3种国产牛奶中脂肪酸营养价值分析

目的测定不同种类牛奶中脂肪酸的含量。探讨牛奶脂肪酸的营养价值。方法以3种市售国产牛奶为研究对象，采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱法进行牛奶脂肪酸的分离测定。结果3种国产牛奶含有13～16种脂肪酸，酸牛奶总脂肪酸的含量最低。不同类型脂肪酸的比例不均衡。其中饱和脂肪酸的含量最高，约占70％；多不饱和脂肪酸的含量最低，仅为3％～7％。除低脂牛奶外。全脂牛奶和酸牛奶的ω-6／ω-3脂肪酸比率基本接近推荐值。结论与全脂牛奶和低脂牛奶相比。酸牛奶更适宜高血脂患者或心脑血管病高危人群的饮用。3种国产牛奶中的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）：单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）：多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）均不符合世界卫生组织推荐的1：1：1。有必要优化牛奶脂肪酸的组分以满足人体的营养需求。     

一种红细胞膜脂肪酸甲酯化的改良方法

[目的]建立一种红细胞膜脂肪酸甲酯化的改良方法。[方法]收集健康体检人员的血液,分别采用传统方法和改良方法对其红细胞膜脂肪酸进行甲酯化处理,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行分析。[结果]两种方法都检测出相同种类的15种脂肪酸。改良方法检测的饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的绝对含量明显高于传统方法,对单不饱和脂肪酸绝对含量的测定,2者差异无统计学意义。两种方法测得的脂肪酸相对含量差异无统计学意义;重现性试验,各脂肪酸的CV均小于20%。改良方法所测得脂肪酸回收率为87.8%～110.7%。[结论]改良方法红细胞膜脂肪酸抽提较传统方法简单,保证了长链脂肪酸的鉴定,实验精密度和准确度较高,适用于临床上大样本量血液脂肪酸的检测。     

母乳中脂肪酸含量的动态变化

采用气相色谱法测定了足月顺产儿乳母不同泌乳期及一次喂奶时前、中、后段乳中脂肪酸含量。结果显示：随泌乳期的延长及一次喂奶时从前段、中段至后段，母乳中脂肪酸的绝对含量逐渐增加。初乳中饱和脂肪酸百分含量较低，不饱和脂肪酸百分含量较高，尤其是长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富。中链脂肪酸（Ｃ８０、Ｃ１００、Ｃ１２０、Ｃ１４０）和单不饱和脂肪酸（Ｃ１６１）百分含量随泌乳期延长而升高，而长链饱和脂肪酸（Ｃ１６０、Ｃ１８０、Ｃ２００）和单不饱和脂肪酸（Ｃ１４１、Ｃ１８１）百分含量逐渐下降。母乳中长链多不饱和脂肪酸花生四烯酸（Ｃ２０４ω６）和二十二碳六烯酸（Ｃ２２６ω３）百分含量随泌乳期延长而显著下降。一次喂奶时的前、中和后段乳汁中脂肪酸的百分组成没有差异。与国外资料比，本研究母乳中亚油酸（Ｃ１８２ω６）和α－亚麻酸（Ｃ１８３ω３）含量较高，而软脂酸（Ｃ１６０）和硬脂酸（Ｃ１８０）含量较低。应大力提倡母乳喂养，且应充分利用初乳。     

不同膳食脂肪酸对大鼠乳腺癌细胞核受体基因表达的影响

目的 探讨核受体基因表达在不同膳食脂肪酸影响大鼠乳腺癌发生中的作用。方法用8种不同膳食脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、1：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、5：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、10：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、1：2：1饱和脂肪酸／单不饱和脂肪酸／多不饱和脂肪酸其中n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸1：1）喂养SD雌性幼年大鼠,采用50mg／kg的甲基亚硝基脲单次腹腔注射诱导大鼠乳腺癌发生,电镜观察大鼠乳腺细胞结构变化,BrdU体内标记法检测大鼠乳腺细胞增殖活性,RT—PCR分析乳腺组织过氧化物酶增殖活化受体（PPARβ和PPARγ）mRNA表达。结果 无乳腺癌诱发的各对照和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸诱癌组大鼠乳腺细胞超微结构正常,细胞增殖活性低。而有大鼠乳腺癌诱发的组织细胞内可见明显的腺癌标志,且高乳腺癌诱发的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸、5：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、10：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸和1：2：1饱和脂肪酸／单不饱和脂肪酸／多不饱和脂肪酸喂养组大鼠乳腺细胞增殖活性升高（BrdU阳性率为21％～22％）,但1：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸低诱癌组乳腺细胞增殖活性明显降低上述高乳腺癌诱发组（BrdU阳性率为13％,P〈0．05）。此外,过氧化物酶增殖活化受体作为与脂代谢密切相关的细胞核受体基因,1：1n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸低诱癌组较相应对照组上调PPARβ和PPARγ mRNA表达力度明显弱于高乳腺癌诱发组。结论 不同膳食脂肪酸对PPAR基因表达的调节截然不同,这可能是差异性调节大鼠乳腺癌发生的分子机制之一。     

中国市售桶装植物油脂肪酸的研究

目的对市售桶装植物油中脂肪酸进行分析,探讨其组分及含量特点。通过植物油中各类脂肪酸比例的特点,分析脂肪酸特征。方法从北京、云南、浙江、湖南、河南、哈尔滨、江苏、甘肃8个地区,选取市场普遍销售的或各地自产的品牌桶装植物油,共计8个品种,每个样品采集2个不同批号。对植物油脂进行皂化和甲酯化后,利用岛津GC2014气相色谱仪对样品进行气相色谱分析。结果市售桶装植物油主要以棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主,反式脂肪酸的平均含量为1.05g/100g。植物油的饱和脂肪酸∶单不饱和脂肪酸∶多不饱和脂肪酸的比值范围为1∶1.6～9.4∶0.9～7.4;多不饱和脂肪酸中n-6/n-3的比值范围为0.37～289.5∶1。结论市售桶装植物油反式脂肪酸含量低,但脂肪酸组成比例大多不符合中国营养学会提出的标准,并且多数缺乏n-3多不饱和脂肪酸。     

吃油不要太单一

不同食用油中脂肪酸含量对膳食平衡有着重要影响。中国营养学会在《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》中推荐：中国居民成人膳食脂肪摄入量应占总能量的20％～30％,其中饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸的总摄入比例应接近,三种脂肪酸比例约在1：1：1左右。     

不同肉类食物中脂肪酸组成

目的研究5种肉类不同部位和内脏中的脂肪酸含量及其差异性分析。方法采集猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉和鸭肉不同部位的样品,采用气相色谱测定样品中脂肪酸组成及含量。结果猪肉、反刍动物和禽肉类中的脂肪酸种类相似,但其构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。畜肉中含有较高的饱和脂肪酸,而其多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低,猪肉的饱和脂肪酸含量最低,多不饱和脂肪酸的含量高于牛肉和羊肉。反刍动物类含有较高的反式脂肪酸。禽肉中的饱和脂肪酸较低,多不饱和脂肪酸较高。结论肉类脂肪酸比例不平衡,可通过调控饲料中油脂组成及营养水平,从而改善畜禽肉质的营养价值。     

食用植物油脂肪酸含量检测及营养分析

食用植物油脂肪酸含量检测及营养分析广东省广州市卫生防疫站（５１００８０）黄桂花肖斌权林仲才李莹食用植物油的质和量，即脂肪中饱和脂肪酸（ＳＦＡ）、单不饱和脂肪酸（ＭＵＦＡ）、多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）的比例，直接影响到人们的健康。本文检测了广州地区市售...     

福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成及其营养评价

目的 分析福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成,评价营养价值。方法 依据国家标准方法分析福建特色小吃粗脂肪和脂肪酸组成,进行相关分析、非参数检验和聚类分析法等统计分析,并用不饱和指数、致动脉粥样硬化指数、血栓形成指数对小吃的脂肪酸营养价值进行评价。结果 各小吃粗脂肪和总脂肪酸含量范围分别为0.11～26.35 g/100 g和0.08～17.85 g/100 g,两者呈正相关(r=0.915,P<0.01),非煎炸的食品中,禽畜肉类粗脂肪和总脂肪酸均大于海产品(P<0.05)。饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acids, SFA)以棕榈酸(21.80%～34.00%)、硬脂酸(7.72%～21.45%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸以油酸(5.38%～41.17%)、亚油酸(2.99%～23.54%)为主。鱼面中的二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)含量(0.71%),炸鱼卷、鱼滑、鱼面中的二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)含量(0.41%、2.12%和1.59%)远高于其他小吃。多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsat...     

静脉用脂肪乳剂与免疫调节

脂肪乳乳剂作为肠外营养支持的重要组成部分，提供能量和脂肪酸。因ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸的促炎作用，引发人们对脂肪乳剂影响免疫功能的担忧，但并无大量研究证实其不良免疫特性，目前各种新型脂肪乳通过改变脂肪乳剂中多不饱和酸、单不饱和酸、饱和脂肪酸含量及来源，期望减少ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸的用量。本文就目前常用脂肪乳剂与相关免疫调节作一综述。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.