保留喉功能下咽癌手术的临床应用

对同期５１例保留喉功能和２９例不保留喉功能的下咽癌手术患者进行了回顾性对比分析。５１例保留喉功能严重并发症发生率为２３．５％，３６例恢复了喉全功能（７０．６％），喉部分功能恢复者１５例（２９．４％），出院时５０例能经口进食，吞咽成功率９８．０％，术后平均经口进食时间为２９天（１０～１５０天），术后平均住院４０天（１６～１６０天），３年和５年生存率分别为５８．８％（３０／５１）和４９．０％（２５／５     

保留喉功能的下咽癌手术

目的　探讨下咽癌保留喉功能手术的可行性、技术操作及疗效。方法　回顾性分析１９７８ ～１９９６ 年间３０５ 例（ 男２７９,女２６;年龄１４ ～７７ 岁） 经手术治疗的下咽恶性肿瘤（１９８７ 年ＵＩＣＣ分期：Ｉ期６ 例;ＩＩ期１２ 例;ＩＩＩ期８２ 例;ＩＶ期２０５ 例） ,其中梨状窝癌２３４ 例,环后癌２１ 例,下咽后壁区癌３５ 例,下咽上区癌１５ 例。２０６ 例（６７．５４ ％ ,分期：Ｉ期６ 例;ＩＩ期１２ 例;ＩＩＩ期６５ 例;ＩＶ期１２３ 例） 作了喉功能保留手术,９９ 例（３３．４６％ ,ＩＩＩ期１７ 例;ＩＶ期８２ 例） 未保留喉功能。术后根据需要给予放射治疗（２８５ 例） ,剂量５５～７５Ｇｙ。结果　３０５ 例总５ 年生存率为４４．８％ （８６／１９２）。各期分别为Ｉ期８３％ ;ＩＩ期７１％ ;ＩＩＩ期５８％ ;ＩＶ期３６ ％ 。２０６ 例喉功能保留组,喉功能（ 呼吸、发音及吞咽保护） 全恢复１３９ 例（６７．５％ ） ;部分（ 发音及吞咽保护）恢复６７ 例（３２．５％ ） ;５ 年生存率为４８％ （６６ 例） 。保留喉功能组与不保留喉功能组的５ 年生存率、并发症、肿瘤残存率及术后吞咽成功率,经统计学分析差异均无显著性。结论　只有较少数下咽癌患者需     

保留喉功能下咽癌手术切除与修复

目的　对保留喉功能的下咽癌切除手术进行回顾性分析。方法　对 1990～ 1994年间2 3例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除手术患者的手术效果、并发症、生存率、修复材料和方法等进行分析。结果　 2 3例中并发症发生率为 34 8% (8/2 3) ,2 0例 (87 0 % )恢复了喉全功能 ,出院时 2 3例全部经口进食 ,吞咽成功率 10 0 %。术后平均经口进食时间为 11 8d(6～ 33d) ,术后平均住院 32d(14～ 94d) ,3年和 5年生存率分别为 73 9% (17/2 3)和 47 8% (11/2 3)。结论　下咽癌有效的术式能较满意地保留喉功能 ,提高患者的生存质量 ,对大多数下咽癌病例 ,是较为理想的方法。     

保留喉功能下咽癌手术的并发症分析

目的评价下咽癌保留喉功能手术的并发症和治疗效果.方法回顾分析51例保留喉功能和29例不保留喉功能的下咽癌患者的手术并发症.保留喉功能组(A组)男49例、女2例,平均53岁(31～74岁).肿瘤原发于梨状窝区42例、环后区5例、下咽后壁区4例;T2 7例、T3 17例、T4 27例.对照组(B组)男26例、女3例,平均56岁(40～73岁);梨状窝区24例、环后区4例、下咽后壁区1例. 结果 51例保留喉功能者的切口感染率为33.3%(17/51,包括感染致咽瘘者),移植物坏死、狭窄和咽瘘等严重并发症发生率为23.5%( 12/51 ).对照组29例中切口感染12例(41.4%),严重并发症发生率为37.9%(11/29). 喉功能保留组中喉全功能(呼吸、发声、吞咽)恢复36例(70.6%),喉部分功能恢复15例(29.4%).出院时50例均能经口进食,吞咽成功率为98%;术后平均29d(10～150d)经口进食;术后平均住院40d(16～160d).对照组27例能经口进食,吞咽成功率96.4%(27/28);术后平均30d(10～90d)经口进食;术后平均住院40d(13～100d).全部病例均随访5年以上,观察组患者3年、5年生存率为58.8%(30/51)和49.0%(25/51),对照组分别为48.3%(14/29)和37.9%(11/29).2组在严重并发症发生率、吞咽成功率、术后经口进食时间、住院时间和5年生存率等方面差异无显著性(P>0.05). 结论下咽癌术中保留喉功能不增加手术并发症和影响手术效果.     

下咽癌外科治疗41例分析

本文回顾４１例下咽癌病人的外科治疗效果，５年生存率为３７．５％（１２／３２），其中咽胃吻合术病例５的生存率为３５．７％。无手术死亡病例。产生各种并发症者为４１．４％。全部病人均恢复吞咽功能，部分病人保留了喉功能。本文就下咽癌的综合治疗，咽胃吻合术及下咽癌手术中喉功能的保护等问题进行讨论。     

64例下咽癌病人临床疗效的回顾分析

目的：探讨下咽癌外科切除与修复手术的治疗效果。方法：分析1989年1月－1995年9月64例下咽癌切除患者的手术方法,并发症,生存率等,其中保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者26例,未保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者38例,结果：64例下咽癌患者手术后全部恢复了吞咽功能,并发症发生率40．6％（26／64）,以咽瘘最常见。26例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术后拔管率53．8％（14／26）,3年和5年生存率分别为65．4％（17／26）和50％（13／26）,38例喉全切除下咽癌患者3年和5年生存率分别为52．6％（20／38）和44．7％（17／38）,保留喉功能和未保留喉功能两者3,5年生存率比较没有显著差异（P＞0．05）,结论：保留喉功能下咽癌手术适用T1,T2期的肿瘤及经过仔细选择部分T3期肿瘤患者,不影响患者的长期生存,同时可有效的提高患者的生存质量。     

下咽癌外科治疗41例分析

本文回顾41例下咽癌病人的外科治疗效果，5年生存率为37.5％（12／32），其中咽胃吻合术病例5年生存率为35．7％（5／14）。无手术死亡病例。产生各种并发症者为41．4％（17／41）。全部病人均恢复吞咽功能，部分病人保留了喉功能。本文就下咽癌的综合治疗、咽胃吻合术及下咽癌手术中喉功能的保护等问题进行讨论。     

保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术

本文报道了保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术７２例，其中梨状窝癌４８例，环后癌５例，下咽上区癌６例及下咽后壁区癌１３例，绝大多数病变为Ⅲ期（３３）和Ⅳ期（２２）．均为鳞癌。术后喉功能完全恢复４５例，部分恢复２６例，功能丧失１例。５年存活率分别是梨状窝癌为４３％，下咽上区癌５０％，环后癌６０％，而下咽后壁癌无１例存活５年。局部复发４例均位于咽部，无１例发生于保留的残喉。本文描述了手术适应证，手术类型和重建方法。作者等认为保留喉的正常部分，重建喉功能，并不影响肿瘤的彻底切除。     

保留喉功能的下咽后壁癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨保留喉功能的下咽后壁癌手术治疗的可行性及相关技术方法。方法：对35例下咽后壁癌患者进行手术治疗,根据病变的具体情况,采用不同的肿瘤切除方式和多种方法进行组织缺损的修复。在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下,保留可利用的正常组织进行咽喉功能重建。行保留喉功能手术27例,未保留喉功能手术8例。术后根据需要行辅助放疗。结果：本组病例3年生存率为45．7％,5年生存率为28．6％。27例保留喉功能,其中喉功能全部恢复（发声、呼吸和吞咽保护）16例,占45．7％,喉功能部分恢复（发声、吞咽保护）11例,占31．4％。本组患者死于颈部淋巴结转移9例,肿瘤局部复发10例,肺部转移2例,颈部大出血1例,心脏病2例,原因不明1例。结论：保留喉功能的下咽后壁癌的手术治疗是可行的,熟练掌握肿瘤切除技术并根据需要合理选用咽喉功能重建方法是提高患者生活质量的重要保证。     

下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理

目的总结下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理经验。方法回顾性分析1989年—2000年48例累及颈段食管的下咽癌患者的手术治疗情况，其中男38例，女10例；年龄26～71岁，平均54．3岁。梨状窝癌33例，下咽后壁区癌14例，环后癌1例，均无远处转移。根据UICC1997年TNM分期标准均为T4M0期，其中cN0 28例，cNl 15例，cN2 5例。喉全切除术8例，喉部分切除残喉气管瓣修复下咽17例，23例保留了喉功能。所有病例均行改良性颈清扫术，其中单侧清扫38例，双侧清扫10例。患侧甲状腺叶切除42例。下咽食管缺损的修复方法分别为：喉气管瓣修复11例，胸大肌肌皮瓣13例，喉气管瓣＋胸大肌肌皮瓣6例，裂层皮片＋胸大肌肌皮瓣10例，胃上提咽胃吻合3例，结肠上徙5例。术后均接受放射治疗，剂量为55—75Gy。结果手术证实颈部淋巴结转移20例病理诊断；高分化鳞状细胞癌18例，中分化鳞状细胞癌24例，低分化鳞状细胞癌6例。术后并发症包括胸部刀口裂开1例，咽瘘10例。直接法计算生存率，失访2例以死亡计。全组患者3、5年生存率分别为52．1％（25／48）和27．3％（12／44）。保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为65．2％（15／23）和33．3％（7／21），不保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为40．0％（10／25）和21．7％（5／23）。23例保留了喉功能，15例患者拔除了气管套管，恢复了全部喉功能（发音、呼吸、吞咽保护），8例患者恢复了部分喉功能（发音、吞咽保护），拔管率为65．2％（15／23）。结论下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理以手术＋放疗的综合治疗为主，需行患侧颈清扫术，应尽量保留喉功能，无法保留喉功能时可以采用喉气管瓣或联合裂层皮片、胸大肌肌皮瓣修复下咽颈段食管缺损，颈段食管缺损较大时则采用胃或结肠代替。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.