催产素在焦虑障碍相关疾病方面的研究进展

适度的压力有利于个体的生存和发展,但当压力水平超出个体所能承受范围或者反复暴露于压力下,会导致慢性应激,出现社会功能障碍,增加精神疾病的风险,尤其是焦虑障碍相关疾病.目前,研究已经发现催产素能系统的失调与焦虑障碍相关疾病的发生和维持有关.现阐述催产素与焦虑障碍相关社会功能缺陷的关系、催产素在焦虑障碍相关疾病中的作用机制...     

催产素受体基因在孤独症中的研究进展

近年来,孤独症的遗传学研究进展迅速,催产素﹑催产素受体及催产素受体基因被证实在孤独症的病因学上有重要作用,本文对此进行综述。     

催产素在孤独症谱系障碍患者中的可能作用机制进展

孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种神经发育障碍性疾病。该疾病起源于婴幼儿期,主要表现 为不同程度的社会交往障碍、语言发育障碍、兴趣狭窄和行为方式刻板三组症状。迄今为止尚无针对 该疾病的特效药物,但是有研究表明催产素的缺乏或利用不足是导致 ASD 患者社会交往障碍原因之一, 因此关于催产素与 ASD 的研究受到了广大学者的青睐。现对催产素作用于 ASD 患者的症状改善情况、 不良反应及运用前景等进行总结,为临床运用催产素治疗 ASD 患者提供帮助。     

L—NAME加强麻醉大鼠低血压诱发的催产素释放作用

取戊巴比妥麻醉大鼠向侧脑室内分别注射一氧化氮合酶的底物Ｌ－精氨酸和ＮＯ合酶抑制剂Ｎ＾Ｇ－硝基－Ｌ－精氨酸甲酯,用放射免疫法测定血浆中催产素水平。结果：侧脑室内注射Ｌ－精氨酸（１００ｇ／Ｌ,１０μＬ,ｎ＝８）和Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ（５４．０ｔ／Ｌ,５μＬ,ｎ＝１２）,对Ｏ物基础分泌无明显的影响;侧脑室内注射５μＬ Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ（剂量（１：２７,ｇ／Ｌ,ｎ＝９;剂量２：５４。０ｇ／Ｌｎ＝９）可进一步增强静脉输     

L-NAME加强麻醉大鼠低血压诱发的催产素释放作用

取戊巴比妥麻醉大鼠向侧脑室内分别注射一氧化氮(NO)合酶的底物L-精氨酸和NO合酶抑制剂NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME),用放射免疫法测定血浆中催产素(OT)水平.结果:侧脑室内注射L-精氨酸(100 g/L,10 霯,n=8)和L-NAME(54.0 g/L,5 霯,n=12),对OT的基础分泌无明显影响;侧脑室内注射5 霯 L-NAME(剂量1:27.0 g/L,n=9;剂量2:54.0 g/L,n=8),可进一步增强静脉输注硝普钠引起低血压所诱导的OT分泌升高反应.结果表明L-NAME能加强低血压诱发的OT反射性释放作用,提示NO可能是OT反射性释放的抑制因子.     

舍曲林在维思通替换氯氮平治疗中的抗焦虑作用研究

目的探讨舍曲林联合维思通替代氯氮平治疗中的抗焦虑效果。方法随机将64例接受氯氯平治疗伴焦虑症状的精神分裂症病人分成两组,分别给予舍曲林联合维思通与单用维思通替代氯氮平治疗6周;以汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定疗效,以不良反应症状量表（TESS）评定副作用。结果两组间HAMA于第2、4、6周末减分率比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01／P〈0.05）。两组TESS评分各周差异均不显著。结论舍曲林联合维思通替代氯氯平治疗中抗焦虑效果优于单纯维思通治疗．且耐受性较好。     

急性心肌梗死患者抗焦虑抑郁治疗的临床观察

目的 观察抗抑郁治疗对伴有焦虑、抑郁症状的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者近期预后的影响.方法 随机选择AMI患者128例,将贝壳抑郁调查表(Beck depression invatory,BDI)问卷评分>10分者47例随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组除常规治疗外还采用心理治疗和口服抗抑郁药物治疗.结果 128例患者中焦虑、抑郁症状发生率为36.7%,治疗组治疗后较对照组BDI评分明显下降(P<0.05),再次心绞痛或心肌梗死的发生率显著降低(P<0.05),但病死率差异无统计学意义.结论 抑郁症状在因AMI而住院的患者中常见,抗抑郁治疗可改善AMI患者的近期预后,改善焦虑、抑郁症状.     

急性心肌梗死患者抗焦虑抑郁治疗的临床观察

目的 观察抗抑郁治疗对伴有焦虑抑郁症状的急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响.方法 将58例伴有焦虑抑郁症状患者随机分为抗抑郁治疗组和对照组各29例.治疗组在常规治疗基础上,加用抗焦虑抑郁药物,连用1个月,观察心肌再梗、心梗后心绞痛、心力衰竭、心源性猝死的临床情况及焦虑抑郁症状改善情况.结果 治疗组患者心肌再梗、心梗后心绞痛、心力衰竭、心源性猝死明显降低(P＜0.05),汉密斯抑郁量表(HAMD)评分明显优于对照组.结论 抗抑郁药物干预治疗改善心梗患者的近期预后,改善焦虑抑郁症状.     

脑血管病人脑脊液催产素含量的变化

采用放射免疫分析方法测定46例缺血性和19例出血性脑血管病人脑脊液催产素(OT)含量.结果表明,两组病人脑脊液OT含量分别比对照组增高64.2%和52.2%(P<0.01,<0.05).严重痴呆病人脑脊液OT含量增高明显.伴或不伴颅内压力增高和昏迷者,其脑脊液OT含量无显著性差异.对脑脊液OT含量增高的可能机制进行了讨论.     

鞘内注射催产素对大鼠神经痛反应的影响

目的 :观察不同剂量催产素对神经痛大鼠热痛敏的影响。方法 :在脊神经结扎致坐骨神经损伤大鼠模型上采用辐射热缩腿反射的方法 ,以抬脚潜伏期作为观察指标。结果 :蛛网膜下腔注射催产素 (1ng ,2 5ng ,5ng)对神经痛大鼠有镇痛作用 ,呈剂量相关关系。结论 :鞘内注射催产素对神经痛大鼠有镇痛作用。     

Intranasal administration of oxytocin: Behavioral and clinical effects,a review

The intranasal (IN-) administration of substances is attracting attention from scientists as well as pharmaceutical companies. The effects are surprisingly fast and specific. The present review explores our current knowledge about the routes of access to the cranial cavity. ‘Direct-access-pathways’ from the nasal cavity have been described but many additional experiments are needed to answer a variety of open questions regarding anatomy and physiology.     

Long-term fluoxetine produces behavioral anxiolytic effects without inhibiting neuroendocrine responses to conditioned stress in rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anxiolytic effects of long-term treatment with fluoxetine in rats. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine, are used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, in addition to treating depression. A major concern with SSRIs is a 2-3-week delay in their therapeutic effects. SSRIs share with anxiolytic 5-HT(1A) agonists the ability to produce desensitization of post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. To investigate the anxiolytic effects of fluoxetine, rats were treated for 14 days with fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1), i.p. ). The rats were stressed using a conditioned stress procedure and tested one day after the last fluoxetine injection. Fluoxetine decreased stress-induced defecation (by 60%), reversed the stress-induced suppression of exploring behavior (by 59%) and shortened the duration of stress-induced freezing behavior (by 11. 5%). However, the stress-induced increase in plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone, oxytocin, prolactin and renin were not inhibited by fluoxetine treatment. These findings suggest that neuroadaptive changes induced by sustained inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) reuptake, contribute to the mechanism of the anxiolytic effects of fluoxetine. In contrast, the neuroendocrine responses to conditioned stress are not affected by these neuroadaptive changes.     

Plasma oxytocin levels and anxiety in patients with major depression

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasmatic levels of oxytocin (OT) have been found to change in mood disorders. In post-mortem studies, the numbers of OT-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus have been reported to be increased. Moreover, OT is considered as an endogenous antistress hormone. It has also revealed antidepressive effects. OT may contribute to the dysregulation of the HPA system in major depression. The aim of the study was to assess a possible relationship between anxiety and plasma oxytocin (OT) levels in depressive patients. Severity of depression was estimated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and anxiety by using the Spielberger State-Anxiety Inventory. Results showed a significant negative correlation between oxytocin and the scored symptoms depression (r=-0.58, p=0.003) and anxiety (r=-0.61, p=0.005).     

Prosocial effects of oxytocin and clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential

There has been unprecedented interest in the prosocial effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin in humans over the last decade. A range of studies has demonstrated correlations between basal oxytocin levels and the strength of social and bonding behaviors both in healthy individuals and in those suffering from psychiatric disorders. Mounting evidence suggests associations between polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene and prosocial behaviors and there may also be important epigenetic effects. Many studies have now reported a plethora of prosocial effects of intranasal application of oxytocin, including the domains of trust, generosity, socially reinforced learning, and emotional empathy. The main focus of this review will be to summarize human preclinical work and particularly the rapidly growing number of clinical studies which have identified important links between oxytocin and a wide range of psychiatric disorders, and have now started to directly assess its therapeutic potential.     

The effects of oxytocin on social cognition in borderline personality disorder

Introduction

Deficits in social cognition and interpersonal difficulties are key features in borderline personality disorder. Social cognition refers to the function of perceiving and adequately dealing with social signals, leading to the establishment and maintenance of healthy and positive social relationships. Evidence suggests that oxytocin (OT) may improve social cognition and human social behavior. Recently, several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of oxytocin in several psychiatric conditions involving social cognition deficits such as schizophrenia, autism or social phobia. However, despite growing interest, the effects of oxytocin in patients with borderline personality disorder are far from being clearly demonstrated.

Dietary soy phytoestrogens produce anxiolytic effects in the elevated plus-maze

Naturally occurring estrogen-like molecules in plants (phytoestrogens), present via soy, in animal diets, exert many of the biological responses evoked by physiological estrogens. This study characterized the effects of dietary phytoestrogens on the expression of body weight, consummatory behavior, and anxiety (as expressed in the elevated plus-maze). Phytoestrogens produced anxiolytic effects in both male and female Long-Evans rats. Additionally, phytoestrogens decreased body weight but increased consumption of food and/or water.     

Skating to where the puck is going to be: a plan for clinical trials and translation research in mood disorders.

As part of the National Institute of Mental Health Strategic Plan for Mood Disorders Research effort, the Clinical Trials and Translation Workgroup was asked to define priorities for clinical trials in mood disorders and for research on how best to translate the results of such research to clinical practice settings.Through two face-to-face meetings and a series of conference calls, we established priorities based on the literature to date and what was known about research currently in progress in this area.We defined five areas of priority that cut across developmental stages, while noting that research on adult mood disorders was at a more advanced stage in each of these areas than research on child or geriatric disorders. The five areas of priority are: 1) maximizing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of initial (acute) treatments for mood disorders already known to be efficacious in selected populations and settings when they are applied across all populations and care settings; 2) learning what further treatments or services are most likely to reduce symptoms and improve functioning when the first treatment is delivered well, but the mood disorder does not remit or show adequate improvement; 3) learning what treatments or services are most cost-effective in preventing recurrence or relapse and maintaining optimal functioning after a patient's mood disorder has remitted or responded maximally to treatment; 4) developing and validating clinical, psychosocial, biological, or other markers that predict: a) which treatments are most effective, b) course of illness, c) risk of adverse events/tolerability and acceptability for individual patients or well-defined subgroups of patients; 5) developing clinical trial designs and methods that result in lower research costs and greater generalizability earlier in the treatment development and testing process. A rationale for the importance of each of these priorities is provided.     

强迫症与焦虑关系的临床资料分析

目的探讨强迫与焦虑的关系。方法采用Foa的分类,将100例强迫症患者按焦虑程度（SCL-90焦虑因子）分为三组进行比较分析。结果100例患者中伴焦虑者占79％,伴抑郁者占74％;高焦虑组病程长于低焦虑组（P〈0．05）Foa分型中,高焦虑组以Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅵ型多见;临床表现以强迫恐惧的焦虑分高于污染／检查、强迫意象／表象、强迫思考、强迫性犹豫不决和强迫观念（P〈0．01）。结论强迫症与焦虑的关系确有Foa等提出的八种临床类型;强迫症患者伴焦虑的程度并不完全取决于病程,而是致焦虑性强迫想法与减焦虑性强迫反应相互作用的结果。     

The neuroanatomical specificity of the anxiolytic effects ofintra-septal infusions of midazolam

Microinfusions of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic midazolam into thelateral but not the medial septum suppressed fear reactions in two testsof rat ‘anxiety’. Midazolam infusions into the lateral septal nucleiincreased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus-maze test, and blockedburying behavior in the shock-probe test, whereas midazolam infusions intothe medial septum produced neither of these anxiolytic effects. Theanxiolytic effects of midazolam in the lateral septum were partial lyblocked by pre-infusion of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro15-1788, which had no intrinsic effectsby itself. These results suggest that the anxiolytic effects of intra-septal midazolam occur, at least inpart, at GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor sites located in the lateralseptal nuclei.