上方宽蒂垂直瘢痕乳房缩小术在重度乳房增生下垂中的应用

目的 探讨乳房上方宽蒂垂直瘢痕的重度乳房增生缩小术较传统的倒"T"形巨乳缩小术的优势.方法 采用Lejour"穹窿顶"式的手术设计,切除乳房下方的皮肤、腺体组织,将乳头、乳晕上方的真皮及腺体组织的宽蒂抬高至正常位置后进行乳房塑形.自2006年3月至2009年11月,对37例重度乳房增生患者行巨乳缩小术.结果 术后14例患者的14侧乳房切口部分裂开,其中3侧乳房经清创缝合后愈合,其余的乳房经换药后愈合;随访37例患者2周至26个月,未发生乳头、乳晕坏死,乳房形态良好,患者满意率较高.结论 乳房上方宽蒂垂直瘢痕的巨乳缩小术具有降低乳头、乳晕坏死的危险,切口瘢痕细小,重缩的乳房外形良好等优点,是一种治疗重度乳房增生的良好、有效的手术方法.     

垂直瘢痕上方蒂乳房缩小成形术矫治乳房肥大下垂

目的 探讨垂直瘢痕上方蒂乳房缩小成形术的方法和疗效.方法 经乳晕外周环形切口,切除乳房下部皮肤、乳腺组织,将乳头乳晕上方的真皮腺体蒂上提至合理位置后进行乳房塑形.自2005年9月至2010年5月,治疗了58例乳房肥大患者.结果 术后随访所有患者3～24个月,其中乳头乳晕坏死者1例,经小阴唇皮瓣再造后效果满意;切口缝线裂斤者2例,经引流降乐后愈合;余者均取得了良好的乳房形态,正面观仅见于乳房下部垂直瘢痕.结论 垂直瘢痕上方蒂乳房缩小成形术可有效地缩小乳房体积,并使乳房上提,且术后瘢痕较轻,是矫正乳房肥大下垂的良好术式.     

保留乳腺横膈内上蒂垂直切口瘢痕乳房缩小术

目的 探讨保留乳腺横膈内上蒂垂直切口瘢痕乳房缩小术的临床效果.方法 采用Lejour穹窿顶式手术设计,切除乳房下方多余的皮肤、腺体,将乳头和乳晕以内上方真皮、腺体组织蒂抬高到正常位置,术中保护乳腺中隔神经、血管蒂.采用不吸收缝线缝合乳房下极腺体,适度修薄乳房下部皮肤,以便于皮肤回缩,减轻瘢痕.结果 共行手术27例,53侧乳房,其中1例为单侧乳房缩小术,手术效果满意,乳房形态良好.术后6例8侧乳房切口部分裂开,均经换药后愈合,无1例发生乳头、乳晕坏死.结论 保留乳腺横膈的内上蒂垂直切口瘢痕巨乳缩小术效果良好,提高了乳头、乳晕移位的安全性.     

垂直切口乳房缩小术

目的　探讨应用垂直切口巨乳缩小术以减少术后瘢痕的方法与体会。方法　采用Lejour手术设计 ,切除乳房下方的皮肤、腺体 ,乳头乳晕以上方真皮腺体组织蒂转移提高到正常位置 ,进行乳房塑形 ,术后仅留有垂直瘢痕。结果　采用垂直切口巨乳缩小术治疗 2 4例 ,手术效果满意。 1例术后 6个月切口下端局部修整残留的“猫耳朵”。 1例单侧乳头乳晕完全坏死。结论　垂直切口巨乳缩小术疗效良好 ,术后瘢痕细小 ,乳房形态良好。     

携带Würinger水平中隔的内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术

目的 探索应用携带Würinger水平中隔的内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术治疗乳房肥大症的方法及疗效.方法 自2009年1月至今,对15例中、重度乳房肥大伴有下垂患者施行携带Würinger水平中隔的内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术.结果 15例单侧腺体组织切除量为（522.9±218.3）g,术后胸骨上凹至乳头距离为（21.7±1.74）cm,平均上提乳头8.5 cm（4～16 cm）.术后无血肿及乳头乳晕复合物坏死并发症发生.1例发生小段切口裂开（发生率6.7%）.13例获随访6～18个月,新乳头乳晕感觉良好,切口瘢痕细小,新乳房外形饱满挺拔.结论 携带Würinger水平中隔的内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术,具有新乳头乳晕血运和感觉良好、乳房形态满意及效果稳定的优点,可作为治疗中、重度乳房肥大伴下垂的可选术式之一.     

内上方蒂法与吸脂术在乳房缩小成形术中的联合应用

目的 探讨结合脂肪抽吸法的内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术对乳房肥大伴下垂进行修复的疗效.方法 对8例乳房肥大伴下垂的患者,行结合脂肪抽吸法的携带Würinger＇s乳房水平中隔内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术进行修复.结果 8例患者术后均未出现血肿及乳头乳晕复合体坏死等并发症.1例发生小段切口裂开.均获随访6～18个月,新乳头乳晕感觉良好,切口瘢痕不明显,新乳房外形满意.结论 联合应用脂肪抽吸法和内上方真皮腺体蒂术可使肥大伴下垂的乳房进一步得到良好的塑形,疗效满意.     

乳头乳晕坏死1例治疗报告

患者女性,23岁,未婚.因双侧巨乳伴重度乳房下垂,在我院行巨乳缩小矫正术,手术采用垂直切口、乳头乳晕上方真皮腺体蒂移位的缩小方法.乳头乳晕移位12 cm,单侧腺体组织切除量620 g.术后第2天,一侧乳头乳晕血运良好,另一侧乳头乳晕颜色发紫,静脉淤血,经局部穿刺放血、高渗溶液湿敷等治疗,乳头仍完全坏死,仅残留很少部分乳晕组织.     

垂直切口内侧蒂式乳房缩小整形术的疗效及并发症分析

目的：探究垂直切口内侧蒂式乳房缩小整形术的治疗效果,分析术后并发症发生情况。方法：2018年1月-2021年3月对92例乳房肥大患者采取垂直切口内侧蒂式乳房缩小术进行治疗,根据术前设计,去除表皮,保留真皮、腺体组织蒂,切除画线区域内,即乳房下极部分皮肤、腺体组织,内侧带真皮腺体蒂向上旋转,固定于新位置;乳房下部腺体“U”形切除,然后向内上方缝合固定于胸壁,分层缝合。结果：本组92例（184侧）患者,术中切除腺体重量376～830 g,术后切口均一期愈合,患者主观症状均完全消失,乳头乳晕血运及感觉良好,乳房位置自然、外形丰满;温哥华瘢痕评分0～6分,平均（3.67±1.02）分;患者满意度为96.74%(89/92)。术后,患者左右侧锁乳线、左右侧胸乳线、过乳头胸围和乳晕直径等均较术前有明显改善,生活质量水平较术前明显提高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后随访6～12个月,3例患者手术切口感染,经常规治疗后恢复;1例右侧乳晕切口上缘瘢痕增生,经瘢痕切除缝合;3例脂肪液化,经清创引流、局部换药后自行愈合。结论：垂直切口内侧蒂式乳房缩小整形术操作安全,术后切口瘢痕较小,能明显修...     

内上腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术

目的 探讨一种能够保持乳房功能和形成良好外观的乳房缩小成形术。方法 根据乳房肥大的程度设计不同类型的皮肤切口，采用内上腺体蒂技术，切除外上方和下方过多的乳腺组织，将保留的乳腺组织重新塑形，切除多余的皮肤后缝合切口。结果 本组36例72侧乳房术后形态良好，无并发症，乳头乳晕感觉良好，效果满意。结论 内上腺体蒂技术是一种安全、有效的手术方法，能获得持久的塑形效果，通过选择不同类型的皮肤切口可以适用于各种程度乳房肥大的矫治。     

内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术在多种乳房畸形中的应用

目的探讨内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术对乳房肥大及乳房假体、聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后的乳房畸形进行修复的疗效。方法对36例乳房肥大及乳房假体、聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后乳房畸形的患者,行携带或不携带Wfiringer乳房水平中隔内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术修复。结果36例患者,术后胸骨上凹至乳头距离为（20．10±1．94）cm,平均上提乳头7．5cm（4～13cm）,并且均未出现血肿及乳头、乳晕复合体坏死等并发症。2例发生小段切口裂开（发生率为5．56％）,其余均为I期愈合。28例获随访6～18个月,乳头、乳晕感觉良好,切口瘢痕不明显,乳房外形满意。结论应用内上方真皮腺体蒂术式可使乳房得到良好的塑形,同时又能充分保留乳头、乳晕复合体的血运及感觉功能,疗效满意。     

伴有乳房良性病变的巨乳缩小术27例

目的 探讨乳房肥大下垂同时伴有良性病变的巨乳缩小术的方法。方法：1980年11月～2001年12月，共收治乳房肥大下垂伴乳腺良性病变的患者27例52侧，根据乳腺病变的性质、部位、大小以及乳房肥大下垂的程度，选择下述不同的术式，行下方垂直蒂瓣法9例(17侧)，垂直双蒂瓣法16例(3l侧)，双环形切口乳房缩小术2例(4侧)。结果 术后外观评价良25例49侧占94．2％，差2例3侧占5．8％。术后乳房疼痛改善率为95．8％，肩、背痛，睡眠明显改善为100％，乳房下皱襞湿疹、皮炎未再发生为100％，27例患者术后着装均满意。结论 乳房缩小整形手术是治疗乳房肥大下垂，同时伴有乳腺良性病变的首选治疗方法。     

Viability and sensation of the nipple-areolar complex after reduction mammaplasty

Reduction mammaplasty with nipple-areolar transposition on a medial pedicle was designed as an alternative to amputation and free nipple graft for women with severe mammary hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to review the viability and sensory outcome of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) in 72 women (133 breasts) after medial pedicle and inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty between 1996 and 2000. The medial pedicle was used for 41 women (79 breasts) with moderate to severe mammary hypertrophy. An inferior pedicle was used for 31 women (54 breasts) with mild to moderate mammary hypertrophy. Mean follow-up for all patients was 25 months. Total sensation of the NAC was obtained in 68 of 79 breasts (86%) after medial pedicle reduction mammaplasty and in 50 of 54 breasts (92%) after inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty. Total viability of the NAC occurred in 74 of 79 breasts (94%) after medial pedicle reduction mammaplasty and in 53 of 54 breasts (98%) after inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty. Quantitative sensory testing of the NAC using the pressure-specified sensory device demonstrated that static and moving sensory thresholds of the NAC are lowest in the inferior pedicle group followed by the control group and the medial pedicle group. It can be concluded from this study that the medial and inferior pedicle techniques are capable of supporting vascularity and innervation to the NAC. The medial pedicle technique for severe mammary hypertrophy is a good alternative to free nipple grafting. The amount of breast tissue removed does not correlate with sensory outcome for both inferior and medial pedicle techniques. The pressure-specified sensory device is an excellent means of assessing sensory outcome.     

Importance of the suprasternal notch to nipple distance (SSN:N) for vascular complications of the nipple areola complex (NAC) in the superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty: A retrospective analysis

Background

The superior pedicle, frequently used with vertical mammaplasty, bears some risk for vascular complications of the nipple areola complex (NAC) particularly in large breasts. The suprasternal notch to nipple distance (SSN:N), geometrically associated with the longitudinal axis of the breast and length of the superior pedicle, might be an indicative parameter to assess these complications. Importance of the SSN:N for vascular complication of the NAC was focussed upon in this study.

Material and methods

Arterial and venous complications of 104 patients following the superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty were retrospectively evaluated both sided (n = 208 breasts), according to the preoperatively measured SSN:N. Binary logistic regression (p ≤ 0.05) was used for statistical evaluation.

Results

Probability of vascular compromise of the NAC is influenced by the SSN:N within the context of the superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty. An SSN:N > 30 cm (n = 112 breasts) is subject to venous (p = 0.002) as well as arterial (p = 0.232) complications of the NAC, both of which may result in partial necrosis of the tissue (p = 0.029).

Conclusion

The SSN:N measurement can be helpful to identify patients at risk for vascular complications of the superiorly stalked NAC. Modifications of the superior pedicle or other pedicles potentially providing enhanced vascular impact might be considered with an SSN:N beyond 30 cm to reduce vasculature-related complications of the NAC.     

应用皮肤皱缩缝合技术行垂直切口乳房缩小整形术

目的　减少乳房缩小整形术所导致的切口瘢痕。方法　在做乳房缩小整形术时 ,在乳房下皱襞处不做切口 ,仅保留乳晕周围和乳晕下垂直切口 ,对乳房进行悬吊和塑形 ,而对乳晕下多余的皮肤和较长的皮肤切口 ,应用皮肤皱缩缝合技术进行缝合 ,利用组织的弹性 ,使其在手术后自动逐渐展平。结果　共为 13例患者实施了垂直切口的乳房缩小整形术 ,术后切口皆一期愈合 ,无血肿、感染、皮肤或乳头坏死等并发症发生 ,除 3例巨乳合并乳房严重松垂者半年后需再次对下皱襞处多余皮肤进行小的修整外 ,其余患者术后乳房和垂直切口形态满意。结论　垂直切口乳房缩小整形术设计、操作简单 ,容易掌握 ,效果恒定 ,在保证乳房缩小整形良好的乳房形态的同时 ,避免了在乳房下皱襞处的切口 ,是一种较好的乳房缩小整形术式。     

A prospective quantitative comparison of breast sensation after superior and inferior pedicle mammaplasty.

Reduction mammaplasty techniques using the inferior pedicle have been recommended to preserve the nipple and areolar sensation after surgery. The vertical scar mammaplasty with a superior pedicle has often been criticised because of the potential for damage to the sensory supply of the nipple-areola complex. The aim of this study was to assess the breast sensation in two prospective series of patients operated upon using superior pedicle and inferior pedicle mammaplasties. Between November 1996 and February 1997, 20 consecutive patients (39 breasts) underwent breast reduction using the inferior pedicle technique with inverted T scar (Robbin's technique). This series of patients was matched with another series of 18 patients (36 breasts) who had breast reduction using a vertical scar mammaplasty with superior pedicle (Lejour's technique) in another centre. Cutaneous pressure thresholds were recorded using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. The values were obtained on the quadrants of the skin of the breast, the areola and the nipple. The sensitivity test was performed preoperatively, then at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Patients' characteristics (age, weight, breast ptosis, breast mass resected and risk factors) were statistically similar between the two groups. The preoperative values of pressure sensation on the different areas tested were statistically similar between the two groups. The sensitivity decreased on almost all the tested areas of the breast at 3 months postoperatively. No patient had an insensitive area on the breast at 6 months after surgery. Some areas of the breast showed a significant difference in pressure sensitivity after one technique compared to the other: better sensation on the skin of the superior and lateral quadrants after the superior pedicle technique at 3 months (P< 0.001), poorer areolar sensation on the inferior quadrant after the superior pedicle technique at 3 and 6 months (P< 0.05) and on the superior quadrant after the inferior pedicle technique at 3 months only (P< 0.05). However, the mean value of the areolar quadrants was statistically similar after both techniques. The nipple sensation was significantly decreased in both groups at 3 months but remained comparable between the two groups. Breast innervation was damaged by breast reduction using both the inferior and the superior pedicle techniques. The breast skin had better sensation after the superior pedicle technique while the areola had slightly better sensation after the inferior pedicle technique. At 6 months, the mean value of nipple-areola complex pressure sensation was comparable in the two series of patients.     

The Bivectorial Full-Thickness Superiorly Based NAC Flap: A New Option to Increase Plasticity and Decrease Tension in the Superior Pedicle Vertical Mammaplasty Technique

The standard split-thickness superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty technique sometimes suffers from tension on the nipple-areola complex (NAC). We suggest a bisected full-thickness superiorly based flap that offers two vectors for transposition within the context of superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty. The procedure increases both upper-pole fullness and projection of the breast while decreasing tension on the NAC. The surgical procedure presented contributes to a natural appearance of the breast. It should provide a useful and simple surgical option, increasing the versatility of the superior pedicle vertical mammaplasty technique.     

The short scar three-block L-wing technique

IntroductionNumerous techniques have been proposed for the plastic surgical treatment of hypertrophic breasts. Challenges of the procedure include the preservation of vascular supply and sensitivity of the nipple areola complex (NAC), breast feeding, and an esthetically pleasing result.ObjectivesIn the present preliminary report, we introduce a new technique called the three-block L-wing reduction mammaplasty that addresses the aforementioned difficulties.Materials and MethodsThe three-block L-wing reduction mammaplasty with a thick hemispheric superiorly based NAC pedicle and a medial as well as lateral pillar was performed in a total of 60 patients.ResultsOur technique increases both, vascular safety and the sensory supply to the NAC, as it conceptually decreases the need for dissection of breast tissue and skin. The incidence of fat necrosis and wound healing disorders may be reduced with this technique. Because the ducts of the breast-gland underneath the NAC are not dissected, this technique also promises a higher probability of regular breast-feeding. Finally, our technique permits a cosmetically pleasing round-shaped mound of the breast.ConclusionThe three-block modification simplifies the procedure of the superior pedicle L-wing mammaplasty markedly. It may increase the esthetic as well as the functional outcome and decrease postoperative complications.     

Secondary reduction mammaplasty: does initial pedicle design matter?

Reduction mammaplasty is one of the most common plastic surgical procedures performed in the United States. Occasionally patients will require a second reduction to address persistent or recurrent symptomatic macromastia. When the vascular pedicle of a primary breast reduction is unknown, there is uncertainty regarding how best to proceed with a secondary reduction. When the pedicle is known, we include at least the primary pedicle in our operative plan. When unknown, we performed a modified central mound (MCM) reduction technique. The MCM reduction respects the blood supply to the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) by preserving any remaining vascularity that is present within the central mound tissue while also maintaining superior and inferior vascular pedicles. We avoid using a free nipple graft.Thirty patients (60 breasts) underwent repeat breast reductions between 2009 and 2016. Patients were placed into two groups whether their primary vascular pedicle was known or unknown, and then further grouped based on the type of reduction they received. There was no significant difference in the complication rate between patients that underwent an MCM reduction versus those that underwent reduction with other techniques. Most patients maintained breast sensation and none required a free nipple graft.Patients can be offered repeat reduction mammaplasty with the possibility of nipple sensation preservation and a normal-appearing NAC regardless if the primary vascular pedicle is known. If the primary pedicle is unknown, the MCM technique is an excellent option.     

Periareolar reduction mammaplasty utilizing the inferior dermal pedicle

The critical points which should not be overlooked when performing reduction mammaplasty are to minimize scar on the breast and to ensure a sufficient blood supply for the viability of the nipple–areolar complex. Periareolar reduction mammaplasty has been widely used because it left only one scar around the areola. However, with the typical periareolar reduction mammaplasty technique, it is difficult to remove a large amount of breast tissue and mobilize the remaining breast tissue. It may result in necrosis of the nipple–areolar complex in some cases. To overcome these limitations we combined the periareolar incision with the inferior dermal pedicle, which has a relatively good blood supply. This new technique was employed in 22 consecutive women (44 breasts) with hypertrophy and a varying degree of ptosis. Infiltration of a tumescent solution and liposuction were performed in all cases. After periareolar incision, dissection of the skin was performed, and the breast was elevated from the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle, leaving the inferior dermal pyramidal pedicle. An adequate amount of tissue was resected in the superior, medial, and lateral areas. After mastopexy, closure was done with a purse-string suture. The amount of tissue resected ranged from 180 to 1510 g per breast, and the mean was 466.1 g. The mean length of elevation of the nipple was 10.6 cm along the meridian of the breast. There were a few complications which needed revision operation: hematoma collection in one breast (2.3%), wound dehiscence in one breast (2.3%), and fat necrosis in one breast (2.3%). There was no necrosis of the nipple–areolar complex. With this new technique of periareolar reduction mammaplasty utilizing the inferior dermal pedicle, we were able to minimize the scar, preserve the nipple–areolar complex, and improve the motility of the breast tissue. But we also observed a flat or square appearance in the case of a large amount of resection in the patients with poor skin elasticity. This technique is safe and versatile and produces aesthetically acceptable results in selected patients.