Prognostic factors of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: univariate and multivariate analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this investigation was to study the clinicopathological factors influencing long-term outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with liver cirrhosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Liver cirrhosis, especially the macronodular variety, has been found in up to 90% of patients with HCC. In Asia, the incidence of liver cirrhosis in patients with HCC who had undergone hepatic resection varies from 42.5% to 73.8%. However, the optimal surgical approach for HCC patients with cirrhosis is less clearly defined. Resection of the cirrhotic liver is challenging and remains controversial in the treatment of HCC. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes of HCC concomitant with liver cirrhosis in 218 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1986 and 1998. Post-resection prognostic factors were assessed using a univariate log-rank test and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The overall postoperative complication rate was 15.6%, while the surgical mortality rate was 8.8%. Meanwhile, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival rates were 50.9%, 33.98%, and 27.03%, respectively, and. the overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 63.14%, 41.88%, and 31.83%, respectively. Applying Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model indicated that significant adverse prognostic indicators included elevated alkaline phosphatase value, tumor size >2 cm, presence of satellite lesions, and vascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation found that overall survival for HCC patients concomitant with liver cirrhosis who underwent hepatic resection should be stratified on the basis of the high value of alkaline phosphatase, tumor size, satellite lesions, and vascular invasion.     

Microwave ablation with chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis

Objective: To evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes of microwave ablation (MWA) combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in a single stage for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a maximum diameter of 5.0–10.0?cm.

Methods: From January 2013 to December 2016, 84 consecutive HCC patients with cirrhosis from two medical centers who underwent MWA-TACE as a first-line treatment for up to three HCCs with maximum diameters of 5.0–10.0?cm were included. Feasibility, safety and effectiveness were evaluated. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox regression models were used to identify the prognostic factors.

Results: The technique was successfully performed in all the patients. Grade 3 complications consisted of two cases of hemoperitoneum requiring blood transfusions and embolization. The cumulative incidence of local tumor progression was 25.8% at 3?years, with tumor size found to be the only significant predictive factor (p?=?.007). The cumulative incidence of OS was 81%, 68% and 49% at 1, 2 and 3?years, respectively. According to the Cox proportional hazards model analysis, serum AFP level, Child-Pugh class and tumor number were significant prognostic factors for OS.

Conclusion: MWA-TACE is a safe, feasible and effective therapy for the treatment of 5.0- to 10.0-cm HCC lesions in patients with cirrhosis.     

Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast: II. Prognostic factors influencing relapse rate

This is a study of 408 patients who had mastectomy for clinical stages I, II, and early III carcinoma of the breast during 1971–1980. Analysis of disease-free probabilities up to 5 yr showed that the number of positive axillary nodes was the most important prognostic factor. Size of primary tumor was the second most useful factor, with best separation of disease-free rates using 4 cm as a dividing line. Patients with colloid carcinoma and other less common lesions had much better prognosis than those with infiltrating ductal, lobular, or medullary carcinomas. Discriminating analysis also showed that information about the number of positive axillary node alone gave the best prediction of possibility of developing recurrence (overall accuracy, 75%).     

预后营养指数在原发性肝癌肝切除患者预后评估中的价值

目的：评价预后营养指数（PNI）在接受根治性肝切除的原发性肝癌患者预后评估中的意义及价值。方法：回顾性分析西安交通大学第一附属医院肝胆外科2002年12月至2011年12月间接受肝切除的原发性肝癌患者病例及随访资料,根据患者术前的血清白蛋白和总的淋巴细胞计数算出 PNI 值,分析 PNI 与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果：预后危险因素分析显示：PNI 是影响肝癌切除术后患者生存率的独立危险因素（P ＜0．05）,高 PNI 组患者的5年累计生存率为56．20％,而低 PNI 组仅为36．10％,差异显著（P ＝0．01）。分层分析发现在早期肝癌患者中,PNI 亚组间的总体生存存在显著差异（P ＜0．05）,而在晚期患者中差异不明显（P ＞0．05）。结论：PNI 是影响原发性肝癌切除术后患者生存情况的独立危险因素,但对术后肿瘤的复发作用不明显。     

TACE序贯联合PMCT治疗原发性肝癌的预后因素分析

  目的  分析影响动脉化疗栓塞术(transarterial chemoemlolization, TACE)序贯联合微波凝固消融(percutaneous micro wave coagulation therapy, PMCT)治疗原发性肝癌预后的主要因素。   方法  本研究收集本科收治的97例接受TACE序贯联合PMCT治疗的原发性肝癌患者。对可能影响预后的各变量进行单因素分析, 再利用多因素Cox逐步回归分析影响预后的主要因素。   结果  本组肝癌患者的1、2、3、5年累积生存率分别为68.2%、43.2%、28.8%、13.4%。单因素分析与预后有关的因素为肿瘤大小、临床分期(BCLC)、Child-Pugh分级、门脉癌栓、动静脉瘘、PMCT治疗次数及体力状况(ECOG评分)。Cox逐步回归多因素分析与预后有关并具有显著意义的因素为肿瘤大小、临床分期、门脉癌栓、PMCT治疗次数及体力状况。   结论  适当重复PMCT治疗可以延长肝癌患者的生存期限。大肝癌、门脉癌栓为预后的危险性因素, 巨块型肝癌及伴门脉主干癌栓患者的中位生存时间明显缩短。      

Prognostic factors of esophageal carcinoma: univariate and multivariate analyses

The correlation of 5-year survival rate with various clinical and histopathological factors was studied using univariate and multiple analyses of 128 patients who had undergone resection for esophageal carcinoma between 1965 and 1978 in the Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital. The depth of penetration, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic or vascular invasion, and INF had a significant correlation with 5-year survival in the univariate analysis; however, only depth of penetration and lymph node metastasis were prognostic factors with a significant difference, in the multivariate analysis. In 55 patients in whom the cell nuclear DNA content had been determined, the DNA pattern was the greatest prognostic factor (p less than 0.01), in multivariate analysis. We propose that the DNA distribution in the malignant cells should be examined as a most pertinent prognostic factor.     

超声检查在肝硬化背景下肝细胞肝癌中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声检查在肝硬化背景下肝细胞肝癌(HCC)中的诊断效能。方法选取30例肝硬化合并单发HCC患者为HCC组,选取30例肝硬化合并再生结节(RN)患者为RN组,选取30例肝硬化合并不典型增生结节(DN)患者为DN组。观察肝硬化背景下HCC、DN及RN患者的超声造影特征,比较3组患者的超声造影参数,并对各超声造影参数诊断肝硬化背景下HCC的效能进行分析。结果HCC组、DN组及RN组患者的动脉相、门脉相及延迟相超声造影特征比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);其中,HCC组患者的动脉相以高回声为主,门脉相及延迟相以低回声为主。HCC组、DN组及RN组患者的造影峰值强度、增强峰值时间及平均通过时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。增强峰值时间对肝硬化背景下HCC诊断的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积最大,为0.905(95%CI:0.833~0.977),其最佳阈值23.7 s所对应的诊断灵敏度和特异度分别为95.5%和63.6%。结论超声检查对肝硬化背景下HCC具有较高的诊断价值。     

Prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma: Trakya University experience from Turkey

YURUT‐CALOGLU V., CALOGLU M., KAPLAN M., OZ‐PUYAN F., KARAGOL H., IBIS K., COSAR‐ALAS R, KOCAK Z. & INCI O. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care 19 , 656–663 Prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma: Trakya University experience from Turkey The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the prognostic factors of patients with renal cell carcinoma. The treatment results such as distant metastasis‐free survival and overall survival of 59 previously untreated patients were retrospectively analysed. Median follow‐up was 17.5 months (3.8–88.5 months). Overall survival was 22.4 months (3–87 months). Distant metastasis developed in 35 (59%) patients. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (P= 0.022), tumour size (P= 0.025) and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.0001) were significantly effective prognostic factors for distant metastasis‐free survival on multivariate analysis. Related to overall survival, gender (P= 0.025), ECOG performance status (P= 0.027), nuclear grade (P= 0.002), tumour size (P= 0.029), T stage (P= 0.044), nodal involvement (P= 0.003), surgical margin (P= 0.046), renal sinus invasion (P < 0.0001), perineural growth (P= 0.001) and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.0001) were significant prognostic factors on univariate analysis. Gender (P= 0.008), ECOG performance status (P= 0.027), tumour size (P= 0.025) and lymphatic invasion (P < 0.0001) retained their significance on multivariate analysis. We concluded that the most important prognostic factors for patients with renal cell carcinomas are ECOG performance status, tumour size and lymphatic invasion.     

Study of the Clinical Effects of Concomitant Splenectomy an Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Accompanied with Cirrhosis and Hypersplenism

Objective To discuss the clinical efects of concomitant splenectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients accompanied with cirrhosis and hypersplenism. Methods Sixty-seven patients who had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied with hypersplenism from December 1999 to March 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-eight patients underwent liver and spleen united resection (splenectomy group) and 29 patients received a hepatectomy (non -splenectomy group).One day before operation and 7 days after operation, the concentration of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) in peripheral blood and splenic venous blood were compared between the two groups. Results The increase of PLT and WBC was significantly higher in patients who underwent concomitant splenectomy compared to patients who did not receive a splenectomy (P<0.05). The occurrence of complications was 28.9% (11/38) in the splenectomy group and 20.6% (6/29) in the non-splenectomy group, and the recurrence rate one year later was 21.1 %(8/38) in the splenectomy group and 20.6%(6/29) in the non-splenectomy group. There was no significant difference in occurrence of complications and recurrence rates between the two groups. The concentration of VEGF was not significantly different between peripheral blood versus splenic venous blood. Twenty -nine patients in the splenectomy group received hepatic arterial chemoembolization 1–3 times successfully after operation, but in the non-splenectomy group there were 7 patients who had to stop receiving the successive treatment because the PLT and WBC were too low. Conclusion Combined splenectomy is helpful to raise the PLT and WBC count and enable patients to receive subsequent chemoembolization. Early recurrence and metastases are not significantly different between patients with and without splenectomy.     

Surveillance of cirrhosis for hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost-utility analysis

Using a decision-analytic model, we evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in individuals with cirrhosis. Separate cohorts with cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B and hepatitis C were simulated. Results were also combined to approximate a mixed aetiology population. Comparisons were made between a variety of surveillance algorithms using alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) assay and/or ultrasound at 6- and 12-monthly intervals. Parameter estimates were obtained from comprehensive literature reviews. Uncertainty was explored using one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. In the mixed aetiology cohort, 6-monthly AFP+ultrasound was predicted to be the most effective strategy. The model estimates that, compared with no surveillance, this strategy may triple the number of people with operable tumours at diagnosis and almost halve the number of people who die from HCC. The cheapest strategy employed triage with annual AFP (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): 20,700 pounds per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained). At a willingness-to-pay threshold of 30,000 pounds per QALY the most cost-effective strategy used triage with 6-monthly AFP (ICER: 27,600 pounds per QALY gained). The addition of ultrasound to this strategy increased the ICER to 60,100 pounds per QALY gained. Surveillance appears most cost-effective in individuals with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis, potentially due to younger age at diagnosis of cirrhosis. Our results suggest that, in a UK NHS context, surveillance of individuals with cirrhosis for HCC should be considered effective and cost-effective. The economic efficiency of different surveillance strategies is predicted to vary markedly according to cirrhosis aetiology.     

Percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma pulmonary metastases

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma pulmonary metastases (HCCPM) and to identify the prognostic factors for survival.

Materials and methods: We reviewed the medical records of 320 patients with HCCPM treated between January 2005 and January 2012. Among them, 29 patients with 68 lesions of unresectable HCCPM underwent 56 RFA sessions. Safety, local efficacy, survival and prognostic factors were evaluated. Survival was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analyses were evaluated by the log-rank test.

Results: Pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement occurred in five (8.9%, 5/56) RFA sessions. During the median follow-up period of 23 months (range 6–70), 18 patients (62.1%, 18/29) died of tumour progression and 11 (37.9%, 11/29) were alive. The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 73.4%, 41.1% and 30%, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 18 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.8–26.2) and the median overall survival time was 21 months (95%CI, 9.7–32.3). The maximum tumour diameter ≤3?cm (p?=?0.002), the number of pulmonary metastases ≤3 (p?=?0.014), serum AFP level ≤400?ng/mL (p?=?0.003), and the controlled status of intrahepatic tumour after lung RFA (p?=?0.001) were favourable prognostic factors for overall survival.

Conclusions: Our study indicates that percutaneous CT-guided RFA, as an alternative treatment procedure to pulmonary metastasectomy, can be a safe and effective therapeutic option for unresectable HCCPM.     

Progressive increase of SCCA-IgM immune complexes in cirrhotic patients is associated with development of hepatocellular carcinoma

About 3-4% of cirrhotic patients develop primary liver cancer every year. Specific serologic markers have not yet been identified for screening of high risk patients. The serpin squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is overexpressed in liver cancer and circulating SCCA-IgM complexes have been described in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of SCCA-IgM in relation to HCC development in patients with cirrhosis. A retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted in a cohort of prospectively followed cirrhotic patients. Two groups with similar clinical profile at presentation were studied : group A included 16 patients who developed HCC during a median follow up of 4 years; group B included 17 patients who did not develop HCC during the same time interval. Circulating SCCA-IgM immune complexes were determined using a recently standardized ELISA assay. At presentation similar levels of SCCA-IgM complexes [mean +/- SD: 267.40 +/- 382.25 U/ml vs. 249.10 +/- 446.90 U/ml, p = 0.9006] and of alpha-fetoprotein [AFP; 24.11 +/- 59.04 IU/ml vs. 10.91 +/- 23.34 IU/ml, p = 0.3995] were detected in group A and in group B. The increase over time (phi) of SCCA-IgM, assessed within at least one year before clinical diagnosis of HCC, was remarkably higher in group A than in group B (mean +/- SD = 280.05 +/- 606.71 (U/ml)/year vs. -37.92 +/- 95.94 (U/ml)/year, p = 0.0408), while AFP increase was not significantly different (11.89 +/- 23.27 (IU/ml)/year vs. 3.67 +/- 11.46 (IU/ml)/year, p = 0.2179). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for the rate of change in the levels of both markers and the diagnostic accuracy measured as AUROC was higher for SCCA-IgM phi (0.821) than for AFP phi (0.654). In conclusion, the progressive increase of SCCA-IgM over time was associated with liver tumor development, suggesting that monitoring the behavior of SCCA-IgM might become useful to identify cirrhotic patients at higher risk of HCC development.     

Colchicine delays the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis virus-related liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with liver cirrhosis, with an annual incidence of 3% to 9%, which is one of the main causes of death in patients with cirrhosis. Viral hepatitis is associated with an increased risk of HCC, probably due to an inflammatory reaction. Colchicine is an antiinflammatory agent that inhibits the formation of intracellular microtubules, affecting mitosis and fibrogenesis. Diverse clinical studies have failed to demonstrate the benefit of colchicine over the progression of fibrosis in patients with liver cirrhosis; nevertheless, to the authors' knowledge there are no studies that evaluate its effect in the development of HCC. METHODS: The effect of the administration of colchicine on the development of HCC was evaluated in 186 patients with hepatitis virus-related liver cirrhosis in a retrospective cohort study. The minimum follow-up time was 3 years (median, 84 months +/- 2.8 months). One hundred sixteen patients received treatment with colchicine. The characteristics of both groups were similar. RESULTS: The percentage of patients who developed HCC was significantly smaller in the colchicine group when compared with the noncolchicine group (9% vs. 29%; P = .001). On multivariate analysis, an alpha-fetoprotein level > or = 5 ng/dL (P = .03), a platelet count < 100,000 at diagnosis (P = .05), alanine aminotransferase > or = 52 IU (P = .006), and a lack of treatment with colchicine (P = .0001) were found to be associated with an earlier development of HCC. The average time for the development of HCC was 222 months +/- 15 months and 150 months +/- 12 months in the patients who received and who did not receive colchicine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that treatment with colchicine prevents and delays the development of HCC in patients with hepatitis virus-related cirrhosis. The protective mechanisms of colchicine over the development of HCC could be related to antiinflammatory properties and inhibition of mitosis. Prospective studies to confirm this observation with a greater number of patients and long-term follow-up may be indicated.     

Cyr61和VEGF在肝细胞癌及癌周肝硬化组织中的表达及相关性分析

目的分析高半胱氨酸蛋白16（Cyr61）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在肝细胞癌、癌周肝硬化组织中的表达及相关性,探讨其在肝癌发生过程中的作用。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测58例原发性肝细胞肝癌（HCC）及癌周肝硬化组织中Cyr61和VEGF蛋白的表达,并与其临床病理特征比较分析。结果Cyr61、VEGF在癌周肝硬化组织中的表达均高于HCC,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;Cyr61、VEGF蛋白的表达均与肿瘤的转移密切相关（P〈0.05）;相关性检验提示Cyr61、VEGF在HCC组织、癌周肝硬化组织中呈正相关（r=0.444,P〈0.01）。结论Cyr61、VEGF异常表达与肝硬化肝癌的发展密切相关,可能在肝硬化向肝癌转化和肿瘤血管生成过程中发挥重要的作用,为肝癌的早期诊断提供了较为客观的参考指标。     

Prognostic factors of solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma: The importance of differentiation grade

Aims

Solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma (SL-HCC), a novel subtype with relative good prognosis, has recently been defined. However, the concept has not been validated. Besides, prognostic factors of SL-HCC remain unknown. The present study is designed to address the issues.

Materials and methods

Clinicopatholical variables and survival of consecutive 85 patients with SL-HCC after curative resection are compared with those of 48 patients with small HCC (SHCC). The prognosticators of SL-HCC are also evaluated.

Results

Disease-free survival of SL-HCC is similar with that of SHCC, whereas significant poorer overall survival is observed in SL-HCC than that in SHCC, accompanied by more frequent vascular invasion, later TNM stage and potentially higher Edmondson-Steiner grade. Vascular invasion, Edmondson-Steiner grade, TNM stage and preoperative AFP level impact overall and/or disease-free survival of SL-HCC, but only Edmondson-Steiner grade is independent. Additionally, differences in both overall and disease-free survival between SL-HCC with Edmondson-Steiner grade I-II and SHCC are all not significant.

Conclusions

Factors predictive for prognosis of SL-HCC are all tumor-related. The involvement of differentiation grade might be helpful for further distinguishing a particularly good outcome in SL-HCC.     

肝细胞癌周围微小病灶的影像诊断与介入治疗

目的:探讨肝细胞癌病灶周围微小病灶的影像诊断及介入治疗效果。方法:由两名有经验的放射学医生共同回顾性分析80例肝细胞癌病灶周围微小病灶的螺旋CT及血管造影表现,并达成一致意见。所有病例均行经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗。结果:80例肝癌患者经螺旋CT或/和DSA造影发现病灶周围微小病灶者37例,其中微小病灶只分布于主灶周围1cm范围内者21例。经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗可栓塞肝细胞癌周围的微小病灶。结论:肝细胞癌病灶周围的微小病灶存在较为广泛,术前准确诊断有利于指导经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗。     

Prognostic factors affecting postoperative survival ofpatients withsolitary small hepatocellular carcinoma

Background:Small hepatocellular carcinoma (sHCC) is a unique variant of HCC that is characterized by small tumor size (maximum tumor diameter≤3cm) and favorable long?term outcomes. The present study aimed to deifne clin?icopathologic factors that predict survival in patients with sHCC.
Methods:The study population consisted of 335 patients who underwent hepatectomy for solitary sHCC between December 1998 and 2010. Prognostic factors were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models.
Results:The 5?year overall survival (OS) and recurrence?free survival (RFS) rates were 77.7% and 59.9%, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that tumor size and vascular invasion had prognostic signiifcance within this relatively selected cohort (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis conifrmed that increased tumor size and vascular invasion were independent prognostic factors for short OS (hazard ratio [HR]=2.367, 95% conifdence interval [CI] 1.406–3.985; HR=2.954, 95% CI 1.781–4.900) and RFS (HR=1.779, 95% CI 1.259–2.514; HR=1.699, 95% CI 1.165–2.477) in sHCC patients (P<0.05). Importantly, a proposed prognostic scoring model was derived according to the two variables; tumor size and extent of vascular invasion were signiifcantly associated with OS and RFS in patients with sHCC (P<0.001).
Conclusions:Tumor size and vascular invasion are feasible and useful prognostic factors for sHCC. The proposed prognostic model, based on tumor size and vascular invasion, is informative in predicting survival in sHCC patients undergoing hepatectomy.     

Prognostic factors for local control, regional control and survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

We have performed univariate and multivariate analysis to identify the clinical and treatment-related prognostic factors in a series of 254 patients with newly diagnosed, histologically proven, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radical radiation therapy. The probabilities of local control, regional control, disease-free survival (DFS) and adjusted survival (AS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between curves were evaluated by the Mantel-Cox test. The obtained significant variables in the univariate analysis were analysed using the Cox proportional hazards model. In the Cox multivariate analysis, four variables significantly influenced local control probability in the following order: tumour diameter, N stage, alcohol intake and weight loss. N stage significantly influenced the probability of regional control. Five variables influenced both DFS and AS: N stage, tumour diameter, weight loss, alcohol intake and tumour origin within the posterior oropharyngeal wall.     

Prognostic factors in node-positive carcinoma of the penis

BACKGROUND: Lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in patients with carcinoma of the penis. In this article, we have reviewed the outcome of the patients with pathologic node-positive carcinoma of the penis after groin dissection performed at the Cancer Institute (WIA) between 1987 and 1998. METHODS: The case records of all patients who underwent groin dissection for carcinoma of the penis between 1987 and 1998 were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 1987 and 1998, 128 patients underwent groin dissections for carcinoma of the penis at Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai. Out of them, 102 patients had pathologic node-positive disease. The 5-year overall survival (OS) for these patients was 51.1%. Patients with metastasis only to inguinal nodes had a 5-year OS of 64.6% whereas none of the patients with pelvic nodal metastasis survived for 5 years. Among the pathologically node-positive patients, the factors adversely influencing survival on multivariate analysis were bilateral nodal metastases, number of positive inguinal nodes, pelvic nodal metastasis, and extranodal extension. CONCLUSIONS: Groin dissection is an effective treatment for nodal metastasis from carcinoma of the penis. However, innovative approaches are needed for the subset of patients with dismal outlook.