Protracted pain following partial splenic embolization in an adolescent female with hypersplenism

A 17-year-old female with massive splenomegaly underwent partial splenic embolization (PSE) for hypersplenism. The postoperative course was characterized by recurrent painful splenic infarctions requiring hydromorphone PCA for an extended period resulting in an unanticipated, prolonged hospital stay. Massive splenomegaly treated with PSE may require an extended hospital stay to achieve pain control. Such patients may subsequently require transition to enteral opioids and weaning.     

部分性脾动脉栓塞对肝硬化门静脉高压血流动力学的影响

门静脉高压症是临床多发并发症,常继发于肝硬化,其主要表现为脾肿大,侧支循环的建立和腹水,同时亦可引起脾功能亢进.大量临床研究报道,部分性脾栓塞（PSE）是治疗门静脉高压症的一种有效方法.本文总结了近年来门脉高压症、脾肿大的发病机制,分析了门脉高压与脾脏的血流动力学关系,从门静脉高压症的发病机制及脾脏与门静脉高压症的发生、发展的密切关系出发,进一步总结了PSE对脾脏及门静脉血流动力学影响的机制.     

内镜注射硬化疗法联合部分脾栓塞术治疗门脉高压症的临床疗效

目的对内镜注射硬化疗法(EIS)联合部分脾栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化门脉高压的疗效进行评价。方法对我科于2005年2月至2008年11月收治22例食道胃底静脉曲张合并脾功能亢进的门脉高压患者采用内镜硬化剂注射联合部分脾栓塞的治疗进行回顾性分析。术后定期随访和比较术前术后的消化道出血、肝功能评级及外周血象的变化。结果 EIS平均次数1.8次,所有患者均行1次PSE治疗。术后随访5-30个月,无严重并发症出现,未见有再出血,肝功能部分改善,外周血血小板和白细胞计数明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 EIS联合PSE方法对肝硬化所致的食管胃底静脉曲张出血和门脉高压症是安全有效的。     

脾切除术与部分性脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的比较研究

目的对比研究脾切除术（包括开腹脾切除和腹腔镜下脾切除）与部分性脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的疗效。方法回顾分析我院1999年3月至2006年12月42例获得完整随访资料的行外科手术或介入处理的42例肝硬化脾功能亢进患者的临床资料,其中外科切除组19例,部分性脾栓塞组23例,比较观察两组术后第3、7、14、30天及1年的外周血象主要指标（RBC、WBC、PLT）、术后1个月及1年的NK细胞活性、术后住院时间、住院费用及并发症的发病率。结果两组患者术后不同时间的血细胞水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,部分性脾栓塞组患者术后住院时间及住院费用明显低于外科手术组（P〈0．05）,术后1个月及1年外科手术组NK细胞活性低于部分性脾栓塞组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论外科脾切除与部分性脾栓塞治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进均有确切疗效,部分性栓塞在减少患者住院时间、降低住院费用及维持患者免疫功能方面更有优势,但治疗方案需个体化。     

部分性脾栓塞术在肝癌伴脾功能亢进治疗中的应用

目的评价部分性脾栓塞术（PSE）在原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进介入治疗中的疗效及临床意义。方法原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进患者12例，男10例，女2例．平均年龄51．1岁；肝功能Child－PughA级3例，B级9例；在行肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术（TACE）的同时行PSE；术后定期复查血常规和肝功能。结果本组脾栓塞面积为50％～60％，无脾脓肿等严重并发症。术后WBC和PLT显著提高（P〈0．05），并长期维持在较高水平，RBC数量和HG量无明显改变（P〉0．05）。TBIL、ALT和AST无明显变化（P〉0．05），TBA下降（P〈0．05）。结论PSE能纠正脾功能亢进，提高血WBC和PLT的数量，使原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进患者的TACE能顺利进行，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

选择性脾动脉栓塞术与传统开腹手术治疗外伤性脾破裂安全性和有效性的Meta分析

目的比较选择性脾动脉栓塞术（PSAE）与传统开腹手术（OS）治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床疗效。 方法检索中国知网、万方数据、维普数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase数据库中关于PSAE和OS两种手术方式治疗外伤性脾破裂的相关文献,检索时间为建库至2022年5月31日。提取文献内数据,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果最终纳入16篇文献共5 238例患者,其中PSAE组1 037例,OS组4 201例。Meta分析显示：相较于OS组,PSAE组术中出血量更少（WMD= -392.95,95% CI：-667.52,-118.38;P=0.005）,术中输血量更少（WMD=-433.87,95% CI：-582.85,-284.89;P<0.000 01）,手术时间更短（WMD=-60.25,95% CI：-71.99,-48.52;P<0.000 01）,抢救成功率更高（WMD=4.00,95% CI：1.32,12.09;P=0.01）,且PSAE组术后下床时间（WMD=-14.44,95% CI：-20.32,-8.55;P<0.000 01）和住院时间（WMD=-4.89,95% CI：-5.86,-3.91;P<0.000 01）更短;术后并发症发生率方面,PSAE组术后切口感染（OR=0.21,95% CI：0.11,0.37;P<0.000 01）、肠梗阻（OR=0.24,95% CI：0.10,0.55;P=0.000 8）、肺炎（OR=0.44,95% CI：0.32,0.61;P<0.000 01）的发生率均低于OS组,但两组术后脾脓肿、发热、腹腔积液的比较,差异无统计学意义;术后免疫功能恢复方面,PSAE组术后1个月的CD3⁺水平（WMD=9.27,95% CI：6.32,12.22;P<0.000 01）、CD4⁺水平（WMD=5.60,95% CI：3.86,7.34;P<0.000 01）、CD4⁺/CD8⁺值（WMD=0.35,95% CI：0.18,0.52;P<0.000 01）均高于OS组,但OS组术后1个月的CD8⁺水平高于PSAE组（WMD=-1.20,95% CI：-1.72,-0.68;P<0.000 01）。 结论在外伤性脾破裂患者的诊治中,PSAE较OS有其独到优势,具有操作简单、手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后并发症少、住院时间短、术后免疫功能恢复早等优势,值得临床选用。     

Thrombocytopenia due to hypersplenism in oncological disease: Partial splenic embolization during palliative treatment

Hypersplenism is excess activity of the spleen, resulting in peripheral pancytopenia that predominates in platelet cell lines. Pancytopenia can be limited by reducing the volume of the functional spleen. However, in patients in very poor general condition, a splenectomy may not be possible, due to the risks of surgery and postoperative infection. Another therapeutic alternative in these patients is to reduce the volume of the spleen by super selective percutaneous splenic embolization. We report three cases of peripheral thrombocytopenia due to hypersplenism with a platelet count between 60,000 and 80,000/mm³, which made it impossible to continue or start a chemotherapy protocol in these patients. For these patients, super selective partial embolization of the splenic parenchyma, with uncharged microspheres (250 microns) quickly resulted in a platelet count above 150,000/mm³ so that chemotherapy could be continued or initiated.     

部分脾栓塞术治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床应用

目的 探讨部分脾栓塞术(partial splenic embolization,PSE)治疗外伤性脾破裂的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年1月28例行开腹脾切除术治疗外伤性脾破裂病人的临床资料及同期开展的27例行PSE治疗外伤性脾破裂病人的临床资料并行对比分析.结果 行开腹脾切除术治疗组28例均痊愈.行PSE治疗组27例中,26例顺利完成选择性出血血管栓塞,其中1次栓塞成功25例,再次栓塞成功1例,无继发出血及开腹手术病例;1例栓塞过程中发现脾动脉主干受损,行脾动脉主干栓塞控制出血后立即中转开腹行手术处理;均痊愈出院.结论 PSE是治疗外伤性脾破裂的一种有效、微创的方法,且保留了脾脏功能.     

部分性脾动脉栓塞治疗脾功能亢进

目的探讨脾功能亢进行脾部分栓塞时对门脉压力及外周血液变化的影响。方法对36例脾功能亢进患者,采用Seldinger's法经皮脾动脉超选择性插管造影,计数直径>1mm的脾内动脉血管数。用明胶海绵碎屑(1mm×1mm×1mm)或PVA颗粒实行脾动脉栓塞,栓塞上述血管的60%～80%,并进行1～36个月(平均20个月)临床随访观察对比手术前后门脉压力、血液成分的变化。结果平均门脉压力由4.05kPa降至2.51kPa,外周血液红细胞由2.0×1012/L升至4.20×1012/L,白细胞从3.2×109/L升至5.0×109/L,血小板从40×109/L升至150×109/L。食管静脉曲张引发上消化道出血4例中,术后3例未再出血。结论栓塞程度以脾血管数为计数单位,控制在60%～80%时,可较好地改善脾功能亢进患者外周血象、门静脉压力,减轻食管静脉曲张程度。     

Preoperative proximal splenic artery embolization: a safe and efficacious portal decompression technique that improves the outcome of live donor liver transplantation

Terminal liver cirrhosis is associated with marked severe portal hypertension, which increases the risk of intraoperative hemorrhage and graft hyper-perfusion, especially, in small-for-size graft. In cases with developed collateral vessels, we often face difficulties in perihepatic dissection with blood stanching against bleeding during recipient hepatectomy. For aseptic preoperative portal decompression, we established the proximal splenic artery embolization (PSAE) technique. Sixty adult living donor liver transplantation recipients with viral/alcoholic hepatic failure were divided into two groups; PSAE group (n = 30) and non-PSAE (n = 30). In the PSAE group, the splenic artery was embolized proximal to the splenic hilum 12-18 h before surgery. PSAE enabled shortening of operating time, reduced blood loss, led to less need for transfusion, and significantly reduced the post-transplant portal venous velocity and ascites. PSAE was not associated with complications, e.g., splenic infarction, abscess, or portal thrombosis. Six of the non-PSAE patients required additional surgical intervention to resolve postoperative hemorrhage and three patients required secondary PSAE for arterial-steal-syndrome. The hospital mortality rate of PSAE patients (3.3%) was significantly better than that of the PSAE group (13.3%, P < 0.05). Preoperative noninvasive PSAE makes more efficient use of portal decompression; thus, it can potentially contribute to improvement of outcome.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化并脾亢脾部分栓塞术后阿德福韦酯疗效分析

目的观察乙型肝炎肝硬化并脾功能亢进患者行脾部分栓塞术后阿德福韦酯疗效。方法41例乙型肝炎肝硬化并脾功能亢进患者行脾部分栓塞术治疗后,21例口服阿德福韦酯10mg／d,疗程1年,对照组20例常规护肝、降酶等对症治疗。观察两组患者肝功能、血清肝纤维化指标、HBVDNA、HBeAg／抗．HBe血清学变化、Child-Pugh分级比较和不良反应。结果治疗组ALT、AST、TBil、ALB各项指标优于对照组,血清肝纤维化HA、PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ—C各项优于对照组,治疗组HBVDNA转阴11例,对照组转阴1例,差异有统计学意义（Χ^2=8．5,P〈0．05）。治疗组发生HBeAg／抗．HBe血清转换者4例,对照组1例,差异有统计学意义（Χ^2=3．2,P〈0．05）。治疗组Child．Pugh分级为A级者9例,B级10例,C级2例;对照组A级6例,B级7例,C级7例,差异有统计学意义（Χ^2=5．9,P〈0．05）。阿德福韦酯治疗组未发现相关的肾功能损害和其他不良反应。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化并脾功能亢进患者行脾部分栓塞术治疗,脾功能亢进可获得明显改善,但不能阻止乙型肝炎肝硬化病情进展,脾栓塞术后采用阿德福韦酯是较理想的长期抗病毒药物。     

Partial splenic embolization and peg‐IFN plus RBV in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C recurrence: safety,efficacy and long‐term outcome

Bárcena R, Moreno A, Foruny JR, Blázquez J, Graus J, Riesco JM, Blesa C, García‐Hoz F, Sánchez J, Gil‐Grande L, Nuño J, Fortún J, Rodriguez‐Sagrado MA, Moreno A. Partial splenic embolization and peg‐IFN plus RBV in liver transplanted patients with hepatitis C recurrence: safety, efficacy and long‐term outcome.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 366–374. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: There is limited information on the long‐term outcome in liver transplant (LT) subjects undergoing partial splenic embolization (PSE) prior to full dose pegylated interferon/ribavirin (peg‐IFN/RBV). Methods: Retrospective review of eight LT subjects after PSE and antiviral therapy. Results: Baseline platelets and neutrophils were <50 000 cells/mL and <1000 cells/mL in 75% and 50%. Mean splenic infarction volume was 85 ± 13%. PSE produced major complications in three (37.5%): recurrent sterile netrophilic ascites and renal insufficiency (n = 2), and splenic abscess (n = 1). Full‐dose peg‐IFN/RBV was started in seven (87.5%), with two early withdrawals (28.6%) despite early virological response (toxicity and infection); both subjects died. Anemia led to RBV dose‐adjustment in six (86%), with human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) use in four (57%). No peg‐IFN adjustments or granulocyte‐colonies stimulating factor were needed. Two patients reached sustained virological response (SVR) (28.6%). Two non‐responders maintained prolonged therapy with biochemical/histological improvement. After a median follow‐up of 151 wk, we observed significant improvements in hematological parameters, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, international normalized ratio, and prothrombin activity. Conclusions: Extensive PSE after LT produced significant morbidity (37.5%). Peg‐IFN/RBV was completed in five out of seven (71%), with SVR in two (28.6%). RBV adjustement due to anemia was high despite EPO use. Only patients able to complete or maintain antiviral therapy survived, with long‐term significant benefits in hematological parameters and liver function tests.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术后肝脏血流改变的CT灌注成像

目的观察肝硬化门静脉高压伴脾脏功能亢进患者部分脾动脉栓塞术（PSE）后的肝脏血流改变。方法肝硬化门静脉高压伴脾脏功能亢进患者20例,肝功能A级16例,B级4例;脾肿大轻度5例,中重度15例。分别在脾脏栓塞前2d及术后1个月接受肝脏CT灌注成像,测量以下参数：肝总血流灌注量（HBF）、肝总血容量（HBV）,肝动脉灌注指数（HPI）,门静脉灌注量（PVP）,肝动脉灌注量（HAP）,平均通过时间（MTT）,毛细血管表面通透性（PS）。对术前、术后参数进行统计学分析。结果PSE前、后的各项灌注参数为：HBF129.30/116.30ml/（min.100ml）（P〉0.05）,HBV18.50/19.90ml/100ml（P〉0.05）,HPI0.23/0.45（P〈0.05）,PVP102.80/67.80ml/（min.100ml）（P〈0.05）,HAP27.46/48.53ml/（min.100ml）（P〈0.05）,MTT15.40/14.60s（P〉0.05）,PS36.10/37.30ml/（min.100ml）（P〉0.05）。结论肝硬化门静脉高压伴脾脏功能亢进患者在PSE术后HPI升高,PVP降低。研究肝脏CT灌注成像参数可对制定个体化治疗方案、选择治疗手段和评价疗效提供帮助。     

选择性脾动脉栓塞与脾修补术治疗外伤性脾破裂的比较

目的比较选择性脾动脉栓塞术与脾修补术的临床应用。方法回顾性分析1992-2004年我院进行的16例选择性脾动脉栓塞和23例脾修补术。结果2组病人均无死亡病例。选择性脾动脉栓塞组2例有术后并发症,脾修补术组10例有术后并发症(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组病人无输血,脾修补术组16例输血,平均输血(682.6±377.3)ml(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均住院日(7.3±1.1)d,脾修术组平均住院日(10.4±4.4)d(P<0.05)。选择性脾动脉栓塞组平均手术时间(1.9±0.6)h,脾修补术组平均手术时间(3.0±0.6)h(P<0.05)。结论选择性脾动脉栓塞与脾修补术的治疗效果相同。选择性脾动脉栓塞比脾修补术输血少,术后并发症少,住院时间短,手术时间短。     

部分性脾栓塞术后栓塞百分率的计算方法探讨

目的寻找一种客观准确地计算脾脏栓塞百分率的方法。方法分别用部分容积分析(PVA)法、临界值法计算40名患者的各层残脾组织百分率和总的栓塞百分率,并对结果进行比较。结果PVA法和临界值法计算出的各层残脾组织百分率在脾脏的两端差异有显著意义(P<0.01);在脾脏中间大部分层面,两者的计算结果无显著性差异(P>0.05);40例患者全脾脏栓塞百分率差异也无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论两种方法均能较准确地计算出脾脏栓塞百分率,临界值法的稳定性更好。     

Partial splenic embolization in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Effects on portal hemodynamics

Partial splenic embolization (PSE) was performed on patients with liver cirrhosis to control hypersplenism and gastroesophageal varices. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PSE on the portal hemodynamics and hepatic function of 17 cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The mean splenic volume and the peak platelet count increased significantly and the splenic vein pressure decreased significantly after PSE. However, the portal blood flow did not change. Changes in the 15-min retention rate of indocyanine green and the arterial ketone body ratio were not significant, but the redox tolerance index increased from 0.24 ± 0.28 × 10^–2 to 0.59 ± 0.35 × 10^–2. These results suggest that PSE may reduce perioperative risks in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who are candidates for hepatic resection.     

Left-sided portal hypertension: Successful management by laparoscopic splenectomy following splenic artery embolization

INTRODUCTION

Left-sided portal hypertension is a rare clinical condition most often associated with a pancreatic disease. In case of hemorrhage from gastric fundus varices, splenectomy is indicated. Commonly, the operation is carried out by laparotomy, as portal hypertension is considered a relative contraindication to laparoscopic splenectomy (LS). Although some studies have reported the feasibility of the laparoscopic approach in the setting of cirrhosis-related portal hypertension, experience concerning LS in left-sided portal hypertension is lacking.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 39-year-old man was admitted to the Emergency Department for haemorrhagic shock due to acute hemorrhage from gastric fundus varices. Diagnostic work up revealed a chronic pancreatitis-related splenic vein thrombosis causing left-sided portal hypertension with gastric fundus varices and splenic cavernoma. Following splenic artery embolization (SAE), the case was successfully managed by LS.

DISCUSSION

The advantages of laparoscopic over open splenectomy include lower complication rate, quicker recovery and shorter hospital stay. Splenic artery embolization prior to LS has been used to reduce intraoperative blood losses and conversion rate, especially in complex cases of splenomegaly or cirrhosis-related portal hypertension. We report a case of complicated left-sided portal hypertension managed by LS following SAE. In spite of the presence of large varices at the splenic hilum, the operation was performed by laparoscopy without any major intraoperative complication, thanks to the reduced venous pressure achieved by SAE.

CONCLUSION

Splenic artery embolization may be a valuable adjunct in case of left-sided portal hypertension requiring splenectomy, allowing a safe dissection of the splenic vessels even by laparoscopy.     

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目的 探讨胃脾区区域性门静脉高压症（gastric splenic sepmental portal hypertension GSSPH)的临床特征及有关诊治问题。方法 回顾性分析GSSPH的临床表现特点和治疗结果。结果 对9例GSSPH病人施行手术治疗，均治愈出院，术后随访5例，未再发生消化道出血，脾亢症状完全消失。结论 GSSPH是一种能够治愈的疾病，通常伴有胰腺疾病，脾功能亢进和孤立性胃底静脉曲张。但肝功能正常，行病灶切除加脾切除疗效较好。