带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用效果.方法在小腿后侧设计带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣,转位修复10例小腿下段及足跟周围皮肤缺损病例;皮瓣面积最大11.0cm×8.0cm,最小4.0cm×5.0cm.结果 10例皮瓣全部存活,无皮瓣坏死及血管危象的发生.结论带腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的血供可靠、充分,操作安全、简便,可以修复小腿下段踝部及足跟周围的软组织缺损.     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道腓肠神经营养血管岛状筋膜皮瓣临床应用效果，探讨皮瓣转位范围。方法 在小腿后侧设计及切取腓肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣，逆行转位修复小腿下段及足部皮扶软组织缺损23例。结果 20例皮瓣完全成活，2例皮瓣远端皮缘浅表坏死，1例部分坏死。结论 腓肠神经营养血客岛状筋膜皮瓣血供可靠，操作单位，可以修复小腿下段、踝部、足背跖骨中部以近软经岂损。     

皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 :探讨皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用。方法 :使用前臂外侧皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复腕掌、腕背及虎口部皮肤软组织缺损 5例。腓肠神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿远端、足跟足背皮肤软组织缺损 10例。皮瓣切取面积 5 cm× 5 cm～ 15 cm× 9cm。结果 :15例皮瓣 ,13例完全成活。1例皮瓣远端边缘 0 .5 cm坏死 ,经换药后愈合。 1例皮瓣坏死 ,创面植皮后愈合。结论 :皮神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠 ,切取简便、安全 ,不牺牲主要血管 ,是修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损较好的方法之一     

10例带腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床治疗

目的探论腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用和治疗效果。方法以带腓肠神经小隐静脉和深筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗10例小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、贴骨瘢痕、溃疡。结果 8例皮瓣成活良好,伤口Ι期愈合;1例皮瓣远端边缘0.5cm坏死,经清创、换药2周后伤口愈合;1例皮瓣坏死,创面后经植皮愈合。结论腓肠神经伴行血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不牺牲主要血管,覆盖范围广,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好方法     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的　证实腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性。方法　在小腿后侧设计及切取腓肠浅动脉岛状筋膜皮瓣 ,逆行移转修复 15例小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损。皮瓣最大面积 10cm× 8cm ,最小 5cm× 4cm。结果　 15例筋膜皮瓣全部成活 ,经 6～ 18个月的随访 ,效果良好。结论　腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣血供可靠 ,不牺牲知名动脉 ,操作简便 ,为修复小腿下段及足部皮肤软组织缺损提供了一个新方法。     

腓肠神经伴行血管皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损26例体会

目的 总结腓肠神经伴行血管皮瓣临床应用体会。方法 自1998年8月-2003年10月，笔者对26例小腿中下段、足跟、跟底、踝部、足背软组织缺损的病例，取腓肠神经伴行血管皮瓣或逆行转位修复。结果 26例皮瓣中25例全部成活，1例部分坏死。经过1～4年随访，皮瓣愈合良好，质地优良耐用。术中测量26例成人腓肠神经伴行血管的发出部位在外踝尖上5～7cm处，腓肠神经伴行血管在小腿中部穿过深筋膜进入腓肠肌深面。结论 腓肠神经伴行血管皮瓣操作简便、易行，不需要吻合血管，不牺牲主要血管，在修复小腿中下段、足跟、跟底、踩部软组织缺损方面，提供了一个理想供区。     

腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道应用腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿及足踝处软组织缺损的临床效果。方法临床应用27例,其中腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣17例,修复小腿中下段皮肤缺损11例,修复足跟处软组织缺损5例,修复足背处软组织缺损1例；隐神经营养血管皮瓣10例,修复小腿中下段皮肤缺损6例,修复足跟部皮肤缺损及踝关节皮肤缺损各2例。切取皮瓣面积6 cm×5 cm～18 cm×9 cm。结果术后腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣17例全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。隐神经营养血管皮瓣10例中9例成活良好,1例皮瓣表层小部分坏死,经换药后愈合。全部病例均得到随访,肢体功能及外形均满意。结论腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复小腿中下1/3段、足踝等处软组织缺损较理想的方法。     

带蒂皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法1997年6月至2005年12月,43例小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,男38例,女5例;年龄7～63岁,平均35岁;皮瓣面积4cm×3cm～25cm×15cm。采用9种带蒂的肌皮瓣和筋膜皮瓣进行治疗:(1)腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上1/3合并膝关节前及内侧皮肤软组织缺损2例;(2)小腿前内侧交腿皮瓣修复小腿中段胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(3)带隐神经小腿内侧交腿皮瓣修复前足足底缺损1例;(4)带胫后动脉小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背部皮肤软组织缺损1例;(5)小腿内侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(6)腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足跟皮肤软组织缺损17例;(7)隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足背皮肤软组织缺损14例;(8)外踝上动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损2例。(9)足内侧远端带蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复第一跖骨头处皮肤软组织缺损2例。结果43例皮瓣中有37例术后全部成活,创面一期愈合,1例皮瓣浅层坏死,5例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经短期换药后愈合。所有病例均得到随访,皮瓣全部良好。结论治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损应严格掌握手术适应证,合理选择皮瓣种类。腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣是较理想的修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的材料。     

腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损

目的探讨腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣修复26例足踝部及小腿软组织缺损患者,缺损面积4 cm×6 cm～18 cm×12cm,切取皮瓣面积5 cm×7 cm～19 cm×14 cm。结果患者均获得随访,时间12～18个月。2例皮瓣远端边缘部分坏死,经换药后愈合;余24例皮瓣全部成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管岛状逆行皮瓣血管解剖恒定,血供可靠,无需吻合血管,旋转灵活,对小腿功能和外形影响小,是修复足踝部及小腿软组织创面的良好方法。     

应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损15例

目的 探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿下段、足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 临床应用15例,其中修复小腿下段软组织缺损3例,修复足背部缺损5例,修复足跟部及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损共7例.切取皮瓣面积5 cm × 5cm～16 cm×8 cm.结果 15例皮瓣术后全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合.全部病例均得到随访,肢体功能恢复满意,外观满意.结论 腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复足踝部、小腿下段等处皮肤软组织缺损比较理想的方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.