探讨血清肿瘤标志ProGRP、NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC单独及联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值

目的 研究肺癌鉴别诊断中血清肿瘤标志物血清胃泌素释放肽前体（ProGRP）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原（SCC）及血清细胞角蛋白19片段（CYFRA21-1）单独及联合检测的应用价值。方法 选取2020年1月—2021年6月该院收治的117例肺癌患者为肺癌组,同期选取50例肺部良性疾病（BLD）患者为肺良性疾病组,所有受检者测定NSE、CEA、ProGRP、CYFRA21-1、SCC水平,分析检测结果。结果 肺癌组NSE、ProGRP、CYFRA21-1、CEA及SCC水平分别为（24.22±3.77）ng/mL、（96.87±8.28）pg/mL、（4.09±1.92）ng/mL、（12.99±3.77）ng/mL、（2.09±0.45）ng/mL,均高于肺良性疾病组,差异有统计学意义（t=18.987、40.445、4.820、14.429、17.703,P<0.05）;腺癌血清CEA阳性率最高,鳞癌血清SCC、CYFRA21-1阳性率均很高,SCLC血清ProGRP、NSE阳性率均很高;ProGRP检测特异性最高为98.8%,SC...     

NSE、ProGRP、Ki-67、TTF-1对小细胞肺癌诊断价值的研究

目的评价血清肿瘤标志物对小细胞肺癌诊断的应用价值,分析血清肿瘤标志物与病理指标的关系。方法应用电化学发光技术检测癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1),应用免疫发光技术检测促胃秘素释放肽前体(ProGRP),应用MaxVision免疫组化技术检测细胞核相关抗原(Ki-67)和甲状腺转录因子-1蛋白(TTF-1),应用两独立样本秩和检验、秩相关分析、χ2检验及ROC曲线统计数据。结果小细胞肺癌患者血清中CEA、NSE、ProGRP、CYFRA21-1浓度均高于良性疾病患者,SCLC广泛期患者血清中CEA、NSE、ProGRP、CYFRA21-1浓度均高于局限期患者(P0.05)。NSE和ProGRP的ROC曲线下面积较大,分别为0.972、0.965。NSE+ProGRP检测肿瘤标志物的组合Kappa值0.860,与金标准一致性较好。CEA,NSE,ProGRP与Ki-67存在负相关关系,TTF-1的阳性检测率高于CYFRA21-1,低于ProGRP,CEA、NSE与TTF-1的检测结果比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 NSE与ProGRP联合检测对SCLC的诊断及分期有重要价值,可提高检测SCLC的敏感度和特异度;Ki-67高表达不能反映血清肿瘤标志物的水平,TTF-1对SCLC的检测效果与NSE无差异,但不及ProGRP。     

血清ProGRP和NSE检测在小细胞肺癌诊断和放化疗监测中的价值

目的 探讨血清胃泌素释放肽前体(ProGRP)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)临床诊断和化放疗监测中的意义。方法 分别对2015年9月～2018年1月期间,厦门市第二医院就诊的84例SCLC患者、77例非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者、80例肺良性疾病患者及80例健康体检者的血清ProGRP和NSE进行化学发光法检测; 同时监测84例SCLC患者连续3个周期放化疗后的血清ProGRP和NSE水平变化,采用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。结果 SCLC组患者的血清ProGRP和NSE浓度显著高于其它组(P<0.05)。血清ProGRP单独检测诊断SCLC,LD-SCLC和ED-SCLC的敏感度和特异度均优于血清NSE,两者联合诊断的敏感度最高。连续3个周期的放化疗后,在治疗有效组中SCLC患者血清ProGRP和NSE水平均有显著下降(P<0.05); 治疗稳定组患者无明显变化(P>0.05); 治疗无效组患者血清NSE无明显增高(P>0.05),但血清ProGRP治疗后较治疗前有显著增高(P<0.05)。结论 血清ProGRP和NSE均可用于SCLC患者的诊断和放化疗的疗效监测,其中两者联合检测可有效提高SCLC患者的诊断率,血清ProGRP更能反映患者放化疗的疗效。     

胃泌素释放肽前体和神经元特异性烯醇化酶对小细胞肺癌的临床应用价值

目的探讨血清胃泌素释放肽前体(ProGRP)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中的临床应用价值。方法采用ELISA法和电化学发光法检测34例SCLC,31例非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),35例肺良性疾病,30例正常健康者血清ProGRP和NSE的值。采用ROC曲线比较两者的诊断水平。结果SCLC组血清ProGRP和NSE值显著高于其它对照组(P<0.01),广泛期(ED)NSE水平显著高于局限期(LD)(P<0.01),LD期ProGRP的升高幅度大于NSE,二者均值分别是正常人均值的10.3倍和3.1倍。ProGRP和NSE诊断SCLC的敏感性分别为73.5%和55.9%(P<0.01),特异性为94%和92%。ED期NSE的敏感性(75%)显著高于LD期(28.6%)(P<0.01)。血清ProGRP和NSE区分SCLC和NSCLC,LD和ED的ROC曲线下面积有显著性差异(P<0.01)。化疗前NSE水平正常的SCLC患者化疗后完全缓解的占66.67%,而NSE升高的化疗患者完全缓解的占21.1%(P<0.01)。结论ProGRP和NSE是有效的SCLC肿瘤标志物,ProGRP适用于SCLC的早期诊断,以及与NSCLC的鉴别诊断;NSE有助于SCLC的分期和评估化疗效果。将ProGRP和NSE联合检测,优势互补,在SCLC中有重要的临床应用价值。     

4项肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨肿瘤标志物胃泌素释放肽前体(ProGRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、细胞角蛋白19的可溶性片段(CYFRA21-1)和鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC)在肺癌诊断中的临床价值。方法选择151例肺癌及肺部良性病变患者为研究对象,其中小细胞肺癌(SCLC)43例,非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)68例(包括腺癌35例、鳞癌33例),肺部良性病变患者40例,另选取健康体检者40例纳入健康对照组。采用罗氏电化学发光仪E601检测所有研究对象血清中的ProGRP、NSE、CYFRA21-1和SCC水平。结果 SCLC组的ProGRP和NSE水平均明显高于NSCLC-腺癌组、NSCLC-鳞癌组及肺部良性病变组,而NSCLC-腺癌组和NSCLC-鳞癌组的CYFRA21-1和SCC水平均明显高于SCLC组及肺部良性病变组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在单项指标中,ProGRP在SCLC中的灵敏度和特异度最高,分别为77.2%和91.1%;CYFRA21-1在NSCLC-腺癌和NSCLC-鳞癌中的灵敏度和特异度较高,分别为65.9%和90.1%,以及71.5%和91.2%;在联合检测中,ProGRP+NSE在SCLC中的灵敏度和特异度分别为92.5%和83.6%;CYFRA21-1+SCC对NSCLC-腺癌和NSCLC-鳞癌的灵敏度在83.0%以上,特异度在85.0%以上。结论 ProGRP与NSE联合检测诊断SCLC的价值优于单项肿瘤标志物的检测;CYFRA21-1与SCC联合检测对NSCLC-腺癌和NSCLC-鳞癌有较高的灵敏度和特异度,这些肿瘤标志物诊断和筛查肺癌的潜力值得进一步研究。     

血清胃泌素释放肽前体在小细胞肺癌中的临床价值

目的探讨胃泌素释放肽前体(Pro-GRP)在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)诊断和治疗监测中的价值。方法检测96例SCLC患者(SCLC组,其中局限期74例、广泛期22例)、63例非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者(NSCLC组)和76名体检健康者(正常对照组)的血清Pro-GRP、癌胚抗原(CEA)、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原(SCC-Ag)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平。96例SCLC患者中有86例患者完成1个疗程的化疗。结果 SCLC组血清Pro-GRP、NSE水平均高于正常对照组和NSCLC组(P<0.001)。SCLC组和NSCLC组血清SCC-Ag水平高于正常对照组(P<0.001)。NSCLC组血清CEA、CYFRA21-1水平均高于正常对照组和SCLC组(P<0.001)。广泛期SCLC患者血清Pro-GRP水平高于局限期SCLC患者(P<0.01)。SCLC患者化疗后血清Pro-GRP、NSE水平低于化疗前(P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,Pro-GRP和NSE诊断SCLC的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.960、0.849,最佳临界值分别为76.31ng/L、13.87ng/mL,敏感性分别为84.5%、77.6%,特异性分别为98.6%、79.5%。结论 Pro-GRP在SCLC的诊断、临床分期和治疗监测中均有一定的价值。     

ProGRP、NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC单独及联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中的价值

摘要：目的?探讨血清肿瘤标志物ProGRP、NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC单独及联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法?选取2016年12月至2018年5月于本院就诊且经病理组织学诊断为肺癌的237例患者作为肺癌组，其中小细胞肺癌(SCLC)106例，非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)131例。选取同期就诊的肺良性疾病患者95例作为肺良性疾病组，其中慢性阻塞性肺炎45例，支气管扩张25例，肺炎12例，支气管炎8例，支气管哮喘3例，矽肺2例。采用电化学发光法检测各组患者血清ProGRP、NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC的表达水平，并进行统计学分析；Logistic回归及ROC曲线评估该5种血清肿瘤标志物单独及联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。结果?肺癌患者血清ProGRP、NSE、CEA和CYFRA21-1的表达水平显著高于肺良性疾病组(P均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析及ROC曲线显示，5种血清肿瘤标志物联合检测鉴别诊断肺癌的ROC曲线下面积(AUCROC=0.779)均高于单项检测。在检测效能方面，ProGRP检测的特异性最高(98.9%)，SCC检测的敏感性最高(94.9%)，而联合检测的准确性最高。结论?ProGRP、NSE、CEA、CYFRA21-1和SCC的单独及联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中具有较好的临床应用价值。     

肺癌患者血清NSE，SCC，CA125及 CYFRA21-1水平检测在不同病理类型早期诊断和化疗疗效评价中的应用价值

目的　研究肺癌患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（ neuron speci.c enolase,NSE）、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原（ squamous cell carcinoma antigen,SCC）、糖类癌抗原 125（carbohydratte cancer antigen 125,CA125）及细胞角蛋白 -19片断抗原（cytokeratin-19 fragment antigen,CYFRA21-1）检测在不同病理类型早期诊断和化疗疗效评估中的作用。方法　纳入宝鸡市中心医院放射治疗科 78例肺癌患者作为研究对象,采用免疫电化学发光法检测血清 NSE,SCC,CA125及 CYFRA21-1水平,记录病理分型检测结果。比较腺癌、鳞癌及小细胞肺癌（ small cell lung cancer,SCLC）不同病理分型患者血清 NSE,SCC,CA125及 CYFRA21-1水平。分析血清 NSE,SCC,CA125及 CYFRA21-1对诊断不同病理分型患者及判断化疗近期疗效的准确性。结果　穿刺病理结果显示腺癌 38例,鳞癌 30例,SCLC 10例。三组不同病理分型肺癌患者血清 NSE,SCC,CA125及血清 CYFRA21-1水平差异均有统计学意义（ F=8.627,44.832,31.864,11.480,均 P<0.05）。受试者工作曲线（ receiver operating characteristic,ROC）分析显示血清 CYFRA21-1和 CA125诊断肺腺癌的 AUC分别为 0.690和 0.691（95%CI=0.546~0.807,0.533~0.781,P<0.05）。ROC分析显示血清 CYFRA21-1,SCC及 CA125诊断鳞癌的 AUC分别为 0.681,0.675及 0.670（95%CI=0.561~0.801,0.557~0.794,0.550~0.791,P<0.05）。ROC分析显示血清 NSE,CYFRA21-1及 SCC诊断 SCLC的 AUC为 0.717,0.743及 0.699（95%CI=0.493~0.941,0.602~0.884,0.531~0.867, P<0.05）。血清 CYFRA21-1+CA125诊断肺腺癌的敏感度和特异度分别为 0.873和 0.756,血清 CYFRA21-1+SCC诊断肺鳞癌敏感度和特异度分别为 0.893和 0.822,血清 CYFRA21-1+SCC+CA125诊断肺鳞癌的敏感度和特异度分别为 0.915和 0.716。血清 NSE+CYFRA21-1诊断 SCLC的敏感度和特异度分别为 0.914和 0.786,血清 NSE+SCC+CYFRA21-1诊断 SCLC的敏感度和特异度分别为 0.920和 0.702。血清 CYFRA21-1+CA125,血清 CYFRA21-1+SCC及血清 CYFRA21-1+NSE对判断肺腺癌、肺鳞癌及 SCLC化疗疗效的 AUC分别为 0.822,0.804及 0.772（95%CI=0.708~0.936,0.697~0.911,0.641~0.903,均 P<0.05）。结论　不同病理类型肺癌患者血清 NSE,SCC,CA125及 CYFRA21-1水平表达各异,血清 NSE,SCC, CA125及 CYFRA21-1的检测有助于不同病理类型肺癌患者的诊断和化疗近期疗效的判断。     

晚期肺癌患者血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC、NSE水平变化的临床意义

目的探讨癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原(SCC)和神经烯醇化酶(NSE)在晚期肺癌患者化疗疗效评估中的价值。方法选择136例晚期肺癌患者(肺癌组)和40例肺部良性疾病患者(对照组),对肺癌组进行至少2个疗程的化疗,比较化疗前肺癌组和对照组、肺癌组不同病理类型患者血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC和NSE水平,并比较肺癌组不同疗效患者化疗前后上述肿瘤标志物水平的变化情况。结果化疗前肺癌组血清CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1、SCC水平均高于对照组(P0.01);鳞癌患者血清CEA水平高于腺癌患者和小细胞癌患者(P0.01),小细胞癌患者血清NSE水平高于腺癌患者和鳞癌患者(P0.01),鳞癌患者血清CYFRA21-1、SCC水平均高于腺癌患者和小细胞患者(P0.01)。腺癌部分缓解(PR)患者化疗后血清CEA水平显著下降(P0.01),鳞癌PR患者化疗后血清CYFRA21-1、SCC水平显著下降(P0.05),小细胞癌PR患者化疗后血清NSE水平显著降低(P0.01),各组化疗后稳定的和有进展的患者化疗前后血清CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1、SCC水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCC、NSE可作为肺腺癌、肺鳞癌和小细胞癌化疗有效的评估指标,但对化疗无效患者检测意义不大。     

肿瘤标志物联合检测在肺癌分型中的应用价值

目的通过肿瘤标志物联合检测,评价血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原(CA)50、CA125、CA153、鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、胃泌素释放肽前体(ProGRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平在肺癌分型中的临床价值。方法用化学发光法测定了80例肺癌患者血清CEA、CA50、CA125、CA153、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、ProGRP、NSE水平,探讨了该8项肿瘤标志物在肺癌组织分型中的应用价值。结果小细胞肺癌(SCLC)患者NSE、ProGRP水平分别为(356.7±298.7)pg/mL和(52.03±28.98)μg/L,明显高于非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的(22.7±11.9)pg/mL和(37.01±18.01)μg/L,而CEA、CA50、CA125、CA153水平明显高于肺鳞癌,NSCLC患者明显高于SCLC患者。SCCA是肺鳞癌较特异的标志物,在判别SCLC与NSCLC类型中,CYFRA21-1是NSCLC最灵敏的肿瘤指标。结论该8项肿瘤标志物联合检测在肺癌组织分型方面可为临床提供有价值的参考资料。     

Cellular uptake and efflux of azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin, and cethromycin

Macrolide antibiotics have an outstanding ability to concentrate within host cells, particularly phagocytes. In the study described in this paper five different macrolide antibiotics were compared regarding the uptake and release kinetics in human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and three different cell lines, two phagocytic cell lines (RAW 264.7 and THP-1) and an epithelial cell line (MDCK). Based on the results obtained, the substances tested could be clustered into different groups. Azithromycin constituted the first group, characterized by rapid and nonsaturable uptake into phagocytic cells and a high degree of retention in the preloaded cells. The second group included erythromycin and clarithromycin. These two substances do not exhibit cell specificity; consequently, they are taken up to a similar extent and are released by all cell types studied. Ketolides constituted the last group. Their uptake was saturable in cells of monocytic lineage as well as in nondifferentiated cells of myeloid lineage, and they were rapidly released from all the cell lines studied. However, in PMNs, ketolide uptake was not saturable; and unlike telithromycin, cethromycin rapidly egressed from the loaded cells.     

Comparative Activities of Clinafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Trovafloxacin and Nonquinolones Linozelid, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin against Clinical Isolates of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains

The activities of eight fluoroquinolones and linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid), gentamicin, and vancomycin were tested against 96 ciprofloxacin-susceptible and 205 ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Overall, clinafloxacin, followed by moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin, was the most active quinolone tested. For all isolates, linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin showed activities that were at least comparable to vancomycin, with no cross-resistance to any other test compound.     

Attributional,life-event,and affective predictors of onset of depression,anxiety, and negative attributional style

This investigation examined (1) the extent to which negative attributional style and life events predict the development of depression and anxiety, and (2) the extent to which measures of life events, depression, and anxiety predict the development of negative attributional style. Sets of questionnaires, including the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Stimulus-Response Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness (SR-GTA), and the Life Experiences Survey (LES), were administered to 80 undergraduate students on two occasions separated by a 1-month interval, between midterm and final examination periods of an academic semester. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that (1) composite negative attributional style predicted the onset of anxiety, measured by the MAACL anxiety scale, and (2) depression, measured by the MAACL depression scale, and low amounts of desirable life events each predicted the onset of composite negative attributional style.This research was partially supported by the Temple University Research Incentive Fund to the second author. We thank Edward Gracely for his assistance in the data-analytic process.     

Worry, Procrastination, and Perfectionism: Differentiating Amount of Worry, Pathological Worry, Anxiety, and Depression

This study investigates features that differentiate worry from somatic anxiety and depression. Theoretical models of the worry process suggest that worry is closely related to procrastination. In addition, research on worry and elevated evidence requirements proposes a relationship between worry and perfectionism. Perfectionism, however, is multidimensional in nature. Moreover, previous research has linked procrastination and perfectionism mainly to anxiety and depression. Therefore, the relationship among worry, procrastination, and dimensions of perfectionism was investigated in a sample of 180 students, controlling for anxiety and depression. Results show that worry had substantial correlations with procrastination and perfectionism, particularly with perfectionist concern over mistakes and doubts. Moreover, worry was related to parental criticism and expectations, but unrelated to excessively high personal standards. Instead, high-worriers reported to lower standards under stress. Partial correlations indicated that these correlations were specific for amount of worry, thus differentiating amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression.     

Absorption, distribution, metabolic fate, and elimination of pefloxacin mesylate in mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans

Pefloxacin mesylate is well absorbed by the oral route. The antimicrobial activity in dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human plasma was essentially due to unchanged drug which respectively accounted for 64, 94, and 84% of the total activity (ratios derived from relative area under the curve [AUC] values). Half-lives ranged from 1.9 h in mice to 8.6 h in humans. Protein binding was weak, about 20% in plasma. Except in brain, concentrations in most of the organs and tissues tested in rats and dogs were higher than the plasma levels. Microbiological activity in urine was mainly due to pefloxacin and norfloxacin, the N-desmethyl metabolite. The norfloxacin/pefloxacin ratios were 0 in mice, ca. 1 in rats and dogs, 1.6 in cynomolgus monkeys, and 2.3 in humans. The principal urinary compounds were unchanged drug in mice, pefloxacin glucuronide and pefloxacin N-oxide in rats and dogs, norfloxacin and pefloxacin in monkeys, and pefloxacin N-oxide and norfloxacin in humans. The urinary recovery of identified metabolites was 29.5% of the dose in mice, 37.8% in rats, 36.3% in dogs, 26.5% in monkeys, and 58.9% in humans. Biliary excretion occurred and was extensive in rats and dogs, mainly as a glucuronide conjugate of the drug. In rat and human bile, the main active compound was unchanged pefloxacin.     

Cancers of the prostate, penis, and testicles: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment

Cancer is a disease that most people fear. Nurses are required to provide information on how to avoid cancer, and, once the diagnosis is made, how to cope with it. Prevention and early detection of the cancers described in this article are in the very early stages of knowledge development, but general health promotion guidance can be offered on how to avoid most cancers (ie, no tobacco use, a high-fiber and low fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a normal weight). Nurses also can advise patients to be screened for colorectal cancer at the appropriate ages and time intervals and to be aware as new developments occur in the scientific base for screenings in the areas of prostate, penile, and testicular cancer. Finally, coping with these forms of cancer often requires the patient to make major lifestyle and psychological changes, especially if surgery in the genital area occurs. Decreased libido, incontinence, and impotence are major complications that can occur with these illnesses. The male cancers described vary tremendously in their prevalence, incidence, mortality, treatment, and survival rates. Within this group, there are remarkably positive outcomes and outcomes much in need of improvement. Penile and testicular cancers are the bright spots in this picture; both are uncommon, and both are eminently treatable. Prostate cancer, on the other hand, is quite common, difficult to screen, difficult to treat without major sexual problems, and yet receives relatively little funding from the NIH. Although as many men die from prostate cancer as women die from breast cancer, NIH funds breast cancer research at much higher levels than prostate cancer. According to the latest data available at the NIH Web site, during the 1990s, the amount of NIH funding varied from four times more for breast cancer (1993) to 2.9 times more in 1999. For fiscal year 2002, NIH is providing $522 million in funding for breast cancer and $278 million for prostate cancer. Private foundation funds for prostate cancer are much smaller than those available for breast cancer. Both types of cancer are extremely important to address, and both should receive adequate research attention. Nurses can advocate for more funding for prostate cancer, from basic science approaches to behavioral science strategies.     

Effect of 5-fluorouracil, mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and vincristine on the antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotiam, piperacillin, and netilmicin

Using the checkerboard agar dilution technique, antibacterial activity and in vitro interactions of 4 antineoplastic agents and 5 antimicrobial drugs were examined against 56 strains of 7 bacterial species. 5-fluorouracil was found to inhibit all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and of Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 0.8 micrograms/ml or less. 84% of all gram-negative strains were inhibited synergistically when 5-fluorouracil was combined with beta-lactam antibiotics. Methotrexate and cefotiam were antagonistic in 42% of all combinations, especially when tested against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.