姜黄素对鼠体内SOD活性和MDA含量的影响

目的：观察姜黄素对成年小鼠及老年大鼠体内超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量的影响。方法：选用成年ＮＩＨ小鼠，每日腹腔注射姜黄素共７ｄ，观察血浆、脑及肝脏组织的ＳＯＤ活性及ＭＤＡ含量。选用雄性ＳＤ老年大鼠（＞２８月龄），用０．０２％姜黄素水溶液作为饮水，连续给药９ｗｋ，动态观察给药前及给药后９ｗｋ内血浆中ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ的含量。结果：姜黄素给药小鼠血浆及脑组织的ＭＤＡ含量下降，血浆、脑及肝脏组织的ＳＯＤ活性均明显提高，呈现一定的剂量依赖关系。老年大鼠给药后血浆中的ＭＤＡ含量明显降低，血浆ＳＯＤ的活性在给药后３ｗｋ呈现一过性升高。结论：姜黄素有抑制成年小鼠和老年大鼠体内脂质过氧化过程的作用，该作用除了与其本身的抗自由基效应有关外，还与其提高机体的ＳＯＤ活性作用有一定关系。     

海星类动物的应用研究：Ⅲ罗氏海盘车对小鼠壮阳作用的观察

将罗氏海盘车脱毒，取出其“黄”（消化腺、生殖腺）蒸煮，与正常小鼠饲料混合，分离、低配比组喂养小鼠。第２０ｄ建立小鼠阳虚模型。实验证实，脱毒海星无毒副反应，具有增强小鼠体质、补肾壮阳的作用；小鼠耐力提高。红细胞中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）含量增高，脑组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量降低。病理切片表明，罗氏海盘车可使阳虚小鼠肌肉萎缩现象明显减轻。     

益气温阳药对大鼠下丘脑脑生化的影响

本实验测定了可的松阳虚模型大鼠下丘脑儿茶酚胺类神经递质含量和单胺氧化酶－Ｂ活性，并观察了益气温阳药对其影响，结果表明，可的松阳虚模型大鼠与正常大鼠的比较其下丘脑多巴胺（ＤＡ），去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）含量均降低（Ｐ〈０．０５，０．０１）；单胺氧化酶－Ｂ（ＭＡＯ－Ｂ）活性升高（Ｐ〈０．０５），益气温阳药及单用温阳药均提高可的松阳虚模型大鼠下丘脑ＮＡ含量，抑制ＭＡＯ－Ｂ活性，与模型组比较ｐ值〈０．０５或０     

褪黑素抗自由基作用及其机制

目的研究褪黑素（ＭＥＬ）的抗自由基作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法以丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）为指标,考察ＭＥＬ对四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）或氰化钾（ＫＣＮ）处理小鼠肝或脑组织脂质的保护作用;考察ＭＥＬ对环磷酰胺所致小鼠骨髓细胞微核的影响;观察ＭＥＬ清除羟自由基（·ＯＨ）作用,及对醋氨酚处理小鼠肝谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量和大鼠红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）的影响。结果ＭＥＬ（２．０,１０．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,ｉｐ）能显著对抗ＣＣｌ４或ＫＣＮ所致小鼠肝脏或脑组织丙二醛含量的增加。ＭＥＬ（１０．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,ｉｐ）可明显抑制环磷酰胺引起的小鼠骨髓细胞微核增多。ＭＥＬ（０．０７８～５．０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可直接清除·ＯＨ。ＭＥＬ（１．０,１０．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,ｉｐ）可显著对抗醋氨酚（ＡＡＰ）所致小鼠ＧＳＨ的耗竭作用。ＭＥＬ（１．０,５．０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,ｉｐ）亦可显著提高大鼠红细胞内ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性。结论ＭＥＬ可保护脂质和核酸免受过氧化损伤,这可能与其直接清除·ＯＨ,提高机体ＧＳＨ含量及增强ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力有关。     

五倍子水煎剂对老龄小鼠抗衰老作用的实验研究

中药五倍子水煎剂给予老龄小鼠灌胃,每日１次,连用４周,采用邻苯三酚自氧化法,ＤＴＮＢ和ＴＢＡ比色法测定红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性,全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活力和红细胞中及血浆中ＭＤＡ含量。结果表明,五倍子水煎剂能显著增强老龄小鼠红细胞ＳＯＤ活性,全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ的活力,而且可显著降低红细胞和血浆中ＭＤＡ含量,故具有延缓衰老作用。     

强心胶囊对大鼠心肌再灌注心律失常的影响

观察强心胶囊对大鼠心肌再灌注时心律失常发生率及心肌组织 ＳＯＤ活性和 ＭＤＡ含量的影响。实验表明,缺血４０ｍｉｎ,再灌注３０ｍｉｎ后强心胶囊０．６ｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ;能明显减轻缺血再灌注心律失常的发生,显著提高大鼠心肌组织ＳＯＤ活性并减少ＭＤＡ的生成。     

脑再灌注损伤及东菱克栓酶的保护作用

用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠４条血管关闭的全脑缺血再灌注模型，观察脑缺血再灌注脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量的变化及东菱克栓酶对它的影响。发现对照组脑组织ＭＤＡ含量及ＳＯＤ活性均高于假手术组的ＭＤＡ含量及ＳＯＤ活性，Ｐ〈０．０１及〈０．００１，而东菱克栓酶组的ＭＤＡ含量显著低于对照组与对照组间的差异不显著，提示东菱克栓酶具有清除自由基、抗脂质过氧化作用。     

Elevation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase in diabetic rat serum

目的：测定糖尿病大鼠血中内源性ＮＯ合酶抑制物二甲基精氨酸（ＤＭＡ）的含量．方法：在链佐星诱发的糖尿病大鼠测定血清ＤＭＡ的含量和乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）诱导血管内皮依赖性舒张．结果：与对照组相比，糖尿病大鼠ＤＭＡ血清浓度显著增加（５４±１０ｖｓ０７±０３μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１）；丙二醛含量也高于对照组（２５±０３ｖｓ１５±０１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，Ｐ＜００１）；糖尿病大鼠ＡＣｈ舒血管效应减弱，其作用可被左旋精氨酸所改善．结论：链佐星诱发糖尿病大鼠高血糖症引起内源性ＤＭＡ含量升高，同时血管内皮依赖性舒张功能被削弱．     

三才汤氯仿提取液对小鼠脑SOD,Na,K^＋—ATPase活性及MDA含量的 …

本实验研究以Ｄ－半乳糖衰老模型小鼠为研究对象,探讨了三才汤氯仿提取液对小鼠脑ＳＯＤ、Ｎａ、Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性及ＭＤＡ含量的影响。结果表明三才汤氯仿提取液能显著提高小鼠脑ＳＯＤ、Ｎａ、Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,降低脑ＭＤＡ含量,提示三才汤氯仿提取液可延缓小鼠脑衰老。     

Detection of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes by 7 compounds using comet assay

目的：检测过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）、甲磺酸乙酯（ＥＭＳ）、丝裂霉素Ｃ（ＭＭＣ）、二甲基亚硝胺（ＤＭＮＡ）、苯并（ａ）芘（ＢａＰ）、２氨基芴（２ＡＦ）和环磷酰胺（ＣＰ）诱发小鼠、大鼠及人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂．方法：体外单细胞微量凝胶碱性电泳试验（慧星试验）．结果：除ＥＭＳ０９７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠淋巴细胞，ＭＭＣ３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１在小鼠、人淋巴细胞中呈阴性外，其余均为阳性．最低可检测浓度分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＥＭＳ０４８ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＢａＰ５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＣＰ２０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＭＭＣ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，ＤＭＮＡ２７３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，２ＡＦ６２５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．ＣＰ、ＢａＰ、２ＡＦ需经Ｓ９Ｍｉｘ代谢活化才显示毒性．结论：彗星试验检测出ＭＭＣ诱导大鼠，ＥＭＳ诱导大鼠和人，以及Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＤＭＮＡ、ＢａＰ、ＣＰ和２ＡＦ诱导小鼠、大鼠和人外周血淋巴细胞ＤＮＡ单链断裂损伤．     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.