纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙为可注射骨组织工程支架材料的可行性

背景：前期实验采用仿生学原理制备了可注射性纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙复合材料,但其与骨髓间充质干细胞的生物相容性还不十分清楚。目的：探讨纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙作为注射型骨组织工程支架材料的可行性。方法：将第3代兔骨髓间充质干细胞与可注射纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙支架复合培养,作为实验组;以单纯接种培养的骨髓间充质干细胞为对照组,倒置显微镜下观察细胞生长情况,MTT法检测细胞增殖,扫描电镜观察细胞在材料表面生长与增殖。将纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙支架埋植在家兔背部肌袋内,埋植后2,4,6,8周进行病理学观察。结果与结论：实验组细胞生长、增殖良好,与对照组无明显差异。支架埋植后2周,材料周围有中等量中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和巨细胞浸润,可见小血管与纤维母细胞增生,材料已被炎性细胞分割、围绕散碎;埋植后4周,可见少量淋巴细胞、纤维母细胞聚集,炎症反应进一步消退,肌纤维排列、形态正常;埋植后6周,材料周围炎症反应轻微,组织水肿不明显;埋植后8周,炎症反应基本消退,材料基本降解完成,肌纤维形态基本正常。表明纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖/半水硫酸钙复合物具有良好的细胞相容性和生物降解性,可作为注射型支架材料。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

大鼠成骨细胞与壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合支架降解产物的生物相容性

背景：人们对壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合多孔生物支架在体内的降解过程并非十分清楚,而且有关其降解产物对成骨细胞的影响研究也较少。 目的：分析大鼠成骨细胞与壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合多孔生物支架降解产物的生物相容性。 方法：将培养的第2代大鼠成骨细胞分别在壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合支架降解产物浸提液和含体积分数10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养液中培养,培养第2,4,6,8,10天分别对两组细胞做MTT细胞计数,采用联合会推荐法测定细胞碱性磷酸酶活性,采用BCA蛋白定量法测定总蛋白。 结果与结论：在壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合多孔生物支架降解产物浸提液中培养的大鼠成骨细胞增殖速度、细胞碱性磷酸酶活性、细胞总蛋白合成及碱性磷酸酶与总蛋白的比值明显高于在体积分数为10%胎牛血清DMEM培养液中培养的细胞(P < 0.05)。表明壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合多孔生物支架的降解产物不仅可促进大鼠成骨细胞的黏附、生长和增殖,还可增强其骨化功能,具有较好的生物相容性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺材料的体内成骨能力

背景：作为骨修复重建材料,纳米羟基磷灰石具有良好生物相容性及骨传导性,但临床上中单一使用纳米羟基磷灰石尚存在许多不足。目的：观察纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺材料的体内成骨能力。方法：取24只新西兰大白兔,进行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺人工肱骨头置换,分别于置换后3,6,12,24周,进行X射线观察、组织学观察。结果与结论：①X射线观察：不同时间点材料上端皮质均未出现骨皮质变薄、异位骨化等发生,纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺材料无碎裂迹象,材料四周皮质均可见模糊界面,密度随着时间的增加而增加。②组织学观察：置换后3周,可见大量细胞,包括间充质细胞、单核巨噬细胞等;置换后6周,仍可见界膜内的大量纤维组织、成纤维细胞、单核巨噬细胞,而软骨细胞和成骨细胞分布较少;置换后12周,大范围原始骨小梁开始形成且多呈扁平状,排列整齐有序;置换后24周,组织界膜被骨细胞充斥,骨小梁表面的细胞较规则,骨组织原始细胞开始转变为板层状骨。说明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺材料具有良好的成骨能力。 ;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

纳米银与纳米羟基磷灰石混合填塞对即刻种植骨结合的作用

背景：纳米银具有显著的抗菌性能,纳米羟基磷灰石具有良好的生物活性及机械强度,将两者混合既可促进骨形成又具有抗菌性能。 目的：观察纳米银与纳米羟基磷灰石混合填塞在即刻种植骨结合过程中的作用。 方法：拔除9只新西兰大白兔上下颌4个切牙后,随机分为实验组(n=6)与对照组(n=3),实验组在拔牙窝内填塞纳米银与纳米羟基磷灰石混合物,对照组在拔牙窝内填塞纳米羟基磷灰石,两组均即刻植入钛螺纹钉。植入后4,8,12周取完整上下颌骨标本,进行大体观察、扭矩实验测试、X射线骨密度分析及组织学观察。 结果与结论：实验组不同时间点的新生骨灰度值、最大扭矩值均高于对照组(P < 0.05)。植入12周内,实验组成骨速度及新生骨组织成熟度均高于对照组,且始终无炎细胞浸润;对照组植入4周时可见大量炎细胞浸润,植入8周时仍可见少量炎细胞。表明纳米银与纳米羟基磷灰石混合植骨有更好的抗菌作用、生物相容性和骨诱导能力,能够加快骨结合,促进成骨,较单纯使用纳米羟基磷灰石效果好。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架的体内生物相容性

背景：纯钛人工角膜支架在临床应用中的并发症发生率较高,因此寻找一种生物相容性高的人工角膜支架材料一直是国内外研究的重点和热点。目的：观察羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架的体内生物相容性。方法：取新西兰白兔27只,制作右眼角膜碱烧伤模型,造模后立即均分为3组,实验组右眼植入经过羟基磷灰石表面修饰的人工角膜钛支架,对照组右眼植入人工角膜钛支架,空白对照组右眼仅制备囊袋而不植入支架。术后2,4,16周取兔右眼角膜组织,进行病理组织学观察及扫描电镜观察。结果与结论：术后16周,3组间炎性细胞与纤维细胞数量比较差异均无显著性意义。随着时间的延长,实验组角膜组织逐渐增多,纤维组织逐渐增厚,细胞外基质附着逐渐增加,角膜组织贴附密集度、细胞外基质附着密集度及组织愈合度均优于对照组及空白对照组。表明羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架具有良好的生物相容性,可有效促进角膜细胞增生,有利于角膜血管化。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

纳米含氟羟基磷灰石牙种植体的生物相容性

背景：有关纳米含氟羟基磷灰石牙种植体材料生物相容性的报道较少。 目的：检测纳米含氟羟基磷灰石牙种植体材料的体外生物相容性。 方法：采用溶胶凝胶技术分别制备羟基磷灰石与纳米含氟羟基磷灰石。①溶血性实验：在0.2 mL稀释兔抗凝血中分别加入0.01,0.15,0.2 g/L纳米含氟羟基磷灰石溶液、生理盐水及蒸馏水各10 mL,检测各组上清液吸光度值。②体外细胞毒性实验：分别以100%,50%纳米含氟羟基磷灰石浸提液、100%羟基磷灰石浸提液、苯酚溶液及RPMI1640培养液培养传至第2代的L929细胞,MTT法检测培养2,4,7 d的吸光度值。 结果与结论：体外溶血性实验显示,各浓度梯度纳米含氟羟基磷灰石的溶血率均在5%以内,符合医用材料的溶血要求。体外细胞毒性实验显示,随着培养时间的增加,100%,50%纳米含氟羟基磷灰石浸提液组细胞贴壁覆盖率增加,细胞密度增高,细胞为长梭形或多角形,细胞增殖及形态与RPMI1640培养液组、羟基磷灰石组无明显差别,细胞毒性为0级。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

低温快速成型亲水改性复合人工骨支架的性能测定

背景：低温快速成型技术具有支架成型可控性、保持材料生物学活性和易于实现支架材料的三维多孔立体结构等优势,被迅速用于骨组织工程支架的制备。 目的：采用低温快速成型制备聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架,并检测其性能。 方法：采用低温快速成型设备分别制备聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石与聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架,通过电镜观察支架超微结构,以介质(乙醇)浸泡法测定支架孔隙率,采用电子试验机检测支架力学性能;将两种支架材料分别与大鼠成骨细胞共培养,培养12 h采用沉淀法检测细胞黏附率,培养1,3,5,7,9,12 d采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖。 结果与结论：两组支架孔径均在理想范围内并具有较高孔隙率,但聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石支架的孔径波动范围大,孔径均值较聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石支架小且部分有闭塞现象。聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石支架的细胞黏附率及表面细胞增殖活性高于聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石支架(P < 0.05),力学性能低于聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石支架(P < 0.05)。表明聚乙二醇改性聚乳酸-乙醇酸/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架具有良好的细胞相容性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

胶原-纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架的细胞相容性

背景：观察成骨细胞在生物材料上的形态、增殖和分化等项目,可评估生物支架材料的生物相容性。 目的：观察复合支架材料纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原对成骨细胞增殖、分化的影响。 方法：取新生24 h内Wistar大鼠的颅盖骨,采用改良胶原酶消化法进行成骨细胞原代培养,取第3代细胞与纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原支架或普通羟基磷灰石材料体外复合培养。培养3,6,9 d后,观察材料周边的细胞形态及支架材料对细胞分化、增殖的影响。 结果与结论：纳米羟基磷灰石/胶原材料较普通的羟基磷灰石材料更有利于成骨细胞的黏附、生长、分化、增殖,证实其生物相容性更好,有望成为一种新型的骨组织工程支架材料。     

京尼平交联仿骨结构诱导性骨组织工程支架材料的制备与表征

 背景：目前,尽管利用各种材料制备的组织工程化骨研究取得了一定进展,但均表现出诸如支架材料降解速度与新生骨组织形成速率不匹配、组织生长缓慢、降解代谢产物有毒性等缺陷。目的：构建一种新型的仿骨结构诱导性骨组织工程支架材料,评价其物理化学及生物学性能。方法：以壳聚糖包被淫羊藿苷制备微球,检测其体外缓释效果;将载药微球与胶原蛋白复合构建支架材料的管芯;将羟基磷灰石、聚己内酯与胶原蛋白依次以0∶3∶3、1∶3∶3、2∶3∶3、3∶3∶3的比例混合于六氟异丙醇中,通过静电纺丝技术依次电纺制得具有4层结构的支架材料外管;以1%京尼平将经嵌套的管芯与外管交联在一起。利用万能材料试验机、表面接触角仪、红外光谱、扫描电镜、吸水率、透气性、孔隙率、体外降解实验等对交联前后外管材料的结构和特征进行表征,并评价骨髓间充质干细胞与外管材料的生物相容性;Wistar大鼠皮下埋置实验进一步评价交联前后外管材料的组织相容性。结果与结论：药物在管芯中具有良好的缓释效果;制备的骨组织工程支架材料具有良好的均一性,交联后外管材料的力学性能、吸水率、透气性均高于未交联组(P < 0.05),且体外降解速率显著低于未交联组(P < 0.05)。苏木精-伊红染色显示骨髓间充质干细胞可良好贴附于交联前后的外管材料上;交联的外管材料植入Wistar大鼠皮下后均无炎症反应。表明交联后诱导性骨组织工程支架材料具有良好的生物相容性及力学性能。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

3D打印聚己内酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架与骨髓间充质干细胞的体外生物相容性

文题释义： 3D打印技术：是通过计算机设计3D模型,按照某一坐标轴切成无限多个剖面,然后层层打印堆叠形成一个实体的立体模型,使用3D打印技术制备的骨组织工程支架能对支架的内部结构和外形进行自由可控的构建,在支架个性化、精确性、机械强度、孔隙调节、空间结构复杂性方面有独特优势。 纳米羟基磷灰石/聚己内酯复合材料：羟基磷灰石是人体和动物骨骼的主要无机成分,具有良好的骨诱导性,纳米羟基磷灰石由于良好的生物相容性和骨整合能力被广泛用作骨缺损的修复材料;聚己内酯是一种已被FDA批准的生物材料,具有良好的机械性能、生物相容性及降解性。两种材料复合物的多孔结构能够为细胞生长、组织再生及血管化提供有利条件。 背景：聚己内酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料是在常用骨组织工程材料基础上结合3D打印技术制备的新型复合支架材料,目前对于该复合材料的体外生物相容性研究较少。 目的：通过体外实验探讨3D打印聚己内酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架材料的细胞相容性。 方法：利用3D打印技术分别制备聚己内酯及聚己内酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架,表征两组材料的微观结构、孔隙率及力学性能。将大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分别接种于两组支架表面,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖率,扫描电镜和Live/Dead染色观察细胞在支架上的生长情况。 结果与结论：①两组支架均呈三维网状相互连通结构,纤维呈规律有序的排列、相互交错,纤维表面无空隙,纤维间距、直径较为均一;两组支架的孔隙率比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);复合支架的弹性模量高于单纯聚己内酯支架(P < 0.05);②两组支架表面培养1 d的细胞增殖比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),复合支架表面培养4,7 d的细胞增殖快于单纯聚己内酯支架(P < 0.05);③Live/Dead染色结果显示,两组材料均具有良好的细胞相容性,细胞活性较高,同时复合支架上的贴壁细胞更多一些;④扫描电镜显示,细胞在两种材料上生长形态良好,并紧密黏附于支架表面及微孔附近,同时可见分泌的细胞外基质呈丝状包绕于细胞周围;⑤结果表明,3D打印技术制备的聚己内酯/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架孔隙较丰富,具备良好的力学性能,细胞相容性良好,可作为骨组织工程的支架材料。 ORCID: 0000-0002-7083-6458(胡超然) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.