Spinal anesthesia in an extremely low birth weight infant

A case of spinal anesthesia in an extremely low birth weight male infant (body weight of 930 g at time of surgery) is presented. He was born prematurely at a gestational age of 27 weeks because of a placenta tumor and had to undergo inguinal herniotomy at 34 weeks postconceptional age. He had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and oxygen supply was still required because of frequent deterioration of oxygen saturation. Spinal anesthesia was performed successfully without any complications. Relevant aspects concerning the technique and management of spinal anesthesia in preterm infants are discussed.     

Vascular ring in an extremely low birth weight infant

Vascular rings due to aortic arch anomalies can be a major cause of tracheoesophageal obstruction in infants. But there is no report of vascular ring, in an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant. This is a report of an infant with birth weight of 560 g, who has not diagnosed vascular ring until 6 months of age because of asymptomatic process by prolonged tracheal intubation. The patient, was treated for double aortic arch with tracheomalacia surgically by simple division of the atretic left arch and the ligamentum arteriosus, aortopexy and tracheostomy before reaching full recovery at 3 years of age. We reported our management of vascular rings in the ELBW infant. This case suggested that the difficulty of extubation in ELBW infants in spite of the improvement of respiratory condition should raise a suspicion of the tracheal compression by other lesions such as vascular rings.     

Perioperative management of low birth weight infants for open-heart surgery

Infants of birth weight ≤2500 g are termed low birth weight (LBW). These children often have considerable morbidity from prematurity and intra-uterine growth restriction. Additionally, LBW infants have increased risk for cardiac and noncardiac congenital anomalies and may require surgery. Primary rather than palliative surgical repair of cardiac lesions has been preferred in recent years. However, LBW remains a risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity after open-heart surgery (OHS). There is a paucity of information about the anesthetic challenges presented by LBW infants undergoing OHS. This review summarizes the perioperative issues of relevance to anesthesiologists who manage these high-risk patients. Emphasis is placed on management concerns that are unique to LBW infants. Retrospective data from the authors' institution are provided for those aspects of anesthetic care that lack published studies. Successful outcome often requires substantial hospital resources and collaborative multi-disciplinary effort.     

Long-term follow-up of extremely low birth weight infants with neonatal renal failure

The long-term outcome of 20 preterm infants with extremely low birth weight and acute renal failure in the neonatal period was studied retrospectively over an 18-year period. Those with progressive renal disease are compared with those with normal renal function. Current mean age is 7.5±4.6 years (range 3.2–18.5 years). Nine patients showed deterioration in renal function (low GFR group). Increasing proteinuria, as determined by random urine protein/creatinine ratio (Up/c), correlated with deterioration in renal function (r=0.8, P<0.0001). Prominent risk factors for progression were Up/c >0.6 at 1 year of age [100% sensitivity, 75% positive predictive value (PPV), P<0.01], serum creatinine >0.6 mg/dl at 1 year of age (75% sensitivity, 80% PPV, P<0.01), and a tendency to obesity with body mass index >85th percentile (89% sensitivity, PPV 67%, P=0.03). Loss of renal mass and nephrocalcinosis were not prognostic indicators. This report begins to identify important clinical parameters that should lead to closer surveillance and potential treatment interventions for preservation of renal function in a growing population of surviving low birth weight individuals.     

Long-term renal follow-up of extremely low birth weight infants

There is evidence that low birth weight caused by intrauterine growth retardation adversely affects normal renal development. Very little information on this issue is available on children born very prematurely. This investigation examined clinical and functional renal parameters in 40 children (23 boys, 17 girls) ranging in age between 6.1 and 12.4 years and weighing less than 1000 g at birth. Results were compared to those obtained in 43 healthy children of similar age and gender. Study subjects were significantly smaller and thinner than control subjects (mean height SDS: –0.36 vs. +0.70; and mean BMI SDS: –0.56 vs. +1.18). Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures did not differ from those of controls. Renal sonography revealed no abnormality, and mean percentiles for renal length and volume appeared normal. In comparison with controls, plasma creatinine concentration (0.62±0.1 vs. 0.53±0.1 mg/dl) and estimated creatinine clearance (117±17 vs. 131±17 ml min^–1 1.73 m^–2) differed significantly. No significant differences were observed in microalbuminuria values, but five study subjects (12.5%) presented values above the upper limit of normality. A defect in tubular phosphate transport was also evident: TmP/GFR (3.6±0.4 vs. 4.2±0.8 mg/dl) and TRP (83±5% vs. 90±4%) were significantly lower, and urinary P excretion, estimated by the ratio UP/UCr, was significantly higher (1.2±0.4 vs. 0.9±0.4 mg/mg) than controls. Urinary calcium excretion, estimated by the UCa/UCr ratio, was also significantly higher (0.15±0.07 vs. 0.12±0.09 mg/mg). These data clearly demonstrate that both GFR and tubular phosphate transport are significantly diminished in school-age children born with extreme prematurity, probably as a consequence of impaired postnatal nephrogenesis.     

Hypernatraemia induced by sodium polystyrene sulphonate (Kayexalate) in two extremely low birth weight newborns

Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte disorder that can occur in the first week of life in almost 50% of preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1000 g [extremely low birth weight (ELBW)]. Serum potassium values higher than 7 mmol x l-1 are associated with cardiac arrhythmias and an increased incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia. Therapeutic options to treat this dangerous imbalance comprise calcium gluconate, insulin plus glucose, albuterol/salbutamol inhalation. Administration of cation-exchange resin such as sodium polystyrene sulphonate (Kayexalate) is effective in lowering plasma potassium, although complications following oral or rectal administration are reported in newborns. We describe two ELBW infants affected by hyperkalaemia, treated with Kayexalate, who developed serious hypernatraemia, that has never been reported before in preterm infants.     

低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素分析

目的分析低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素。方法选择2003年6月至2018年3月在本院行开胸心脏手术的低出生体重(≤2.5 kg)患儿121例,男80例,女41例,手术日龄3～84 d,出生体重1.05～2.50 kg,手术日体重1.13～2.70 kg,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。根据术后机械通气时间分为两组:机械通气7 d的延长组(PMV组,n=40)和≤7 d的非延长组(N-PMV组,n=81)。收集两组患儿一般情况和术前、术中和术后资料,采用单因素相关分析和二元逐步Logistic回归分析观察影响机械通气时间延长的危险因素。结果与N-PMV组比较,PMV组深低温停循环时间明显延长(P0.05),术前机械通气、术后延迟关胸、再次气管插管、非计划再次手术明显增多(P0.05),术后24 h乳酸浓度最大值明显升高(P0.05),术后贫血、术后败血症明显增多(P0.05)。二元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,术后败血症(OR=26.511,95%CI 1.326～530.217,P=0.032)和术后延迟关胸(OR=6.573,95%CI 1.293～33.401,P=0.023)是低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的独立危险因素。结论低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后造成机械通气时间延长的原因较多,术后败血症和延迟关胸是机械通气时间延长的独立危险因素。     

Peritoneal drainage as definitive management of intestinal perforation in extremely low-birth-weight infants

Background/Purpose: The optimal management of extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants with intestinal perforation remains unclear. The authors evaluated ELBW neonates with intestinal perforation in whom peritoneal drainage (PD) was intended as definitive therapy.Methods: The records of 29 consecutive ELBW infants with intestinal perforation were reviewed. All underwent PD. Survival, the need for other abdominal procedures, the transition to enteral feeding, and the incidence of cholestasis and infectious complications were noted. Variables associated with nonsurvival were assessed.Results: Overall survival rate was 66%. In 24% of cases, a second abdominal procedure was required. Full feedings were achieved at a mean of 69 days. Extraabdominal infectious complications occurred in 63% of survivors, and direct bilirubin was greater than 2.0 mg/dL in 57% at 2 months. Thrombocytopenia and vasopressor requirements at the time of perforation were associated with nonsurvival.Conclusions: In this consecutive series of ELBW infants in whom PD was intended as definitive treatment for intestinal perforation survival was comparable with that found in series in which immediate laparotomy and resection were used. Few secondary abdominal procedures were required. The interval between PD and full enteral nutrition, however, was long, and the incidence of nonabdominal infectious complications and cholestasis was substantial.     

Development of nephrocalcinosis in very low birth weight infants

Premature infants undergo intensive growth during the postnatal period. Adequate mineralization is dependent on sufficient intake of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). However, Ca and P supplementation can be associated with some risks, for example development of nephrocalcinosis. We investigated pathophysiological risk factors in premature very low birth weight (VLBW) infants associated with the development of nephrocalcinosis. From June 1994 to September 1995 all preterm neonates with a birth weight below 1,500 g were screened prospectively. At regular intervals of 2 weeks, ultrasonography (US) of the kidneys was performed and parameters of mineral metabolism were assessed in blood and spot urine samples. For analysis, premature infants with nephrocalcinosis (group N) were compared with infants without nephrocalcinosis (group R) and with a retrospectively pair-matched subgroup of premature infants without nephrocalcinosis (control group C) taken from the same study. Nephrocalcinosis was detected in 20 of 114 preterm neonates (group N, 17.5%). Of these 20 infants with nephrocalcinosis, 16 presented with a tendency towards systemic acidosis (pH<7.25) on day 2–7, compared with only 4 of 20 premature infants of the control group. Premature infants of group N had a lower serum P at 2 weeks of life and 5 (versus 0 patients of the control group C) had transient hypophosphatemia (serum P<1.6 mmol/l). Moreover, the Ca/creatinine ratio in spot urine specimens tended to be higher (P<0.1) in patients developing nephrocalcinosis. There were no significant differences in the duration of ventilation, the length of stay in the intensive care unit, and duration and frequency of furosemide and steroid treatment between the groups N and C. VLBW premature infants developing nephrocalcinosis frequently presented with slightly impaired acid-base homoeostasis within the 1st week, followed by signs of impaired mineralization (and immature or impaired renal function) within 2 weeks. In VLBW premature infants, close observation of acid-base status and regular analysis of spot urine specimens (Ca, P, creatinine) during the first weeks of life may help to identify those premature infants at risk for nephrocalcinosis.     

The role of laparotomy for intestinal perforation in very low birth weight infants

Background/Purpose

The management of intestinal perforation in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (less than 1500 g) is controversial. Current practice favors peritoneal drainage (PD) with or without a delayed laparotomy over primary laparotomy (PL). We compared the outcomes of PD ± delayed laparotomy vs PL in VLBW infants using the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology with Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE-II) as a validated predictor of mortality.

Methods

A retrospective analysis (1998-2003) of VLBW infants with intestinal perforation at 2 pediatric centers was undertaken. Data retrieval included neonatal demographics and parameters for SNAPPE-II calculation. The primary end point was 30-day mortality. Other outcome measures included in-hospital mortality, days fasting, days to extubation, and length of stay. Statistical analysis was performed with either Student's t test or χ² analysis. Subgroup and multivariate analyses were also performed. P values < .05 were considered significant.

Results

Fifty-two neonates (25 PD, 27 PL) were reviewed. Overall, 10 (19.2%) infants died. Observed 30-day mortality rates in PD and PL groups were 32% and 7.4% (P = .028), respectively. Average SNAPPE-II scores for PD (42.5 ± 20.8) and PL (25.1 ± 14.6) groups yielded predicted mortality rates of 15.7% and 4.9% (P = .001), respectively. PD group 30-day mortality far exceeded the rate predicted by the SNAPPE-II score. Days fasting (13.7 vs 20.4; P = .0001), days to extubation (26.7 vs 51.5; P = .014), and length of stay (56.1 vs 83.6; P = .031) all favored the PL group despite incorporating SNAPPE-II score as a covariate into the multivariate analysis. Of the 25 patients receiving drainage, 9 underwent PD alone (SNAPPE-II = 46.6 ± 27.9), whereas 16 patients underwent delayed laparotomy (SNAPPE-II = 37.8 ± 17.6). The PD-only group had a greatly elevated mortality rate (77.8% vs 15.7% predicted), whereas the delayed laparotomy group had a reduced mortality rate (6.3% vs 9.3% predicted).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that laparotomy, either alone or after PD, provides an improved outcome in VLBW infants with intestinal perforation. PD should be used as a temporizing measure until laparotomy can be performed.     

低出生体重儿先天性心脏病手术预后的危险因素

目的总结低出生体重儿（LBWI）先天性心脏病（先心病）手术的围术期管理体会,分析其预后的危险因素。方法回顾分析22例低体重先心病手术病儿,出生体重855～2 500g,平均（2 168．41±416．16）g;孕26．57～40．43周,平均（36．23±3．00）周。手术年龄1～86d,平均（28．90±25．14）d,手术时体重1 790～3000 g,平均（2465．95±319．17）g。8例为非体外循环手术,14例为体外循环手术,常规改良超滤。结果5例病婴术毕延迟关胸。术后呼吸机支持,联合用药改善心功能。术后呼吸机使用5～1 080h;重症监护室滞留1～56 d;总住院12～85d。术后并发低心排出量综合征（LCOS）12例,肺部感染4例,肺动脉高压危象1例,房性早搏1例,左膈运动障碍1例。术后住院死亡3例,病死率13．64％,死因均为严重低心排出量综合征（LCOS）。单变量危险度分析显示,早产、低出生体重、导管依赖型先心病、复杂畸形和深低温信循环是发生LCOS或死亡的危险因素。结论LBWI先心病应早期手术,有利于减少因低氧血症和压力、容量负荷过重导致的器官功能二次损伤,从而提高术后生存率。     

出生体质量低于500 g超早产儿的生命与发育支持护理

总结3例出生体质量低于500 g、胎龄不足23周的超早产儿的生命与发育支持护理经验,为临床护理提供参考。3例超早产儿主要的救治方案包括断脐后气管插管、使用肺表面活性物质替代治疗、有创与无创呼吸支持治疗,根据病情给予抗感染治疗、动脉导管未闭治疗,根据循环状况使用血管活性药物,肠内和肠外营养支持,早产儿视网膜病的筛查与治疗等。结果3例分别住院112、125、125 d完全脱氧,喂养正常,康复出院。提出做好超早产儿生命支持护理和发育支持护理,可提高超早产儿存活率,减少并发症与后遗症的发生。     

Peritoneal drainage does not stabilize extremely low birth weight infants with perforated bowel: data from the NET Trial

Introduction

Proponents of peritoneal drainage (PD) hypothesize that it allows stabilization before laparotomy. We examined this hypothesis by comparing clinical status before and after either PD or primary laparotomy (LAP).

Methods

In an ethically approved, international, prospective randomized controlled trial (2002-2006), extremely low birth weight (<1000 g) infants with pneumoperitoneum received primary PD (n = 35) or LAP (n = 34). Physiologic data were collected prospectively and organ failure scores calculated and compared between preprocedure and day 1 after procedure. Data, expressed as mean ± SD or median (range), were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.

Results

There was no postprocedure improvement in either PD or LAP group comparing heart rate (PD, P = 1.0; LAP, P = .6), blood pressure (PD, P = .6; LAP, P = .8), inotrope requirement (PD, P = .2; LAP, P = .3), or Arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PD, P = .1; LAP, P = .5). Infants managed with PD had a worsening cardiovascular status (P = .05). There were no differences in total organ failure score in either group (PD, P = .5; LAP, P = 1). Only 4 infants survived with PD alone with no difference between preprocedure and postprocedure organ failure score (P = .4).

Conclusions

Peritoneal drainage does not immediately improve clinical status in extremely low birth weight infants with bowel perforation. The use of PD as a stabilizing or temporizing measure is not supported by these results.     

七氟醚吸入麻醉对低出生体重儿术后肾功能的影响

目的观察七氟醚吸入麻醉对低出生体重儿术后肾功能的影响。方法择期手术低出生体重儿60例,男32例,女28例,按照随机数字表法分为七氟醚组(S组)和静脉麻醉组(T组)。S组术中采用七氟醚(氧流量2L/min)半紧闭吸入维持麻醉,根据生命体征调整七氟醚呼气末浓度(CETSev)2.5%~4.0%;T组术中采用静脉泵注丙泊酚6~8mg·kg-1·h-1、瑞芬太尼0.20~0.25μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉。记录七氟醚挥发罐开启即刻、开启后15、30、45、60min、关闭即刻的钠石灰中心温度。于术前24h(T0)、术毕(T1)、术后24h(T2)、48h(T3)、72h(T4)抽取外周静脉血,测定血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN);同时采集尿液,定性分析尿糖和尿蛋白阳性率,并测定尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)浓度。结果两组不同时点钠石灰中心温度差异无统计学意义。与T0时比较,T1~T4时两组血清Cr和BUN浓度有升高趋势,但差异无统计意义;T1时两组尿中NAG浓度和T2时两组RBP浓度明显升高(P0.05)。T0~T4时两组患儿Cr、BUN、RBP、NAG浓度差异均无统计学意义。不同时点两组患者尿糖阳性率和尿蛋白阳性率组内组间比较差异均无统计学意义。结论中流量(氧流量2L/min)七氟醚吸入麻醉对低出生体重儿术后肾功能无明显影响。     

妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进症和抗甲状腺药物治疗对新生儿低出生体重的影响

目的探讨妊娠期间甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)和抗甲状腺药物(ATDS)治疗对新生儿低出生体重(LBW)的影响。方法对1983年1月1日至2003年12月31日住院分娩的妊娠合并甲亢的100例及其新生儿101例进行回顾性分析。根据母亲孕期甲状腺功能(甲功)、开始服用ATDs时间进行分组,对LBW的发生率、特点及其相关的危险因素进行分析,着重于妊娠甲亢和ATDs对LBW的交互作用。结果母亲孕晚期甲亢时,新生儿平均出生体重显著低于甲功正常和甲功恢复正常组(P<0.05);孕晚期开始服用ATDs,新生儿平均出生体重显著低于孕早中期开始用药组(P<0.001)。孕晚期甲亢、孕晚期开始服用ATDs早产儿和早产LBW率均显著增加,且二者对早产儿、早产儿LBW存在正交互作用(L.R Chisq为19.328和7.486,P=0.0001和0.0237)。孕晚期甲亢和孕晚期开始服用ATDs,发生LBW、早产儿和早产LBW的危险性显著增加。结论妊娠期间甲亢,特别是孕晚期甲亢和孕晚期才开始ATDs治疗,可导致LBW,尤其是早产LBW率增加。     

低体重儿和早产儿先天性心脏病的外科治疗

目的评价低体重儿和早产儿先天性心脏病外科治疗的效果。方法2001年1月至2005年3月、完成36例低出生体重儿心脏手术。孕期31~40周,平均34周,其中24例为早产儿,出生体重700~2500g,平均2010g。手术时日龄4~68d,平均15·5d;手术时体重900~2500g,平均2120g。动脉导管未闭15例,室间隔缺损10例,肺动脉闭锁5例,主动脉缩窄3例,完全性肺静脉异位引流2例,完全性大动脉错位1例。18例需要在体外循环下手术。结果4例(11·1%)术后早期死亡。体外循环72~198min,平均(99±31)min;主动脉阻断46~158min,平均(76±18)min;深低温停循环6~35min,平均(19±8)min;术后机械通气12~240h,平均(74·4±96·2)h。8例术后并发症,2例需再手术或介入治疗。结论早产儿或低体重儿实施简单或复杂的先心病手术都是安全和有效的;低体重儿可实施早期手术治疗;对强心、利尿等心功能支持治疗效果不佳的病例早期实施根治性手术效果优于延期手术或减状手术。     

极低出生体重儿生长与PICC尖端位置改变的相关性研究

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿PICC导管尖端位置改变和体质量、身长、上肢长以及胸围等增长的相关性,建立导管位置预测方法.方法 纳入极低出生体重儿42例,置管当天以及置管后1个月测量体质量、身长、上肢长、上臂围以及胸围等数据,置管后1个月通过胸部X线摄片判断导管尖端位置,采用多元线性回归分析方法分析尖端位置的影响因素.结果 95.2％患儿PICC尖端发生移位;不同穿刺位置的尖端位置改变比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);回归分析显示尖端位置改变情况与上肢长增长率显著相关(P＜0.01),上肢长增长1％,尖端位置向远离心脏方向移动0.15个椎体.结论 上肢长增长率是PICC尖端位置改变的影响因素,可以作为位置预测的良好指标.     

Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight

PURPOSE: We analyzed a large group of patients with hypospadias regarding familial aggregation, phenotype, twin rate and ethnic origin and assessed the correlation of low birth weight with hypospadias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We mailed questionnaires to 2,503 boys operated on for hypospadias in Sweden asking for additional cases of hypospadias in the family, the number of brothers in the nuclear family, and birth weight of the boys with hypospadias and their brothers. RESULTS: Of the boys 7% reported 1 or more additional family members with hypospadias. The birth weight of the boys with hypospadias was significantly lower (p = 5 x 10-13) than the birth weight of their unaffected brothers. Phenotyping of 676 individuals revealed glandular hypospadias in 53%, penile forms in 39%, penoscrotal or perineal variants in 6% and cleaved prepuce as the only manifestation in 2%. There were 50% more twins than expected compared to the general population and established zygosity in 83% (67% monozygotic, 33% dizygotic). Non-Swedish ethnicity was noted in 22% of the subjects, a third of whom were from Middle Eastern countries. CONCLUSIONS: We present data on heredity, birth weight, phenotype and ethnic origin in a large group of patients with hypospadias. The finding of additional members with hypospadias in 7% of the families supports the concept that genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis. The strong association with low birth weight may be explained by genetic and environmental factors.     

极低出生体重儿出院前母亲共同参与护理的体验

目的探讨极低出生体重儿出院前母亲共同参与护理的真实体验,为开展延续护理提供参考。方法采用半结构访谈,对15名出院前共同参与护理方案的极低出生体重儿母亲进行访谈,按现象学研究法对所收集资料进行分析。结果母亲对出院前共同参与护理方案持肯定态度。分析提炼出5个主题:找回做母亲的真实感觉,促进母亲角色的形成;坚定母乳喂养的信念;增强照护自信心;决心为孩子提供最佳的照顾;希望出院后能继续获得照护信息和专业咨询。结论护理人员应尽可能提供母婴互动接触机会,满足母亲的亲子需求,加强母乳喂养的宣教,教会母亲居家护理基本技能,出院后继续给予专业指导,为极低出生体重儿顺利出院和母亲适应照顾角色提供支持。