliary drainage may improve the cytokine and acute-phase response derangements observed in patients with obstructive jaundice. We conducted a prospective longitudinal, before-after trial in our 600-bed teaching hospital. Twenty-four patients with obstructive jaundice were investigated, 11 with benign obstruction and 13 with malignant disease. Endoscopic internal biliary drainage was performed in all patients (7 by papillotomy and 17 by endoprostheses). Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide production, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined at admission and on days 2 and 7 after internal biliary drainage was accomplished. Bile cultures were obtained before and at the time of drainage. Endotoxin, IL-6, TNF-a, and CRP were significantly higher in patients with cancer. After internal drainage, endotoxin (11.4 vs. 2 EU/L; p <0.05), TNF-a (87.5 vs. 48 pg/ml; p = 0.03), and IL-6 (324 vs. 232 pg/ml; p <0.05) plasma levels decreased significantly in the early postdrainage period in patients with cancer. Endotoxin, cytokines, as well as the CRP plasma values, however, increased again on day 7 after drainage. This trend was less marked in patients with benign obstruction. Patients with positive bile cultures after drainage displayed higher levels of CRP (115 vs. 62 mg/L; p = 0.03), IL-6 (598 vs. 330 pg/ml; p = 0.04), and endotoxin (10.6 vs. 4.8 EU/L; p = 0.02) than those with negative bile cultures. Biliary tract obstruction is associated with an increase in endotoxin levels, a positive acute-phase response, and plasma cytokine elevation. After biliary drainage a transitory improvement of these alterations was observed, although values remained high 1 week postdrainage. These findings were associated with positive bile cultures.     

Differences in biliary lipid excretion after major hepatectomy in obstructive jaundiced rats with preoperative internal,external, or no biliary drainage

Necessity of preoperative biliary drainage for patients with obstructive jaundice is still controversial. We recently reported that liver regeneration after major hepatectomy was better restored in a rat model of obstructive jaundice with preoperative internal biliary drainage than that without biliary drainage or with external biliary drainage. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in biliary lipid excretion after hepatectomy in obstructive jaundiced rats with or without preoperative internal or external biliary drainage. After bile duct ligation for 7 days, rats were randomly divided into the three groups; obstructive jaundice-hepatectomy (OJ-Hx), internal biliary drainage-hepatectomy (ID-Hx), and external biliary drainage-hepatectomy (ED-Hx) groups. 70% hepatectomy and internal biliary drainage were carried out 7 days after biliary decompression in the latter two groups and without biliary decompression in the OJ-Hx group. On the day of and on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 after hepatectomy, the liver weight, DNA synthesis rate, biliary lipids excretion rates, and bile acid composition were determined. In the ID-Hx group, the DNA synthesis rate and relative liver weight were significantly higher than those of the OJ-Hx and ED-Hx groups. The excretion rates of biliary lipids were disturbed in the ED-Hx group compared with those in the ID-Hx group and the values in the OJ-Hx group were in-between the ID-Hx and ED-Hx group. The liver regeneration rate was significantly correlated with bile flow and excretion rates of biliary lipids. The maintenance of enterohepatic circulation of biliary lipids before hepatectomy may be important for the liver regeneration.     

PTCD并胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床观察

目的 研究PTCD（经皮经肝胆管引流术）并胆道支架置入术对恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗效果.方法 对19例行PTCD并胆道支架置入术的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行回顾性分析.结果 技术成功率100％,术前血清总胆红素（228.9±30.2）μmol/L,术后2周时,血清总胆红素分别下降到（167.4 ±42.1）μmol/L （P＜0.05）.8例出现并发症,其中胆道出血2例,胆管炎4例,支架阻塞1例,胆汁漏1例,经治疗好均好转.结论 PTCD并胆道支架置入术是一种安全、有效的姑息治疗梗阻性黄疸的方法.     

Experimental study on lipid and bilirubin metabolism after biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND: The present experimental study was carried out to determine variations in bilirubin and lipid metabolism in obstructive jaundice after external biliary drainage alone and in combination with intraintestinal administration of the drained bile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Variations in lipid and bilirubin metabolism were studied in adult mongrel dogs with obstructive jaundice treated by external biliary drainage (EBD) and EBD plus intraintestinal administration of autologous bile (IBD). RESULTS: There was no difference between these two groups in regard to the volume of excreted bile after drainage. The biliary concentration and total daily excretion of bilirubin were higher in the IBD group (P < 0.0001), but there was no intergroup difference in the rate of decrease of serum bilirubin. In regard to lipid metabolism, the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein were decreased after biliary drainage; improvement in lipid metabolism was more rapid in the EBD group. Although the triglyceride level was lower after drainage, the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, the level of high-density lipoprotein 3-C, and the carrier protein apolipoprotein A-I were increased after drainage, with more rapid improvement in the EBD group. CONCLUSIONS: To improve lipid metabolism in obstructive jaundice, external biliary drainage is superior in the early stages of treatment, while replacement by EBD plus intraintestinal administration of autologous bile may be advantageous in cases of prolonged use.     

胆道内、外引流术对梗阻性黄疸患者红细胞膜脂变化的影响

目的:探讨不同的胆道引流手术对梗阻性黄疸病人胆红素的病理生理变化。方法:以梗阻性黄疸病人为研究对象,采用质谱法测定其胆道引流术前后的红细胞膜脂变化。结果:胆道内引流术后两周,病人红细胞膜脂的长链脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸增多,双键含量增加,膜脂成分趋向正常;而外引流术后膜脂成分也有所好转,但变化缓慢,病人早期恢复并不明显。结论:胆道内引流术能较快改善梗阻性黄疸病人的细胞膜结构与功能,有利于病人的早期恢复。