Expression of androgen receptor and prostatic specific markers in salivary duct carcinoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of 13 cases and review of the literature

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an uncommon, pathologically distinct entity characterized by its morphologic resemblance to ductal carcinoma of the breast and highly aggressive behavior. Approximately two thirds of patients die within 4 years of initial diagnosis despite aggressive, combined surgical resection and radiotherapy. Review of the literature indicates that androgen receptor (AR), a marker frequently detected in prostatic carcinoma, is expressed in over 90% of SDCs, whereas two common breast carcinoma markers, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), are expressed in only 1.3% and 6% of the tumors, respectively, by immunohistochemistry. This hormonal profile suggests that SDC, in contrast to its histiologic similarity to ductal carcinoma of the breast, is immunophenotypically more related to prostatic carcinoma. To substantiate this hypothesis, we performed immunohistochemical staining of 13 cases of SDC for the presence of AR and two prostatic markers, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Our results showed multifocal, scattered, moderate immunostaining for PAP and diffuse, moderate immunostaining for PSA in seven (58.3%) and two (16.7%) cases, respectively. These results create a potential diagnostic challenge to surgical pathologists who are dealing with a metastatic adenocarcinoma of AR+/PSA+/-/PAP+/- phenotype, particularly in male patients of unknown primary. Metastatic salivary duct carcinoma should be given serious thought if clinical investigation fails to reveal a prostatic primary. The immunophenotypic homology that exists between SDC and prostatic carcinoma also suggests that antiandrogen therapy as used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma might be beneficial in patients with metastatic SDC when all other conventional modalities fail.     

Salivary duct carcinoma: a clinical and histologic review with implications for trastuzumab therapy

BACKGROUND: Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive tumor of the head and neck with a poor prognosis. The objective was to study SDC and recommend the use of trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients seen between 1993 and 2006 was performed. Tumor specimens were examined for HER-2 protein overexpression via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods. RESULTS: Of the 7 patients with SDC, 57% had tumors arising in the parotid gland, the majority having facial nerve paralysis, 71% with nodal disease, and 43% having recurrence. All samples were HER-2 positive on IHC. Three patients had FISH-positive tumors, recurrent disease, and received trastuzumab therapy; 1 of the 3 died after 20 months and a second has shown disappearance of metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Trastuzumab is effective in treating HER-2-positive breast cancer. Given immunohistochemical similarities between SDC and ductal carcinoma of the breast, patients with FISH-positive HER-2/neu SDC should be considered for trastuzumab therapy.     

雌激素受体亚型在人乳腺癌的表达及意义

目的　研究人乳腺癌组织以及癌旁正常乳腺组织中雌激素受体 (ER)亚型ERα和ERβ的表达 ,及其在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用。方法　应用逆转录聚合酶链反应方法检测 30例患者乳腺癌组织以及相应癌旁正常组织中ERα和ERβ的mRNA的表达情况。结果　ERα在人乳腺癌组织的表达明显高于癌旁正常组织 (t=7 399,P <0 0 1) ,ERβ在人乳腺癌组织的表达明显低于癌旁正常组织 (t=- 3 2 36 ,P <0 0 1) ,ERα/ERβ比值在人乳腺癌组织明显高于癌旁正常组织 (t =6 385 ,P <0 0 1) ;没有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者ERα/ERβ比值明显高于有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者 (t =2 6 0 2 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;在分期较晚的肿瘤ERα/ERβ比值明显低于分期较早的肿瘤 (t =3 75 4 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　ERα在乳腺癌发生发展过程中与ERβ发挥不同的作用 ,并有可能成为乳腺癌基因治疗的新靶点。     

Salivary Duct Carcinoma: New Developments—Morphological Variants Including Pure In Situ High Grade Lesions; Proposed Molecular Classification

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive primary salivary malignancy which microscopically resembles high-grade ductal carcinoma of the breast, with both in situ and invasive patterns. It is typically found in older men, most often in the parotid. It can arise de novo or as the malignant component of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. SDC is generally a hematoxylin and eosin stain-based diagnosis, with special stains and immunohistochemistry acting mainly in a confirmatory role. Other than epithelial markers, SDC expresses androgen receptors in most cases, with true HER2 positivity seen in about 15 %. Based on these data and analogous to similar schemes in the breast, it is suggested that SDCs can be classified into three main groups: luminal androgen receptor positive, HER2+ and basal phenotype. This may form the basis for prognostic information and new therapeutic possibilities. In addition to the usual type of SDC, a few less common morphological variants have been reported: papillary, micropapillary, mucin-rich, sarcomatoid and oncocytic, as well as pure in situ cases.     

基于全基因组表达谱芯片筛查的BRCA1对乳腺导管内癌预后的预测价值

目的 探讨基于全基因组表达谱芯片筛查的BRCA1对乳腺导管内癌预后的预测价值.方法 收集广东省妇幼保健院乳腺科2014年1-6月乳腺导管内癌和乳腺浸润性导管癌的新鲜组织标本各4例,运用微阵列比较基因组杂交技术分析两者在全基因组表达谱芯片上BRCA1表达的差异,并通过免疫组化进一步检测BRCA1在70例乳腺导管内癌的表达情况,评估其对导管内癌预后的预测作用.结果 全基因组表达谱芯片结果提示:BRCA1表达在乳腺导管内癌和浸润性导管癌中存在差异.免疫组化检测到BRCA1在乳腺导管内癌的阳性率为14.3％ (10/70),其表达情况与年龄(P =0.959)、绝经状态(P=0.959)、肿瘤大小(P=0.627)、腋窝淋巴结状态(P=1.000)、HR状态(P =0.958)、HER-2状态(P=1.000)、P53表达情况(P =0.460)无明显关系.BRCA1阴性组的导管内癌伴微浸润的比例高于BRCA1阳性组(P =0.043).中位随访47个月,全组患者无病生存率为97.1％.BRCA1阴性组的无病生存率为96.7％,阳性组为100％,两组的无病生存率无明显差别(96.7％ vs 100％,P=0.569),两组的总生存率均为100％.结论 BRCA1表达可能不能预测乳腺导管内癌的预后,但乳腺导管内癌伴微浸润中BRCA1阴性比例高于乳腺导管内癌,BRCA1可能在乳腺导管内癌发生浸润过程中起作用.     

Elevated levels of HER-2/neu and androgen receptor in clinically localized prostate cancer identifies metastatic potential

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the expression of HER-2/neu and AR in clinically organ-confined prostate cancer to determine whether alterations in these signaling pathways contribute to the development of metastatic disease. METHODS: HER-2/neu and AR immunoreactivity were evaluated in archived prostatic tissues obtained from 53 men with clinically organ-confined disease who underwent radical prostatectomy. Associations between AR and HER-2/neu immunostaining and disease outcome were determined. RESULTS: Seventy percent (37/53) of tumors exhibited high levels of HER-2/neu immunostaining and 68% (36/53) of tumors had elevated AR levels. Patients with high levels of both HER-2/neu and AR had the highest rate of PSA failure (56%, 15/27) compared with no PSA failures amongst seven patients with low levels of both HER-2/neu and AR (log rank statistic 7.69, P = 0.021). Concurrent high levels of HER-2/neu and AR expression were significantly associated with high pathological stage (P = 0.027) and development of metastatic disease (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the notion that both the HER-2/neu and AR signaling pathways may contribute to development of metastatic disease. The subset of prostate tumors with increased HER-2/neu and AR levels may benefit from treatment strategies that target both signaling pathways.     

Invasive micropapillary salivary duct carcinoma: a distinct histologic variant with biologic significance

An invasive micropapillary component has been described in tumors of several organs and is nearly always associated with aggressive biologic behavior. We present 14 cases of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) with an invasive micropapillary component (invasive micropapillary SDC) and compare the clinicopathologic findings of these cases with those of cases of conventional SDC. The mean age of the 14 patients (10 men, 4 women) was 65.8 years (range, 26-80 years). The mean size of the tumors was 2.4 cm (range, 1.3-5 cm). The parotid gland was involved in 12 patients and the submandibular gland in 2. Histologically, all tumors had an invasive micropapillary architecture admixed with features typical for SDC. Invasive micropapillary carcinoma was characterized by morula-like small cell clusters without fibrovascular cores, surrounded by a clear space. Tumor cells exhibited moderate- to high-grade nuclear features, conspicuous nucleoli, and eosinophilic cytoplasm. This component was distributed diffusely in 9 tumors and focally in 5. Angiolymphatic and perineural invasion was seen in all tumors. A residual pleomorphic adenoma was detected in four tumors. Of the 12 tumors examined, all were diffusely positive for cytokeratin 7 and epithelial membrane antigen (with a distinctive "inside-out" pattern) but negative for cytokeratin 20. Tumors were frequently immunoreactive for BRST-2 (gross cystic disease fluid protein-15) and androgen receptor protein. Aberrant expression of HER-2/neu or p53 was detected in seven tumors each. The mean Ki-67 labeling index was 33.1% (range, 6.3%-61.6%). All 14 patients with invasive micropapillary SDC had cervical or periglandular lymph node metastasis, and this value was significantly higher than for conventional SDCs. Local recurrence developed in 4 patients and distant metastatic disease in 9. Clinical follow-up (mean, 25.5 months) was available for 13 patients: 9 died of disease within 24 months after the diagnosis (mean, 17.6 months), 1 was alive with metastatic disease at 19 months, and 3 were free of disease. Overall survival of these patients with invasive micropapillary SDC was significantly shorter than that of patients with conventional SDC (n = 49) in our series (P = 0.031). Our results suggest that invasive micropapillary SDC is a distinct, aggressive variant of SDC, with a propensity for extensive lymph node metastasis and rapid disease progression.     

Prognostic value of HER-2/neu and p53 expression in node-positive breast cancer. HER-2/neu effect on adjuvant tamoxifen treatment

HER-2/neu and p53 expression, conventional clinical and pathologic prognostic factors, were evaluated in a retrospective series of 283 node-positive breast cancer patients. Overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Twenty one percent were HER-2/neu positive and 40% p53 positive. HER-2/neu expression was related to axillary lymph node metastasis (P=0.014), inflammatory infiltrates (P=0.004), and the absence of oestrogen (ER) (P=0.0026) and progesterone (P=0.01) receptors (PR). p53 expression was related to lymph node involvement (P=0.03), necrosis (P=0.036), absence of ER (P=0.028) and PR (P=0.065). p53 was not associated with outcome. HER-2/neu was an unfavourable prognostic factor for disease-free (DFS) (P=0.05) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.02) in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of involved axillary nodes (P<0.00001), age (P=0.004), grade (P=0.04), and PR (P=0.04) were independent predictors for OS. ER-positive patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen had shorter DFS and OS when they were HER-2/neu positive.     

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast carcinogenesis and its relation to HER-2/neu and p53 protein expression in invasive ductal carcinoma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the successive steps of breast carcinogenesis and to determine its correlation with HER-2/neu and p53 expression in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-COX-2 antibody was performed in normal breast tissue, usual hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma. Expression of COX-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma was correlated with immunohistochemical expression of HER-2/neu and p53 protein. COX-2 expression was found to be progressively elevated along the continuum from normal breast tissue to invasive ductal carcinoma (P<0.001). COX-2 expression significantly correlated with p53 and HER-2/neu protein expression (P<0.05 and P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, only TNM stage and elevated COX-2 expression correlated with survival. Our results suggest that COX-2 may be involved in the carcinogenesis of the breast and may be an independent prognostic indicator in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. HER-2/neu and p53 are likely to be involved in the regulation of COX-2 expression in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast.     

乳腺癌组织中表皮生长因子受体4的表达及其临床病理意义

目的探讨人表皮生长因子受体4（HER-4）在人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）强阳性与阴性乳腺癌组织中的表达差异,分析其与雌激素受体α（ERα）、孕激素受体（PR）表达情况及其TNM分期和腋窝淋巴结状况的关系。方法随机选择中山大学附属第一医院在2004年12月至2007年12月收治的HER-2高表达（＋＋＋）51例与无表达（-）49例乳腺浸润性导管癌病例,分别检测乳腺癌组织的HER-4、HER-2、ERα、ERβ、ER131、ER13CX、PR的表达水平,分析HER-4与以上各指标以及与肿瘤TNM分期、腋窝淋巴结转移等临床指标的相关性。结果HER-4、ERd、ERβ、ERβ1、ERβcx、PR在HER-2（＋＋＋）组的阳性表达率分别为43．13％、33．33％、45．10％、47．06％、78．43％、64．71％,在HER-2（-）组中的阳性表达率分别为69．38％、71．42％、81．63％、87．75％、87．75％、79．59％;两组中上述指标的表达差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。两组的HER-4表达与ERα、ERβ、PR、ERβ1、ERβcx呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。细胞膜、细胞质及细胞核表达率在HER-2（＋＋＋）组中分别为41．17％、37．25％、3．90％;在HER-2（-）组中分别为69．38％、48．97％、2．05％。两组中HER-4的细胞膜表达率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,但在细胞质及细胞核的表达率未显示出明显差异。结论HER-4可作为乳腺癌预后良好的指标,在乳腺病理诊断中增加UHER-4的检测对治疗和判断预后有一定的指导作用。HER-4在亚细胞中的不同定位值得进一步研究。     

Prognostic variables in invasive breast cancer: Contribution of comedo versus noncomedo in situ component

Background: Many invasive breast cancers are accompanied by a variety of noninvasive components. Histological distinctions have been made between these components, but to understand their importance, it is essential to examine their molecular biology. Methods: Proliferative indices, oncoproteins, and steroid receptor expression were compared for invasive breast cancers containing comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ (n=35), noncomedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ (n=34), and pure invasive cancers (n=49). Ploidy, S-phase fraction, Ki-67 staining, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the expression of HER-2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were evaluated in these tumors. Results: The comedo-invasive subgroup differed significantly from the noncomedoinvasive subgroup, demonstrating significantly higher mean ploidy (1.6 vs. 1.3;p=0.0156), S-phase fraction (7.9% vs. 4.3%;p=0.0066), Ki-67 staining (20.3% vs. 12.0%;p=0.0058), and HER-2/neu values (2,247 fm/mg vs. 1,014 fm/mg;p=0.0412) and lower ER (76 fm/mg vs. 339 fm/mg;p=0.006) and PR values (99 fm/mg vs. 265 fm/mg;p=0.0608). A higher percentage of comedo-invasive carcinomas demonstrated aneuploidy (71%;p=0.0158), elevated levels of S-phase fraction (75%;p=0.0016) and Ki-67 staining (55%;p=0.0512), overexpression of HER-2/neu oncogene (47%;p=0.0011), and were ER negative (35%;p=0.0148), PR negative (47%;p=0.0073) when compared to noncomedo-invasive carcinomas. Comedo-invasive and noncomedo-invasive tumors were comparable for nodal status and tumor size, but differences were noted for tumor differentiation and percentage of tumors that were >1 cm. Comedo-invasive tumors were predominantly poorly differentiated (60 vs. 32%) and were >1 cm (94 vs. 77%,p<0.05). Results: Comedo-invasive cancers were comparable to pure invasive cancers for ploidy, S-phase fraction, Ki-67 staining, and ER, PR, and EGFR expression. However, comedoinvasive carcinomas had greater HER-2/neu overexpression when compared to pure invasive tumors (47 vs. 19%;p=0.0359). Conclusions: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that comedo carcinoma is a more aggressive type of ductal carcinoma in situ and may have independent prognostic value when seen in association with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In invasive tumors, comedo carcinomas are associated with poor prognostic factors, including higher ploidy, S-phase fractions, Ki-67 staining, negative ER and PR status, poorer differentiation, larger tumors, and presence of HER-2/neu oncogene overexpression.The results of this study were presented at the 47th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Houston, Texas, March 17–20, 1994.     

HER-2 overexpression is not associated with increased ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in DCIS treated with breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy

BackgroundWe evaluated the clinical implications of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 overexpression after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).MethodsWe reviewed 215 patients with DCIS who underwent breast-conserving surgery followed by RT. The association between HER-2 overexpression and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) was evaluated.ResultsHER-2 overexpression was associated with comedo-type architecture, high nuclear grade, and negative hormonal receptors. The median follow-up duration was 75 months. Sixteen patients experienced IBTR; seven as DCIS recurrence and nine as invasive recurrence. The IBTR rate was 11.4% at 10 years. There was no significant difference in IBTR according to HER-2 expression (P = 0.1764), neither in invasive nor DCIS recurrence. Time to recurrence was shorter in HER-2 positive tumors (P = 0.0697).ConclusionAdjuvant RT seems to counteract the negative effect of HER-2 overexpression in DCIS, while time to recurrence was relatively shorter.     

Prognostic impact of HER-2/neu expression on squamous head and neck carcinomas

BACKGROUND: HER-2/neu gene amplification and protein overexpression have been identified in various solid tumors, but its prognostic relevance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still controversial. METHODS: The study investigated the expression of HER-2/neu oncoprotein in HNSCC and sought possible correlations to various clinicopathologic parameters. Expression of HER-2/neu oncoprotein was assessed in archival tumor tissues from 87 untreated HNSCC patients by immunohistochemical technique. Data were correlated with both the clinicopathologic parameters and patient survival. RESULTS: A high membranous HER-2/neu protein expression level was found in 39% of patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that HER-2/neu protein expression and pN lymph-node status were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: HER2/neu overexpression and its relationship with survival suggest that new therapeutic approaches targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family receptors could provide a new way of treating HNSCC patients with HER2/neu-positive neoplastic lesions.     

Estrogen receptor beta/alpha ratio predicts response of pancreatic cancer cells to estrogens and phytoestrogens

BACKGROUND: Reports on hormone receptor expression of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells and treatment responses to antihormonal therapy are conflicting. We examined estrogen receptor (ER) expression in PaCa cells and investigated its function in estrogen-mediated cell proliferation. METHODS: Protein levels of ERalpha and ERbeta in 8 human PaCa lines were detected by Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was measured by sulforhodamine B analysis. ER modulators included diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol (E2), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (Tam), genistein (Gen), and Coumestrol (Coum). RESULTS: ERalpha levels were detected in all eight, and ERbeta in seven cell lines. ERbeta/ERalpha ratio ranged from 0.4 to 111 (median: 6.4, >5 in seven lines). Median maximal growth stimulation (in %, observed at 20 to 200 nM) was 19 (DES), 39 (E2), 20 (Tam), 22 (Gen), and -9 (Coum); median maximal inhibition (at 40 to 60 microM) was 59 (DES), 36 (E2), 25 (Tam), 43 (Gen), and 50 (Coum). The extent of E2 and Gen stimulatory effects correlated with the ERbeta/ERalpha ratio (Kendall's tau: 0.714, P = 0.024), but not ERalpha or ERbeta levels alone. Only Coum-induced inhibition correlated with the ERbeta/ERalpha ratio (P = 0.006) and with ERalpha expression (r = 0.753, P = 0.03). Gemcitabine-induced PaCa cytotoxicity (at IC(40)) was significantly reduced by E2, Gen, and Coum. CONCLUSIONS: PaCa proliferation in vitro is highly estrogen sensitive, and in contrast to other reports, ERs are frequently expressed. In 7/8 cell lines, ERbeta expression outweighs ERalpha expression. The impact of the ERbeta/ERalpha ratio on estrogen-mediated growth stimulation and reduced cytotoxicity at physiological concentrations may have clinical implications on PaCa therapy.     

不同结果判定标准下胃癌人表皮生长因子受体-2的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系

目的对比在不同的结果判定标准下胃癌人表皮生长因子受体-2(HER-2)的表达情况及其与临床病理学因素的关系。方法回顾分析2009年1月至12月北京大学肿瘤医院外科收治胃癌患者的资料,对手术标本进行切片、免疫组织化学染色。结果采用新的和传统的HER-2免疫组织化学判定标准,HER-2强阳性率(3+)分别为6.7%和3.3%(P=0.076);采用新的免疫组织化学判定标准,HER-2的阳性率(2+和3+)为8.5%。单因素分析显示,HER-2表达与肿瘤分化程度、Lauren分型和肿瘤大小有关;多因素分析发现,肿瘤大小是影响HER-2表达的独立影响因素。结论新旧两种免疫组织化学判定标准下HER-2的阳性率其差异没有统计学意义;HER-2在胃癌中的表达与临床病理特征有密切关系。     

The role of HER-2/neu oncogene and vimentin filaments in the production of the Paget's phenotype

The histogenesis as well as the biological and molecular differences in mammary Paget's disease (MPD) and extramammary Paget's disease (EPD) are not well understood. HER-2/neu oncogene overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. It is also believed that the spread of Paget's cells through the epidermis is induced by a motility factor that acts via the HER-2/neu receptor. However, previous studies on HER-2/neu expression in MPD and EPD have given conflicting results. Recent studies have suggested that vimentin expression in breast cancer confers a more aggressive phenotype with a possible role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We examined 58 cases of MPD and EPD for HER-2/neu overexpression and vimentin status to study the role of these markers in the production of the Paget's phenotype. Thirty-five of the 38 cases (92.1%) of MPD were associated with an underlying carcinoma, while none of the cases of EPD were associated with an underlying malignancy. Thirty-six of the 38 cases of MPD (94.7%) overexpressed the HER-2/neu oncoprotein and 17 cases (44.7%) showed vimentin expression. In contrast, only 1 of the 20 cases of EPD (5%) showed positivity for HER-2/neu oncoprotein and all were negative for vimentin. Our results indicate that the cell motility enhancing effect of HER-2/neu oncoprotein and possibly vimentin plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MPD which appears to be a pagetoid spread of an underlying ductal malignancy (secondary), while EPD is an in situ malignant transformation of a totipotential epidermal cell or glandular epithelium.     

S100P expression in ductal type of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is known to occasionally progress to carcinoma, but the mechanisms of its malignant transformation have not been fully elucidated. S100P, an EF-hand calcium-binding protein, has recently been proposed as an initiator of carcinogenesis in some kinds of epithelial tumors. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the potential role of S100P in tumorigenesis and stepwise progression of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) with ductal differentiation. In 31 ductal type CXPAs (8 in situ, 5 intracapsular, and 18 extracapsular) and 28 PAs (21 conventional and 7 atypical) of the salivary gland, we examined the protein expression of S100P, androgen receptor (AR), HER2/neu, p53, and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry. HER2 expression, p53 expression, and the Ki-67 labeling index were higher in CXPAs than in atypical PAs and conventional PAs, whereas the AR expression level was relatively high even in atypical PAs. S100P overexpression was significantly more prevalent in CXPAs (27 cases; 87.1%) than in atypical PAs (2 cases; 28.6%) and conventional PAs (1 case; 4.8%) (P<0.05). High prevalence of S100P expression was observed in each intraductal, extraductal-intracapsular, and extracapsular component of CXPAs. In addition, equivalent, high-level S100P expression was observed in all histologic subtypes of the malignant component of CXPAs. These results indicate that S100P may play an important role in malignant transformation of ductal cells of PA, and that immunohistochemical staining for S100P would be a useful diagnostic marker for identifying the early phase of CXPA, in combination with AR, HER2, p53, and Ki-67.     

Her-2/neu expression in prostate cancer: high level of expression associated with exposure to hormone therapy and androgen independent disease

PURPOSE: HER-2/neu is a proto-oncogene that encodes a transmembrane receptor belonging to the family of epidermal growth factor receptors. Increasing evidences indicates that HER-2/neu may contribute to hormone resistance in prostate cancer. We investigated HER-2/neu expression in primary, androgen dependent and advanced androgen independent prostate cancer, and its potential value as a marker of disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical testing was performed to investigate HER-2/neu expression in 81 patients with prostate cancer, including 31 with pathological stage C disease treated with radical prostatectomy without preoperative androgen ablation therapy (untreated group), 30 with pathological stage C disease treated before surgery with androgen ablation therapy (treated group) and 20 with advanced androgen independent prostate cancer (androgen independent group). Tumors were classified based on the percent of tumor cells showing HER-2/neu membrane immunoreactivity as low (50% or less) and high (50% or greater) expression. RESULTS: Of the 31 prostate tumors in the untreated group 9 (29%) showed high HER-2/neu expression versus 15 of 30 (50%) in the treated and 17 of 20 (85%) in the androgen independent groups. The difference in HER-2/neu expression was significant in the untreated and androgen independent (p <0.001) and in the treated and androgen independent (p = 0.016) groups. There was a significant association of Gleason score with HER-2/neu expression in the untreated group (p = 0.038) but not in the treated group. No association was found of tumor substage with HER-2/neu expression. In the untreated group patients with tumors showing high HER-2/neu expression had a decreased survival rate (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: High HER-2/neu expression is highly associated with exposure to hormone therapy and androgen independence. It may contribute to androgen independence in prostate cancer and identify patients with prostate cancer more likely to have disease progression, particularly those not exposed to previous hormone therapy.     

UbcH10在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及预后分析

目的:探讨UbcH10在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及其与预后的关系。方法:采用免疫组化检测100例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中UbcH10、ER、PR、Ki-67、p53和HER-2的表达差异,分析UbcH10表达与年龄、TNM分期、分化程度、ER、PR、Ki-67、p53表达及HER-2等特征及预后的相关性。结果:UbcH10在乳腺浸润性导管癌中高表达,在乳腺癌组织与癌旁组织及乳腺良性肿瘤中的表达存在显著差异;UbcH10的表达在不同分化程度之间和乳腺癌各分子分型之间有统计学差异;UbcH10的表达与Ki-67、HER-2表达有相关性;UbcH10的表达与病人年龄、肿块大小、区域淋巴结转移、肿瘤TNM分期、ER、PR、p53表达状态无相关性;UbcH10高表达组预后差,阳性表达的生存时间低于阴性表达。结论:UbcH10在乳腺浸润性导管癌中高表达,预后较差。