Outcome of emergency endovascular treatment of large internal iliac artery aneurysms with guidewires

Purpose

Guidewires have been reported as a useful occlusion material for large aneurysms of different locations with good short-term results. In this study we retrospectively evaluate long-term results of emergency embolization technique with guidewires in symptomatic internal iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) impending rupture.

Patients and methods

In four patients presented with acute abdominal pain, multidetector computed tomography revealed unstable, 7-14 cm large, IIAAs. Two patients were treated with coil embolization of distal branches followed by occlusion of aneurysmal sac with guidewires. In two patients embolization of aneurysmal sac alone was performed.

Results

In three patients complete or near complete occlusion of the aneurysmal sac was achieved and abdominal pain ceased within hours. Two patients treated with embolization of distal iliac artery branches and aneurysmal sac developed claudication that lasted up to 1 year. Their aneurysms remained thrombosed and they were without symptoms until they died 31 and 56 months later of causes unrelated to IIAA. Two patients treated with embolization of the aneurysm alone were free of ischemic symptoms. Because of incomplete embolization of the sac in one patient open surgery treatment in a non-emergency setting was performed. Complete filling of aneurysmal sac was achieved in other patient but 2 years later his aneurysm re-opened and required open surgery treatment.

Conclusion

Embolization of aneurysmal sac of large IIAA with guidewires may be effective for immediate treatment of impending rupture. Long-term results were better when embolization of the aneurysmal sac was combined with embolization of distal IIA branches.     

Giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery: endovascular treatment and long-term follow-up

We report the long-term follow-up of 18 patients with giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA) referred for endovascular occlusion of the parent vessel. There were 10 aneurysms involving the infra- and/or supraclinoid cavernous segment, six the ophthalmic segment, one the petrous segment and one the bifurcation. One patient who did not tolerate test occlusion was treated medically. Clinical and imaging follow-up were obtained in 16 patients for a mean of 30 months, range 6–80 months. Endovascular treatment led to excellent clinical outcome in 16 patients. One 34-year-old woman, who presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), died from bilateral middle cerebral artery infarcts due to severe vasospasm 4 days after treatment. The patient treated medically died from SAH. Long-term imaging follow-up in 16 patients revealed a markedly smaller aneurysm sac in all cases.     

Treatment of massive posterior epistaxis by detachable coil embolization of a cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm

We present a case of massive posterior epistaxis caused by a cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm. This lesion was treated with endovascular placement of electrolytically detachable platinum embolization coils. The treatment resulted in cessation of epistaxis until the patient's death 3 months following embolization. We discuss aspects of using these above coils for this condition.     

Onyx联合支架辅助弹簧圈治疗复杂性颅内破裂动脉瘤

目的 探讨应用Onyx联合支架辅助弹簧圈治疗颅内复杂破裂动脉瘤的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2例应用Onyx联合支架辅助弹簧圈技术方法,进行治疗的颅内复杂破裂动脉瘤.并对Onyx栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤相关文献进行回顾.结果 应用该技术栓塞治疗2例复杂性颅内动脉瘤(1例为右侧颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤,1例为颈内动脉前壁复发动脉...     

Stenotic kinking of the cavernous internal carotid artery with a giant intra-cavernous aneurysm: case report

We report a giant aneurysm of the cavernous internal carotid artery with proximal internal carotid stenosis. The stenosis showed two typical features: a kink at the stenosis and location at the exit from the carotid canal. We believe that the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery is compressed medially by the giant aneurysm and a kink occurs at the point where the artery leaves the bony carotid canal.     

颅内覆膜支架治疗颅段颈内动脉病变的初步临床研究

目的观察采用颅内专用覆膜支架及其输送系统通过颅段颈内动脉（CICA）骨性管道和生理弯曲，治疗颅段颈内动脉病变的效果。方法采用颅内专用覆膜支架，以血管内技术治疗13例CICA病变。其中巨大假性动脉瘤4例、巨大动脉瘤4例、宽颈小动脉瘤3例、巨大假性动脉瘤伴颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）1例、CCF1例。颅内专用覆膜支架释放前均行患侧颈内动脉球囊闭塞试验（BOT）和DSA。术后3～16个月施行DSA随访和临床随访。结果13例患者BOT均耐受良好，DSA证实前、后交通动脉开放良好。13例覆膜支架及其输送系统均顺利通过CICA到达病变靶区。病变及覆膜支架释放部位分别为：C3～4段4例、C4～5段4例、C6～7段5例。覆膜支架释放后即刻DSA示7例动脉瘤不再显影，4例显示少量内漏，1例CCF覆膜支架释放后流量明显减少，1例假性动脉瘤伴CCF覆膜支架释放后动脉瘤消失，但残存低流量CCF。13例中1例动脉瘤破裂性蛛网膜下腔出血患者术后9d因血管广泛痉挛而死亡。12例随访DSA均显示覆膜支架放置处血管通畅，其中2例显示轻度狭窄；6例术后存在内漏，其中4例DSA随访7～16个月后内漏消失，1例再次置入覆膜支架治疗后内漏消失；1例CCF，3个月后随访仍显示低流量瘘。存活患者临床随访3～16个月未发生支架覆盖段相关分支堵塞后的并发症。结论颅内覆膜支架及其输送系统的柔顺性足以使其通过迂曲的CICA，到达颅内病变血管处，有效治疗CICA病变。颅内覆膜支架的远期疗效有待长期随访，其贴壁性能仍需进一步完善。     

Absence of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery in association with intracranial aneurysms

We report a case of absence of the supraclinoid segment of the left internal carotid artery associated with hypoplasia of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and anterior communicating artery aneurysm formation. We discuss the embryology probably responsible for this anatomical variant and show the imaging findings. Received: 12 May 1997 Accepted: 12 June 1997     

Extracranial internal carotid artery Salmonella mycotic aneurysm complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery: depiction by Color Doppler sonography,CT and DSA

Mycotic aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are rare. Seventy-four cases have been described in the medical literature and only eight secondary to Salmonella infection. To our knowledge, color Doppler sonography, computed tomography (CT), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings relating to the diagnosis and follow-up of extracranial internal carotid artery mycotic aneurysm complicated by occlusion have not previously been described in the literature. We present a report of color Doppler sonography, CT, and DSA findings of a mycotic aneurysm of the right extracranial internal carotid artery due to Salmonella associated with occlusion of the internal carotid artery, promptly diagnosed and followed up using these imaging modalities.     

Duplication of the internal carotid artery

Summary The angiographic appearance of a duplicated internal carotid artery is described.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂早期的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂早期血管内栓塞治疗的效果。方法２０例破裂的颅内动脉瘤采取早期血管内治疗技术，用自制的多形钨丝弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤囊。动脉瘤的位置：前交通动脉（ＡＣｏＡ）７例，后交通动脉（ＰＣｏＡ）６例，中动脉（ＭＣＡ）２例，眼动脉１例，后循环４例。病人分级：ＨｕｎｔＨｅｓＩＩ级３例，ＩＩ级及ＩＶ级各７例，Ｖ级３例。１６例于３天内治疗，其余４例于６天内治疗。结果１８例闭塞９０％以上，其中８例动脉瘤完全闭塞（４０％），２例死亡。术后观察３个月～２年，１５例效果良好，３例残留轻～中度瘫痪，术后随访无一例发生蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）。结论血管内栓塞是治疗颅内动脉瘤急性期破裂的较好方法。     

犬颈总动脉实验性虹吸段血管模型的建立

目的 探讨截取一侧颈总动脉节段与另一侧颈总动脉端端吻合建立颅底段颈内动脉（虹吸段）血管模型的可行性.方法 对8只成年家犬应用显微外科技术,将玻璃管制成“S”形,一侧颈总动脉（CCA）作为母体动脉,截取另一侧颈总动脉节段穿过玻璃管模型与对侧CCA端端吻合.2周后作血管造影（CTA/DSA）证实模型内血流通畅.结果 8只犬均成功地建成颅底段颈内动脉（虹吸段）血管模型.结论 应用犬一侧颈总动脉节段与另一侧颈总动脉端端吻合建立颅底段颈内动脉（虹吸段）血管模型切实可行.     

双侧颈内动脉狭窄的侧枝循环特点分析

目的 :利用血管造影技术分析双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的形态学特点。方法 :2 0 0 0年 9月～ 2 0 0 4年 4月 ,我们收治了 15 5例单侧大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞的患者 ,其中男 10 9例 ,女 4 6例 ;年龄 2 9～ 73岁 ,平均 4 7.6± 6 .2 4岁 ,借助血管造影技术对其形态学特点进行评价。结果 :双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时 ,最常见各种方式的综合代偿 ,单纯依赖Willis环者较少 ,但在单侧闭塞伴对侧狭窄的患者中 ,前交通动脉代偿较多。单侧闭塞伴对侧狭窄的患者多发生狭窄侧脑梗死。侧枝循环代偿尤其是后交通动脉代偿可以防止梗死发生 ,但前交通动脉代偿时梗死的发生率反而增高。结论 :双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时 ,应该深入分析血管形态学变化 ,判断其发生缺血事件的危险性 ,从而给予针对性的治疗。     

Endovascular Embolization of Visceral Artery Aneurysms with Ethylene-vinyl Alcohol (Onyx): A Case Series

We report the application of the liquid embolic agent ethylene-vinyl alcohol (Onyx; MicroTherapeutics, Irvine, CA, USA) in the management of visceral artery aneurysms. The technique and indications for using Onyx are discussed with emphasis on the management of wide-necked aneurysms and maintenance of patency of the parent vessel. None of the cases was considered suitable for stent-grafting or embolization with conventional agents. Two aneurysms of the renal artery bifurcation and one aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery were treated. Following treatment there was complete exclusion of all aneurysms. There was no evidence of end-organ infarction. Follow-up with intervals up to 6 months has shown sustained aneurysm exclusion. Onyx is known to be effective in the management of intracranial aneurysms. Our experience demonstrates the efficacy and applicability of the use of Onyx in the treatment of complex visceral artery aneurysms.     

Anomalous origin of the posterior meningeal artery from the internal carotid artery

Summary A rare case of anomalous origin of the posterior meningeal artery from the internal carotid artery, normally arising from the vertebral artery, is presented.     

Petrous internal carotid aneurysm causing epistaxis: balloon embolization with preservation of the parent vessel

Summary A patient with severe, recurrent posterior epistaxis was shown at angiography to have an aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Since childhood, she had had pain related to eustachian tube blockage by the aneurysm. An endovascular balloon embolization of the aneurysm was successful with preservation of the parent artery. The treatment resulted in resolution of the symtpoms. The report confirms the usefulness of an angiographic protocol in evaluating vascular problems.     

使用液体栓塞剂Onyx治疗颅内动脉瘤

虽然神经介入放射学发展很快,动脉瘤介入治疗还存在一些并发症,Onyx减少了一些并发症,本文叙述了Onyx的优点和不足。     

Curative embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with Onyx in 101 patients

INTRODUCTION: Onyx has emerged in the recent years as a new embolic material. We present our experience with Onyx in the curative embolization of brain cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the files of all patients that we had treated with Onyx embolic material for a brain AVM during the last 4 years. We identified 101 patients who underwent a total of 219 sessions of embolization. RESULTS: The treatment has been concluded in 52 patients; in this group, total occlusion was obtained in 28 (53.9%) patients and near-total occlusion was obtained in 18 (34.6%). The respective figures based on the 101 patients of the study cohort are 28/101 (27.7%) and 18/101 (17.8%). More embolization sessions are to be carried out on the remaining 49 patients. There were three deaths, and eight patients had permanent neurological deficits with a resulting morbidity of 8% and mortality of 3%. CONCLUSION: High rates of total or near-total occlusion of brain AVMs can be achieved with multiple sessions of Onyx embolization with acceptable morbidity and mortality.     

Decreased hyperintense vessels on FLAIR images after endovascular recanalization of symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion

Background and purpose

Hyperintense vessels (HV) on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images were assumed to be explained by slow antegrade or retrograde leptomeningeal collateral flow related to extracranial or intracranial artery steno-occlusion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recanalization after endovascular therapy of symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion on the presence of HV.

Methods

Eleven patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion were retrospectively enrolled. Changes in the HV on FLAIR images were examined in affected hemisphere of each patient after successful treatment with endovascular recanalization (angioplasty, n = 3; stent-assisted angioplasty, n = 8). The relationship between postoperative changes in the HV and Thrombolysis In Cerebral Ischemia (TICI) scale (I-III) was assessed.

Results

After operation, HV of the 11 affected hemispheres were showed to be decreased (n = 3) or disappeared (n = 8) in treated side. The median interval between pre- and postoperative MRI examinations was 97.0 h (range, from 69. to 48.7 h). Of the 8 patients with disappeared HV, 7 achieved high TICI grade flow (III) and 1 had relatively low TICI grade flow (IIc) in treated side. However, all the 3 patients with decreased HV were found to be relatively low TICI grade flow (IIc).

Conclusion

Our data indicate that endovascular recanalization of ICA occlusion was effective for decreasing HV. Postoperative decrease in HV can be considered as a marker for hemodynamic improvement.     

颈内动脉的功能解剖及覆膜支架应用的可行性探讨

覆膜支架用于颅段颈内动脉的病变,是医学界一直关注的问题.将冠脉支架加载膜性材料（覆膜支架）后用于颅内段颈动脉血管病变的治疗,近年来,国外已有个案报道.颈内动脉的颅段走行在骨性结构中,迂曲而且发出许多分支动脉,因此,有必要在深入了解颈内动脉功能解剖的基础上,再对覆膜支架在颈内动脉中使用的可行性进行探讨.     

颈内动脉前壁动脉瘤支架结合弹簧圈栓塞术后再出血：病例报道

目的 报道1例应用支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉前壁宽颈动脉瘤后发生早期再出血的病例.方法 将球囊膨胀型血管内支架跨动脉瘤颈部位置并准确释放后,微导管超选进入动脉瘤内填塞弹簧圈.结果 支架成功置人,完全覆盖瘤颈,动脉瘤得到人部栓塞(90%以上),载瘤动脉及毗邻的侧支血管保持通畅,患者术后恢复良好,但是术后16 d因动脉瘤再次破裂出血导致死亡.结论 血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉前肇宽颈动脉瘤是可行的,但应充分认识动脉瘤早期再次破裂出血的风险,短期随访及再治疗非常必要.