论辨证和辨体质关系

中医重视体质的研究由来已久,通过文献的研究,认为辨体质是建立在中医"因人制宜"基础之上的,相当于西医的个体化治疗,通过对文献的分析,归纳出辨证和辨体质的关系:辨体质提高辨证的准确度;辨体质是辨证的基础,在疾病预防中起重要作用;辨体质和辨证结合可以把握疾病规律;辨证包含辨体质;我们不难看出辨证和辨体质二者相辅相成,不可分割的关系,辨证论治是中医学诊病的主要特色,它的主要目标是"病",是对疾病过程中的某一阶断病理特点作为研究的主体,而辨体质的主要目标是"人",主要诊察形体、心理、地理环境等对人体的影响,即人对这些因素的反应。     

运用“五辨”思维探讨慢性胃炎“无症可辨”问题

慢性胃炎在临床中可有多种症状,但无特异性表现,部分患者无典型上消化道系统症状,从而易出现"无症可辨"的情况。"五辨"即辨症、辨证、辨病、辨人、辨机五种思维,辨症有利于对慢性胃炎主要证型进行辨识,辨证有利于明确慢性胃炎动态性质,辨病有利于掌握慢性胃炎发展规律,辨人有利于推断慢性胃炎发展趋势,辨机有利于明确慢性胃炎内在机理。综合运用"五辨"思维可以为解决慢性胃炎"无症可辨"的问题提供理论依据。     

少弱精子症中医辨治策略初探

[目的]探析少弱精子症的中医辨治策略,为男性不育症的规范诊治提供理论依据。[方法]通过对少弱精子症的辨病辨证、微观辨精、脏腑辨证、遣方用药、方证辨证、体质调理、摄生调养等方面的分析,探讨男性不育症辨治策略,并结合临床验案予以佐证。[结果]中医治疗少弱精子症策略当先辨病后辨证,辨病用药与辨证用药相结合,辨证求因,审因论治,此外须重视微观辨证以及辨精论治;遣方用药上,方证辨证具有高效、便捷的优点,方剂不仅可以直接治疗相应的证,还可以直接针对体质进行调理;补肾法固然是中医治疗男性不育症的重要法则,但临床治疗少弱精子症不应拘泥于补肾,同时兼顾其他脏腑,重视肝肾同源理论的运用;不忘摄生调养,采取综合治疗措施的辨治策略。"审症—诊病—辨人(体质)—识证"的辨治模式来选方用药诊治少弱精子不育症,灵活变通,可取得良好的临床疗效。[结论]上述中医少弱精子症的辨治原则和方法经验独到,疗效卓著,为男性不育症的规范诊治提供理论依据,值得临床推广与进一步研究。     

从"辨"与"治"谈针灸临床中辨证方法的择宜而用

针灸临床上,要在明辨病位、病因、病性、病机、证候等基础上,才能依据近部选穴、远部选穴、辨证选穴、对症选穴的原则确定腧穴;要在辨明表里虚实寒热等病性的基础上才能确定相应的针灸方法和刺灸技术。而各种不同的辨证方法对这些辨证要素的辨别具有相对的特异性,因此从"治"谈"辨",各种辨证方法均适宜于针灸临床。在各种辨证方法中,经络辨证至关重要,辨病位是核心,并可以兼辨病性。经络辨证适合于几乎所有的病症甚至是一些疑难病、复杂病的辨治,尤其对肢节、官窍、皮外科病等病位较明显、局限的疾患最为适宜。脏腑辨证不可或缺,在确定脏腑病位基础上辨证候是关键,脏腑辨证适合于以全身症状为主要表现的脏腑病、无明显局限病变部位的疑难病,以及一些官窍病等。八纲辨证执简驭繁,辨病性是根本,对于表里、寒热、虚实证错综复杂者,有提纲挈领的指导作用,使用范围较广。另外,病因辨证在针灸临床中对于辨病位、辨病性、选穴和选择刺灸法方面发挥着积极的指导作用,气血津液辨证常与辨经络结合使用,能够有效地指导针灸辨证施治的各个环节。因此,从"辨"谈"治",诸种辨证方法各有所长,针灸临床要择宜而用,针灸临床中虽然以经络辨证为基本辨证施治的方法,但应与其他多种辨证方法相互补充、相互结合使用。     

中医辨病辨证治疗脑血栓36例

目的探讨中医辨病辨证治疗脑血栓的临床价值。方法将72例脑血栓患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组各36例,对照组行常规西医治疗,观察组予中医辨病辨证治疗,观察2组治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率为86.1%,显著高于对照组63.9%（P<0.05）;不同辨证分型治疗中以气虚血瘀型治疗效果最佳;观察组治疗后各项血液流变学指标均显著低于治疗前（P<0.01）。结论中医辨病辨证治疗脑血栓,可提高治疗效果。     

病证结合诊治高脂血症的理论探讨

根据高脂血症的临床病理特点,中医病名以"血浊"较为适当。应采取病证结合的诊治方法,即中医辨病与辨证相结合,西医辨病与中医辨证相结合,中、西医辨病与辨证相结合。临床治疗中注意辨五脏六腑与虚实标本,做到因地制宜,并根据辨病、辨证的结果合理选用调脂中药。     

论中医辨病的意义

辨证必须与辨病相结合。这一点,中医界巳取得了比较一致的意见。然而,中医为什么要辨病?这一间题仍需要进一步讨论。本来,认识疾病的途径很多。辨证,是根据阴阳五行脏象气血六淫等理论去认识疾病。辨病,则是用非辨证方法去认识疾病。如《素问·疟论》辨疟疾:     

浅析三位一体的中医诊断思维模式

“辨体质—辨病—辨证”三位一体的中医诊断思维模式可追溯至张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》。就其本质而言 ,是先明辨体质类型 ,然后 ,在详审三阴三阳体系病变的基础上 ,进行“方剂辨证”,如阳明体质的人 ,易患阳明病 ,可表现为增液承气汤证 ;少阳体质的人 ,易患少阳病 ,可表现为加味逍遥散证 ;太阴体质的人 ,易患太阴病 ,可表现为理中汤证 ;少阴体质的人 ,易患少阴病 ,可表现为肾气丸证 ;厥阴体质的人 ,易患厥阴病 ,可表现为乌梅汤证等。由于体质和病证是相统一的 ,不能说是辨体质和辨病辨证相合 ,我们将它理解为“辨体质—辨病—辨证”三位一体…     

诊法辨证的发挥

用辨证的观点认识疾病,中医辨证当首辨阴阳.若用辨证的观点认识健康,健康当何以辨证?基于王琦的"辨体一辨病一辨证诊疗模式";基于形神合一的生命观,人之全体主要包括形之"质体"和神之"用体".质体强调"体质之体";用体则强调"用神之体".广义辨证既包括辨"用证",又包括辨"体证".人们通常所说的辨证只是狭义辨证,即辨用证.辨证论治是中医科学的一大特色.此"辨证论治"现应发挥为广义概念,且其中必须包括"辨体论治".     

浅谈辨病与辨证的关系

病与证是中医基础理论中两个最基本的概念,辨证与辨病均为中医学的重要组成部分和基本概念。但笔者在临床当中,时常听到有同行或者对中医略感兴趣的人说：'冲医治本,西医治标;中医重在辨证,西医重在辩病。"这种说法割裂了中医学中辨病与辨证的整体关系,忽视了辨病在临床中的治疗作用。殊不知,辨病和辨证在中医学及其临床当中,仍是相辅相成,缺一不可的。中医辨证仍是注重部分疾病在某个阶段的辨证规律,涉及到的只是这个疾病在某个阶段的证候特点。而辨病却注重疾病的整个特征。只有通过辨病认识到疾病的整体特征,才能逐步分析了解…     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.