腹腔镜在小肠肿瘤诊治中的应用

小肠虽占胃肠道总长的70％～80％，但小肠肿瘤仅占胃肠道所有肿瘤的5％，恶性肿瘤的1％～2％。常规的胃镜和结肠镜检查不能探及小肠病变，推进式小肠镜、小肠造影、放射性核素扫描、血管造影以及胶囊内镜又都因其一定的局限性使小肠肿瘤始终成为临床诊断的盲点和难点。随着各种现代检查技术的进步，越来越多的小肠肿瘤患者术前即得到明确诊断并接受了手术治疗。     

原发性小肠肿瘤的诊断与治疗:附58例报告

目的 探讨原发性小肠肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析58例小肠肿瘤的临床资料。结果 58例均经手术和／或病理检查证实诊断。其中良性肿瘤19例，恶性肿瘤39例。主要表现为腹痛，腹部肿块，肠梗阻及消化道出血等。术前确诊20例，其余均误诊，误诊率65．5％。本组均手术治疗，19例良性肿瘤均行肿瘤及局部肠管切除；恶性肿瘤行根治性切除28例，姑息性切除6例，捷径手术5例。术后近期死亡1例，其余均出院。恶性肿瘤的1，3，5年生存率分别为57．1％，28．6％，9．5％。结论 原发性小肠肿瘤少见，容易误诊。上消化道内镜检查、X线钡餐检查和BUS，CT及胶囊内镜检查是诊断本病的主要方法。一经诊断，应及时手术治疗。     

胃肠道血管畸形的诊断与治疗

目的探讨胃肠道血管畸形引起消化道大出血的发病机制、临床特点和诊断治疗方法。方法回顾性分析经内镜、消化道造影等辅助检查和/或手术、病理确诊的17例胃肠道血管畸形病人的临床资料。结果15例行急诊胃镜检查,阳性7例,其中2例为胃镜复查阳性;结肠镜检查9例,阳性6例;血管造影检查2例,阳性1例;胶囊内镜检查1例阳性。2例未行内镜者急诊手术,确诊为胃血管畸形;另2例小肠血管畸形亦行手术治疗。内镜下止血治疗均一次成功。所有病人出血停止出院。结论消化道大出血是胃肠道血管畸形的主要临床表现,其诊断主要依靠内镜检查和血管造影。内镜诊断和治疗是胃肠道血管畸形诊治的首选方法,安全方便,创伤小。手术对胃肠道血管畸形的治疗仅适用于多次内镜治疗无效、小肠血管畸形以及诊断未明而大量反复出血病人。     

原发性小肠肿瘤的诊治经验(附60例报告)

目的探讨原发性小肠肿瘤的临床特点、误诊原因及诊断方法。方法回顾性分析我院1985年1月~2005年12月诊治的原发性小肠肿瘤60例的临床资料。结果本组术前仅确诊21例,余均误诊,误诊率达75%。术后发生肺部感染2例、切口感染3例、粘连性肠梗阻2例,均经保守治疗治愈;发生胰瘘1例,病人于术后11d死于多器官功能衰竭。结论本病少见,容易误诊。上消化道内镜检查、X线钡餐检查、BUS及CT检查是诊断本病的主要方法。     

小肠肿瘤并出血12例诊治体会

回顾性分析近5年间收治的12例原发性小肠肿瘤并消化道出血的临床资料。结果显示原发性小肠肿瘤并消化道出血临床表现无特异性，常规检查包括钡餐、纤维内窥镜、B超、CT等的诊断价值不大，对疑为小肠肿瘤出血者，需进一步行DSA、X线全消化道钡餐、小肠气钡双重造影等辅助检查。在定位小肠出血后，应积极果断地择期或急诊手术处理，勿将时间耗费在过多过久的术前检查诊断上。     

小肠血管畸形出血的胶囊式内镜诊断及肠镜辅助定点切除

目的探讨小肠血管畸形出血的胶囊式内镜诊断及肠镜辅助下手术治疗的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2003年1月至2004年8月130例胶囊式内镜检查病例中诊断为血管畸型的11例临床资料。结果胶囊式内镜诊断为小肠血管畸形出血的11例病人中,术后病理证实为血管畸形者10例,均表现为无痛性反复多次解新鲜血便伴中重度贫血。10例病例确诊的患者通过术中辅助肠镜检查,精确定位后,采用点状、楔型和肠段切除。随访1～18个月,再出血1例。结论胶囊式内镜是目前小肠血管畸形较理想的诊断方法。术中辅助肠镜检查,采用点状切除结合楔形和肠段切除是治疗该病较有效的方法。     

多层螺旋CT扫描在原发性小肠肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT对原发性小肠肿瘤的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析19例经X线检查及病理证实的原发性小肠肿瘤（十二指肠和壶腹周围肿瘤除外）的临床资料，并对术前影像学资料（全消化道钡餐X线造影、CT、B超检查）进行对比分析。结果本组19例原发性小肠肿瘤中小肠腺癌9例，间质瘤5例，恶性淋巴瘤4例，腺瘤1例，阳性检出比分别为：CT为79％；超声为16％；全消化道钡餐X线造影42％。多层螺旋CT对小肠肿瘤的检出率明显优于X线钡餐造影和超声，（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论多层螺旋CT对小肠原发性肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值，已成为目前检查小肠原发性肿瘤最主要的方法。     

腹腔镜在诊治小肠肿瘤中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜诊治小肠肿瘤的临床价值。方法:回顾分析18例小肠肿瘤患者的诊治过程中B超、CT、小肠镜、腹腔镜所起的作用,并对手术方法的选择进行分析。结果:16例术前诊断为小肠肿瘤的患者均经腹腔镜证实,2例术前检查未能确诊者亦在腹腔镜下发现病灶并得到了相应治疗,无一例出现并发症,患者恢复良好。结论:腹腔镜能明确小肠肿瘤的诊断,而且腹腔镜小肠肿瘤切除术安全可靠,患者创伤小,肠功能恢复快。     

成人小肠肿瘤36例临床分析

目的探讨小肠肿瘤的临床特点及其诊断方法。方法对2000年1月至2009年1月诊治的36例小肠肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果36例中,良性肿瘤8例,恶性肿瘤28例。肿瘤位于十二指肠者13例,空肠11例,回肠12例。较常见临床表现为腹痛、腹部肿块、消化道出血、肠梗阻、黄疸、体重减轻等。术前诊断率为41．7％;B型超声、CT诊断符合率较低,胶囊内镜、泛影葡胺全消化道造影及数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查有助于确定病变的部位及性质。28例恶性肿瘤根治性切除率为46．4％。结论小肠肿瘤临床表现不典型,恶性肿瘤早期诊断极为困难,应加强对本病的重视和认识,以改善病人预后。     

原发性小肠肿瘤38例临床分析

目的总结原发性小肠肿瘤的临床特点。方法回顾性分析1981-2003年38例原发性小肠肿瘤的临床资料。结果本组良性肿瘤6例,恶性肿瘤32例;良、恶性比例1.0∶5.3。肿瘤位于十二指肠者18例,空肠8例,回肠12例。主要临床表现为腹痛、腹部肿块、消化道出血、肠梗阻和黄疸。诊断符合率:内镜检查68.2%(15/22),小肠钡餐造影或吞碘剂造影64.0%(16/25)。38例均行手术治疗。32例恶性肿瘤患者平均生存时间(31±17)个月,6例良性肿瘤患者2例失访,4例存活至今。结论原发性小肠肿瘤临床表现无特异性,内镜和X线钡餐造影检查诊断率高,主要为手术治疗。     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

下颌全牙弓后移量及最后界的测量

目的：研究下颌牙弓的有效后移量及找寻下颌牙弓移动的后界。方法：选取涉及拔除下颌第三磨牙或下颌第三磨牙缺失的病例18例（男6例,女12例）。采用种植支抗牵引下牙弓向远中,治疗完成时所有病例均明确到达下颌牙弓后界,即下颌第二磨牙远中到达下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。应用治疗前后的曲断片测量下颌第二磨牙远中到升支前缘的距离。结果：下颌第二磨牙后移量为（3.49±1.21）mm;治疗后磨牙后间隙的长度为（4.43±0.97）mm。结论：下颌牙弓可确定性地实现整体后移;最大后移量由磨牙后间隙的长度决定;其最后界止于下颌第二磨牙远中与下颌升支前缘软组织交界处。     

Preservation of the pylorus in resection of the head of the pancreas

Whipple's pancreatoduodenectomy was the standard operation for diseases of the head of the pancreas for more than 40 years, but the results were vitiated in part by poor gastrointestinal function and malnutrition. Reintroduced in 1978, pylorus-preserving proximal pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPP) has had an increasing impact on pancreatic surgery as its benefits have been recognized: improved nutritional status, decreased incidence of postgastrectomy syndromes, and a technically easier operation. Postoperative mortality rates and 5-year survival rates are comparable with those of the classic Whipple procedure. PPPP is indicated for most patients with chronic pancreatitis of the pancreatic head. It is also appropriate for patients with periampullary cancer and for those with pancreatic cancer arising from the lower part of ‘the head and the uncinate process. More than 650 patients have now undergone PPPP: 31% for chronic pancreatitis and 66% for periampullary and pancreatic cancers. We assess the indications for PPPP, outline the operation, and review the results.